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Abstract This paper identifies hidden resilience processes among adolescents and young adults who have had involvement in drug trafficking. The participants were 551 adolescents and young people, aged 12-20 years (M = 16.01; SD = 1.548) from both genders, 55.4% of whom were boys. They were recruited from three social service institutions located in the state of São Paulo, which offer services for adolescents with and without a history of involvement in drug trafficking. To assess rates of resilience, the Child and Youth Resilience Measure was employed. Contrary to expectations, adolescents with greater involvement in drug trafficking had higher rates of resilience. This paper challenges the hegemonic conceptualization of resilience and proposes that more studies of hidden resilience need to be conducted.

As evidências científicas sugerem que o bullying é um fenómeno cada vez mais frequente no contexto escolar, ao qual está inerente um vasto número de consequências para a saúde, pelo que, a sua prevenção deve constituir uma área prioritária. Com o objetivo de identificar os fatores implicados no fenómeno do bullying em contexto escolar, efetuou-se uma revisão da literatura de forma sistematizada na Biblioteca do Conhecimento Online (b-on) com as seguintes palavras-chave: “bullying/bullying school context”, considerando os seguintes critérios de inclusão: participantes (estudantes do 2º e 3º ciclo); variáveis em estudo (fatores implicados no fenómeno do bullying), sem restrições relativas ao desenho dos estudos. Foram identificados 351 artigos, dos quais não foi possível aceder a 132. Considerando os critérios de inclusão, foram eliminados 203 artigos, os restantes 16 foram analisados. Da análise dos resultados dos estudos que integram esta revisão da literatura, emergem quatro tipologias de fatores, os fatores relacionados com as variáveis sociodemográficas, os fatores relacionados com as variáveis pessoais, os relativos à dimensão familiar e ainda os relacionados com as variáveis escolares. Em função destas tipologias, identificaram-se diversos fatores protetores e fatores de risco implicados no fenómeno de bullying.Las evidencias científicas sugieren que el acoso es un fenómeno cada vez más frecuente en el contexto escolar, al cual está inherente un vasto número de consecuencias para la salud, por lo que su prevención debe constituir un área prioritaria. Con el objetivo de identificar a los factores implicados en el fenómeno del acoso en contexto escolar, se efectuó una revisión de la literatura de forma sistematizada en la “Biblioteca do Conhecimento Online” (b-on) con las siguientes palabras clave: “bullying/bullying school context”, considerando los siguientes criterios de inclusión: participantes (estudiantes del 2º y 3º ciclos de educación); variables bajo estudio (factores implicados en el fenómeno de acoso), sin restricciones relativas al diseño de los estudios. Se identificaron 351 artículos, entre los cuales no fue posible acceder a 132. Considerando los criterios de inclusión, fueron eliminados 203 artículos, los restantes 16 fueron analizados. Del análisis de los resultados de los estudios que integran esta revisión de la literatura, emergieron cuatro tipologías de factores: aquellos relacionados con las variables sociodemográficas, aquellos relacionados con las variables personales, aquellos relativos a la dimensión familiar y aun aquellos relacionados con las variables escolares. En función de estas tipologías, se identificaron diversos factores protectores y factores de riesgo implicados en el fenómeno de acoso.Scientific evidence suggests that bullying is an increasingly common phenomenon in schools, with a significant number of health consequences. Thus, its prevention should be considered a priority. So as to identify the factors involved in the phenomenon of bullying in schools, a systematic literature review was conducted using the database Biblioteca do Conhecimento Online (b-on) with the following keywords: “bullying/bullying school context”, and the following inclusion criteria: participants (5th- 9th grade students); variables under analysis (factors inplicated in the phenomenon of bullying), without restrictions related to study design. Three hundred and fifty-one papers were identified, 132 of which were not accessible. Taking into account the inclusion criteria, 203 papers were eliminated, and the remaining 16 were analyzed. From the analysis of the results of the studies included in this literature review, four types of factors emerged: factors related to sociodemographic variables; factors related to personal variables; factors related to the family dimension; and also factors related to school variables. According to these typologies, various protective and risk factors related to the bullying phenomenon were identified.

OBJETIVO: Problemas relacionados ao consumo de álcool são freqüentes, especialmente entre a população jovem. A publicidade de bebidas alcoólicas é um dos fatores passíveis de modificação com impacto no aumento do consumo de álcool. MÉTODO: Foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica de trabalhos que investigaram de diversos pontos de vista o impacto da publicidade do álcool sobre o consumo. A busca foi feita nas bases de dados Medline, SciELO, PsychoInfo e Google Scholar no período entre 1990 e 2008 e utilizou-se a técnica de " bola de neve" para a indicação de autores mais profícuos na área. Obtiveram-se mais de uma centena de artigos. RESULTADOS: O conjunto de trabalhos aponta que fatores como exposição à publicidade e atratividade da publicidade de bebidas alcoólicas estão relacionados com uma maior expectativa de consumo futuro e com um consumo maior e mais precoce, principalmente entre adolescentes e adultos jovens. Apesar das dificuldades metodológicas, estudos econométricos mais recentes consideram que a redução e/ou banimento de publicidade teria efeito de redução do consumo de álcool. Questões referentes às bases neurofisiológicas do processo de tomada de decisões e da liberdade de escolha no contexto da exposição à publicidade também são discutidas. CONCLUSÕES: O conhecimento atual sobre o tema indica que a redução da exposição à publicidade tem impacto sobre o consumo de álcool, principalmente entre os mais jovens.OBJECTIVE: Problems related to alcohol consumption are frequent, especially among the youth population. We analyzed advertisement as one of several modifiable factors with impact over alcohol consumption. METHOD: The authors carried out a literature review within Medline, SciELO, PsychoInfo and Google Scholar databases between 1990 and 2008, retrieving studies with different approaches of the alcohol advertisement impact on consumption. Besides, a " snowball" technique was applied to identify the most proficuous authors on the matter. Over a hundred papers were initially selected. RESULTS: The overall set of papers indicate that factors such as exposition to the advertising and attractiveness of the alcoholic beverage advertising are related with greater expectation of future consumption and with a higher and precocious consumption of alcohol, specially among adolescents and young adults. Despite methodological difficulties, recent econometrical studies indicate that reduction and/or banishment of advertising would decrease alcohol consumption. We also consider issues about the neurophysiology of decision making process and the freedom of choice in the context of exposition to advertisements. CONCLUSIONS: The current knowledge on the matter strongly suggests that a reduction of the exposition to alcohol advertisements impacts on its consumption, mainly among young populations.

This paper shows assessment results regarding an intervention programme that uses sports as a resource to promote education for peace and coexistence. Students from three secondary educational centres located in an area with a social exclusion risk-rating took part in the research. Three phases were differentiated in the procedure: awareness, the sporting event and assessment. 91 students took part in the first phase, 120 attended the sporting event and 53 collaborated in the assessment. An "ad hoc" questionnaire divided into two dimensions was designed: (1) benefits brought in regards to personal and social enrichment for peace and coexistence; and (2) satisfaction with the organization. Results show adequate reliability ratings (α = ,677 and ,866). The assessment by all the agents involved was highly satisfactory with the benefits brought (between M = 4,44 and 4,49). Despite the good assessment given by the participants regarding the organization of the programme (M = 4,25), teachers stated that it would have been interesting to submit improvement proposals (M = 3,34) such as the range of activities, the improvement of sports facilities and the management of the event in order not to disturb the day-to-day running of the centre.

This paper shows assessment results regarding an intervention programme that uses sports as a resource to promote education for peace and coexistence. Students from three secondary educational centres located in an area with a social exclusion risk-rating took part in the research. Three phases were differentiated in the procedure: awareness, the sporting event and assessment. 91 students took part in the first phase, 120 attended the sporting event and 53 collaborated in the assessment. An "ad hoc" questionnaire divided into two dimensions was designed: (1) benefits brought in regards to personal and social enrichment for peace and coexistence; and (2) satisfaction with the organization. Results show adequate reliability ratings (α = ,677 and ,866). The assessment by all the agents involved was highly satisfactory with the benefits brought (between M = 4,44 and 4,49). Despite the good assessment given by the participants regarding the organization of the programme (M = 4,25), teachers stated that it would have been interesting to submit improvement proposals (M = 3,34) such as the range of activities, the improvement of sports facilities and the management of the event in order not to disturb the day-to-day running of the centre.

Drug use in adolescents is a problem that is increasing, negatively affecting the psychophysical health and social development of the adolescent. Health education in adolescents is based on the use of varied teaching-learning strategies that promote behavior change, having a positive impact on drug use in teens. In parallel, regular physical activity has a positive influence on prevention and drug use in this population. This narrative review aims to associate the behavior of adolescents who consume psychoactive substances, health education and practice regular physical activity, based on the most conspicuous international literature. Relevant scientific papers were searched in PubMed, Scopus and Ovid data. Studies published in Spanish, English or Portuguese to provide an objective approach in carrying out the epidemiological, conceptual context and critical-purposing the article were selected. Although the evidence supports the strategies of health education on the behavior of drug use in adolescents, no evidence linking this strategy with the planned physical activity in adolescents are, although there is the conceptual basis that justifies its implementation

Revisamos la literatura sobre los determinantes de las autoidentidades étnico-nacionales y de las autoestimas como preludio del examen de estos resultados en una amplia muestra estadísticamente representativa de adolescentes de segunda generación en Madrid y Barcelona. A pesar de que estos resultados psicosociales resultan maleables, siguen representando unas importantes dimensiones de la adaptación de los inmigrantes y pueden acarrear consecuencias significativas, tanto para la movilidad individual como para las movilidades colectivas. Las teorías actuales se basan en buena parte en información proveniente de los Estados Unidos y de otros países anglófonos. La disponibilidad de un nuevo y amplio estudio español nos permite comprobar esas teorías en un contexto sociocultural completamente diferente. El análisis concluye con un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales que resume los principales determinantes de las identidades y las autoestimas nacionales entre los hijos de inmigrantes en España. Se discuten las implicaciones teóricas y prácticas de estos hallazgos.

Los adolescentes hijos de la inmigración entienden la amistad como un sistema de relaciones. La amistad, la que consideran verdadera amistad, significa entablar relaciones duraderas basadas en la confianza, la intimidad, la comunicación, el afecto y el conocimiento mutuos. Dichos adolescentes difieren de los autóctonos en el valor otorgado al tiempo libre y de ocio, así como en el tipo de actividades en las que ocupan estos tiempos, lo cual es un buen indicador de las socializaciones diferenciales de unos y otros. Tan sólo el establecimiento de una comunicación sostenida en el ámbito de las relaciones de amistad en el interior de los grupos de iguales, permite la aproximación de los jóvenes en la práctica de los tiempos de ocio, y en su organización y consumo, al estatus de ciudadanos.

Recognizing contextualized subject is giving visibility to the status of person, the possibility of manifestation of identity. It materializes through indifference to the social differences that prevent the equal level identification. Nowadays, the struggle for justice and recognition is not an individual problem, it is important to the society as a whole. For adolescents, the limits of recognition can be seen in different dimensions, wherein the step of life with its own cultural features; the particularly difficult economic conditions; cultural legal perspective from the impossibility of intercultural dialogue; and yet, the boundaries of the state, absent in the effectiveness of rights. This reality is revealed in when observing the mortality rates of this public in recent years in Brazil. Young people between 15 and 19 years are the main victims of homicides in the country: 87.6 % of cases (data NEV -USP). These deaths occur mainly where there is an overlap gap and violation of rights. Violence is a complex process, but it is imperative to dialogue and respect the difference, which must be a starting point in relation to where you want to reach: that is to respect the others as equal, without prejudiced ideas. Reconhecer os sujeitos contextualizados é dar visibilidade à condição de pessoa, com possibilidade de manifestação da identidade. Materializa-se por meio da indiferença às diferenças sociais que impedem a identificação em patamar de igualdade. Na contemporaneidade, a luta por justiça e por reconhecimento não é um problema individual, é coletiva e importa ao conjunto da sociedade. No caso dos adolescentes, os limites de reconhecimento podem ser observados em distintas dimensões. Destaca-se: a etapa de vida com características socioculturais próprias; as condições econômicas especialmente difíceis; a perspectiva jurídico cultural, a partir da impossibilidade de diálogo intercultural; e, ainda, os limites do Estado, ausente na efetividade de direitos.Realidade que se revela nos números de mortalidade deste público nos últimos anos no Brasil. Os jovens entre 15 e 19 anos são as maiores vítimas de homicídios no País: 87,6% dos casos (Dados do NEV-USP). Sendo que tais mortes ocorrem principalmente onde há uma superposição de carências e de violação de direitos. A violência é um processo complexo, porém é imperiosa a abertura ao diálogo e ao respeito à diferença, a qual deve ser intermediária em relação a onde se deseja chegar: respeito do outro em condição de igualdade, indiferente a ideias preconceituosas. Reconocer al sujeto contextualizado es dar visibilidad a su estatus de persona, la posibilidad de manifestar de su identidad. A través de la indiferencia se materializan las diferencias sociales que impiden una identificación a nivel igualitario. Hoy en día, la lucha por la justicia y el reconocimiento no es un problema individual, es importante para la sociedad en su conjunto.Para los adolescentes, los límites de reconocimiento se pueden entender desde diferentes dimensiones, en una etapa de la vida con sus propias características culturales; las condiciones económicas particularmente difíciles; perspetiva cultural jurídica a partir de la imposibilidad del diálogo intercultural; y, además, los límites del estado, ausente para hacer efectivos sus derechos. Esta realidad se revela al observar las tasas de mortalidad de este público en los últimos años en Brasil. Los jóvenes de entre 15 y 19 años son las principales víctimas de homicidios en el país: el 87,6% de los casos (datos NEV -USP). Estas muertes se producen principalmente cuando coinciden carencias y violación de los derechos. La violencia es un proceso complejo, pero es imprescindible dialogar y respetar la diferencia, que debe ser un punto de partida hacia el punto al se quiere llegar: el respeto a los demás como iguales, sin ideas preconcebidas. DOWNLOAD THIS PAPER FROM SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2831919

El presente trabajo tiene por objeto analizar la protección de los niños, niñas y adolescentes con discapacidad y cuáles son las deudas pendientes al respecto. El Estado se ha instituido como el primer garante en materia de salud y de protección de la discapacidad, pero muchas veces los ciudadanos deben someterse a un constante peregrinaje frente a los rechazos de las debidas prestaciones. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the protection of children and adolescents with disabilities and what are the outstanding debts in this regard. The State has established itself as the first guarantor in matters of health and disability protection, but many times citizens must submit to a constant pilgrimage in the face of rejections of due benefits.

Drug use in adolescents is a problem that is increasing, negatively affecting the psychophysical health and social development of the adolescent. Health education in adolescents is based on the use of varied teaching-learning strategies that promote behavior change, having a positive impact on drug use in teens. In parallel, regular physical activity has a positive influence on prevention and drug use in this population. This narrative review aims to associate the behavior of adolescents who consume psychoactive substances, health education and practice regular physical activity, based on the most conspicuous international literature. Relevant scientific papers were searched in PubMed, Scopus and Ovid data. Studies published in Spanish, English or Portuguese to provide an objective approach in carrying out the epidemiological, conceptual context and critical-purposing the article were selected. Although the evidence supports the strategies of health education on the behavior of drug use in adolescents, no evidence linking this strategy with the planned physical activity in adolescents are, although there is the conceptual basis that justifies its implementation

Developing perspectives concerning the future in adolescence has been associated with several adaptive behaviors in school context. However, a need to understand how these prospects are build remains. In this paper, two studies on adolescents’ future time perspective (FTP) are presented, highlighting its connection to the present experience. Participants were adolescents, aged 14 to 18. In the first study (N = 551), it is analyzed the factorial structure of a questionnaire designed to assess FTP in school context. A significant association of academic performance with FTP was found. In the second study (N = 11), through an analysis, based on Grounded Theory, to qualitative data derived from interviews, it was found that adolescents think considerably about their future, despite showing to be predominantly focused on career related dimensions. The influence on prospective thinking of both educational agents of the participation in multiple activities was also identified.

The literature indicates that social skills are acquired through learning. On many occasions, the inhibition of social behavior or the aggressive manifestations can minimize the opportunities of children and/ or adolescents to relate using assertive behavior. For these social deficits, the interventions turn out to be effective, teaching and training more effective skills, which can give more possibilities to learn, to mature and to be happy. The aim of work was to analyze the particularities that the designs of intervention in social skills. Both conceptual and methodological aspects were reviewed, and intervention experiences within the infant and juvenile population were described. We work with a review of empirical papers, from Latin America, published between 2005-2011. It was found that the designs showed changes in the social skills of the participants, particularly in those with social deficits. As a conclusion, the contribution of these empirical experiences in the development of social healthy behavior is highlighted.

This paper aims to study the perceptions of students at Secondary School about the transfer of values in Internet. This is a descriptive research which has involved 94 students on the 3rd and 4th courses. Results have been obtained regarding the identification of values present in the network, the main agents of transmission of values, as well as the positive and negative aspects that ICT provides to transmit values. In addition, we analyzed the frequency with which the students put into practice some values through telematic networks and tools they use to do that. Conclusions, show up, the consistency between the common practices in the network and the most frequent values in these contexts (creativity, dialogue and collaboration). They also point to the increasing role of the family and the peer group in the transmission of values in the network.

La educación sobre salud sexual es muy importante y de urgente necesidad para Guatemala, si se toman en consideración indicadores existentes sobre embarazos, enfermedades de transmisión sexual y mortalidad materna en adolescentes. El objetivo del trabajo es exponer valoraciones sobre las vías y temáticas para el abordaje de la educación sexual de los estudiantes del Instituto Rural Básico de Santa Cruz Chinautla. Cómo método se usó un cuestionario autoaplicado a estudiantes, se realizó un grupo nominal, entrevistas grupales y entrevistas en profundidad. Entre los principales resultados, los estudiantes prefieren que sea en el instituto y con los maestros donde se les imparta educación sexual, también incluirían a los padres. Reconocen que en ocasiones adquieren prácticas riesgosas sobre sexualidad de los amigos, televisión, revistas, internet y teléfonos celulares. Los padres y los líderes de la comunidad reconocen la falta de conocimientos y problemas de los estudiantes respecto a su sexualidad y valoran al instituto y sus maestros como los más indicados para educarlos. Los resultados del trabajo son un producto de la herencia de racismo y discriminación racial en que se han desarrollado los adolescentes indígenas guatemaltecos que limita, y en ocasiones impide, los conocimientos y la percepción de sus necesidades reales en materia de salud sexual y reproductiva. La información obtenida es de gran utilidad, muestra la necesidad de otros trabajos vinculados con variables como género, nivel socioeconómico, identidad étnica, grado de contacto y asimilación a la cultura mestizo-ladina, pues todas ellas influyen en las representaciones y prácticas sexuales de los adolescentes indígenas guatemaltecos. Abstract Education about sexual health is very important and of urgent necessity for Guatemala, if taking in consideration existent indicators about pregnancies, sexual transmission illnesses and maternal mortality in adolescents. The objective of the paper is to expose evaluations on the ways and subjects of sexual education for the students of Santa Cruz Chinautla 's Rural Basic Institute. A questionnaire self administrated was used as method, we also carried out a nominal group, group and in depth interviews. Among the main results, the students prefer to receive information about sexual education in the institute from the teachers but also including the parents. They recognize that in occasions they acquire risky sexual practices from friends, television, magazines, internet and cellular telephones. The parents and the leaders of the community recognize the lack of knowledge and the students' problems regarding their sexuality and they value to the institute and their teachers like the most suitable to educate them. The results are a product of the inheritance of racism and racial discrimination in that the adolescents indigenous Guatemalan have been developed that it limits, and in occasions it impedes, the knowledge and the perception of their real necessities as regards sexual and reproductive health. The obtained information is very useful, it shows the necessity of other works linked with variables as gender, socioeconomic level, ethnic identity, contact grade and assimilation to the mixed-cagey culture, because all they influence in the representations and sexual practices of the adolescents indigenous Guatemalan.

This paper analyzed the different consistent and inconsistent combination of maternal and paternal parenting styles and their relationships with psychosocial adjustment problems reported by their children. The participant were 840 Secondary schools students, aged 12 to 16. A cluster analysis was performed in order to obtain the parenting styles of both mothers and fathers. The results shown that children report lower levels of internalizing and externalizing problems when assigning a democratic style to both parents. Children who have a father or a mother with a democratic style have lower psychosocial adjustment problems than family situations where the democratic style is not present. Finally, children whose parents agree on an affective-authoritarian style have fewer externalizing problems.

This paper reviews the role of the medical field in adolescent sexual and reproductive health (ASRH). A brief historical account of the emergence of two specialties -Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine and Youth and Adolescent Gynecology- shows a predominance of the medical views and practices that act as “scotomas” limiting the role on ASRH promotion. It offers a conceptual framework built from critical social sciences, standing out the innovative contributions made by the Latin American collective health and feminism movements to overcome such “scotomas” by offering a better comprehension of key points involved in ASRH. Among them: the social and gender determination on health, the hegemonic medical institutional discourses and practices that perpetuate health inequities in relation to sexualities, subjectivities and identities of patients. The concept of “sexual citizenship” is presented as a useful analytical and methodological tool to integrate all these key points. Their incorporation into medical training programs would produce a deep turn in medicine granting the fulfillment of goals set out in the international conferences of Cairo and Beijing that urged governments to carry out actions to attend adolescent’s needs and demands by granting their sexual and reproductive rights (SRR), thus providing the enhanced role that medicine must play in ASRH.

The information and communication technologies are transforming ourways of living and our ways of being related with each other. They condition both the lives of individuals and the occurrence of social phenomena. In the last decade, have become a source of symbolic strategies for the younger sectors of society. The aim of this paper is to analyze the impact that these strategies have on 11 to 14-year-old students; socialization agents are those responsible for transmitting norms, values and behaviourmodels. From a sample of 846 students, who belong to schools situated in different geographical contexts, two variables have been researched into, with a Cronbach’s consistency index of 0,918: the first one analyzes the students’ implication factors, that is to say, the psychoeducational variables produced in their process of personal commitment and in their psychosocial development. The second one determines the organization into a hierarchy of those agents which play a socializing role on these students. Is an utline of some frames of interaction among individuals and groups that enable new technologies. The results highlight the fact that mass media have took over from families and schools themselves as focal socialization points

OBJETIVO: A literatura científica mais recente aponta que a publicidade de bebidas alcoólicas influencia o comportamento, particularmente o consumo precoce e em grandes quantidades por crianças e adolescentes. Da perspectiva da saúde pública, a publicidade de bebidas alcoólicas deve ser restringida. Em muitos países, assim como no Brasil, os limites são estabelecidos pela autorregulamentação (ou seja, controlados pela própria comunidade publicitária). Analisou-se na presente revisão o conjunto dos trabalhos publicados na literatura internacional sobre este tipo de controle. MÉTODO: Realizou-se uma revisão bibliográfica sistemática de trabalhos que investigaram a eficácia da autorregulamentação da publicidade de bebidas alcoólicas. A busca foi feita nas bases de dados Medline, SciELO, Camy e Google Scholar, entre 1991 e 2010, bem como pela técnica de "bola de neve" para a indicação dos principais autores no tema. Foram considerados para o presente propósito 11 artigos. DISCUSSÃO: O conjunto dos trabalhos obtidos aponta que a autorregulamentação da publicidade de bebidas alcoólicas é pouco eficaz, não cumprindo com os objetivos de evitar, por exemplo, publicidade direcionada às crianças e adolescentes. CONCLUSÃO: Outras medidas devem ser consideradas para o controle e a veiculação das propagandas de bebidas alcoólicas, tais como monitoramento independente e controle legal.OBJECTIVE: The most recent scientific literature indicates that alcohol advertising influences behavior, particularly early and higher alcohol consumption by children and adolescents. From a public health perspective, alcohol advertising should be restricted. In many countries, as well as in Brazil, limits to alcohol advertising are established by industry self-regulation (e.g. controlled by the advertising community itself). We examined in this review all papers on the subject of industry self-regulation of alcohol advertising published in the international literature. METHOD: A systematic literature review was realized on papers investigating the effectiveness of self-regulation of alcohol advertisings. The search was conducted in Medline, SciELO, Camy and Google Scholar, between the years of 1991 and 2010. In addition, the "snowball" technique for the indication of the main authors on the subject was employed. From the papers found, 11 focused on the subject discussed here. DISCUSSION: The set of papers obtained indicates that industry self-regulation of alcohol advertising does not show evidence of efficacy. In other words, such a regulation does not prevent, for instance, alcohol advertising directed at children and adolescents. CONCLUSION: Further measures should be considered for the control and the broadcast of alcohol advertising, such as independent monitoring, legal control.

The purpose of this research article is to generate awareness and self-analysis regarding the role played by adults with respect to violence in the media and the risk and protective factors associated with it, in order to propose a proactive approach that ensures children and adolescents a comprehensive development in environments that promote the right to peace. The research was descriptive and explanatory with a mixed approach (qualitative and quantitative). The study was conducted with 390 students (from 1st to 11th grades) in all provinces of Costa Rica, except Guanacaste. For data collection, two questionnaires with open and closed questions were designed and applied to the students. Based on the answers provided by the participants, the researchers prepared manuals of categories, tables, descriptions, and data analysis. This paper will contribute to find solutions and alternatives for those working directly or indirectly with children to be able to deal with violence in the media in a more assertive manner, giving children the opportunity of a good quality of life and a peaceful coexistence in the society.Recibido 15 de abril de 2013 • Corregido 27 de junio de 2013 • Aceptado 31 de julio de 2013El presente artículo científico tiene como propósito generar la autorreflexión y concienciación del rol que desempeñan las personas adultas ante la problemática de la violencia y los factores protectores y de riesgo asociados a esta, con el fin de ser propositivos en aras de garantizarles un desarrollo integral en contextos que promuevan el derecho a la paz. La investigación fue de tipo descriptiva y explicativa con un enfoque mixto (cualitativo y cuantitativo). El estudio se realizó con 390 estudiantes en centros educativos de primaria y secundaria de todas las provincias del país, excepto Guanacaste. Para la recolección de los datos, se diseñaron dos cuestionarios con preguntas abiertas y cerradas, dirigidos al estudiantado participante. A partir de las respuestas brindadas por las personas participantes, se procedió a elaborar los manuales de categorías y, eventualmente, las tablas, descripciones y análisis de los datos. Se estima que el aporte del artículo permitirá la búsqueda de soluciones y alternativas para que quienes trabajan directa o indirectamente con personas menores de edad, puedan enfrentar asertivamente la violencia y brindarles oportunidades para lograr una vida de calidad y una convivencia pacífica en sociedad.

The paper partly disseminates the results of are search on social, familiar, educational and cultural conditions of immigrant-origin secondary-school students in Zaragoza (Spain). This 500 survey research was conducted during 2008-2009 and used Pierre Bourdieu’s analysis categories of genetic structuralism. First, some social and institutional variables are described. Second, life at school and social relationships (companionship, friendship and conflict) are analysed. These relationships highlight the importance of socio-affective dynamics that are woven into secondary schools. In fact, students tend to evaluate their connections with the school on the basis of the social and affective relationships they have developed there. Additionally, gender and country of origin, and bonds of friendship and partnership result to be closely linked.

This paper presents the results of a qualitative research that explores, from an intergenerational and gender perspective, how the use of audiovisual media influences to personal well-being in adolescence. Three, semi-structured group interviews were used with adolescent girls (aged 12 to 18 years), and two with mothers of boys and girls of those ages. The results show that interpersonal relationships are one of the factors that greatly contribute to the adolescents’ well-being. Girls said that the use of technology generates personal well-being because it allows them to maintain interpersonal relationships with their peers. The mothers, however, question whether overuse of technology can contribute to their personal well-being. On the other hand, girls and mothers agree to comment that the use of technology hinders the relationships that adolescents have with their parents. El presente artículo expone los resultados de una investigación cualitativa que explora, desde la perspectiva intergeneracional y de género, de qué forma el uso de los medios audiovisuales influye en el bienestar subjetivo en la adolescencia. Se han realizado tres entrevistas grupales semi-estructuradas con chicas adolescentes (de 12 a 18 años) y dos con madres de chicos y chicas de estas edades. Los resultados avalan una vez más que las relaciones interpersonales son uno de los factores que en mayor medida influye en el bienestar de los y las adolescentes. Las chicas manifiestan que el uso de las tecnologías audiovisuales contribuye a su bienestar subjetivo porque les posibilita mantener las relaciones interpersonales con sus iguales. Las madres, en cambio, ponen en duda que un uso excesivo de las tecnologías pueda contribuir al bienestar subjetivo. Por otra parte, chicas y madres coinciden en comentar que el uso de las tecnologías dificulta las relaciones de los adolescentes con sus progenitores.

Este trabalho apresenta os principais facilitadores e barreiras para a implementação de dois projetos sociais e participação de crianças e adolescentes nos mesmos. A pesquisa foi qualitativa e os dados coletados através de entrevistas semiestruturadas com crianças, adolescentes e seus responsáveis; profissionais e voluntários dos projetos. Alguns fatores aparecem ora como facilitadores e ora como barreiras: presença ou ausência de profissionais qualificados e de apoio para o trabalho; quantidade e/ou qualidade das parcerias; nível de consistência no trabalho entre os parceiros; qualidade dos espaços, equipamentos e atividades ofertadas; nível de envolvimento da comunidade e/ou pais. Os principais facilitadores são: acesso a práticas desportivas; oportunidades de socialização e percepção dos projetos como locais mais seguros do que as ruas. A principal barreira é a falta de segurança no trajeto de casa até o local das atividades e vice-versa. Estes resultados podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento deste e de outros projetos similares.Este trabajo presenta los principales facilitadores y barreras para la implementación y participación de niños y adolescentes en proyectos sociales. La investigación fue cualitativa y datos recogidos a través de entrevistas estructuradas con niños, adolescentes, responsables; profesionales y voluntarios de los proyectos. Los siguientes factores aparecen algunas veces como facilitadores, otras como barreras para la implementación: presencia o ausencia de profesionales calificados y apoyo para su trabajo; cantidad y/o calidad de asociaciones; consistencia del trabajo realizado por asociados; nivel de participación de la comunidad y/o padres; calidad de los espacios, instalaciones y actividades. Los principales facilitadores para participación son: acceso a prácticas deportivas; socialización y el hecho de proyectos ser vistos como lugares más seguros que las calles. La principal barrera es falta de seguridad camino de casa al local de actividades y viceversa. Los resultados de este estudio proporcionan apoyo para desarrollo de estos proyectos y otros similares.This paper presents the main facilitators and barriers for the implementation of two social projects and for the participation of children in them. The research was qualitative and data were collected through semi-structured interviews with children and their parents/guardians; professionals and volunteers of the projects. Some factors are sometimes facilitators or barriers to implementation: the presence or absence of qualified professionals and of support for their work, quantity and/or quality of partnerships; level of consistency in the work of the partners, quantity and quality of space and equipment available; level of involvement of the community and/or parents. The main facilitators for participation are: access to sport activities, socialization opportunities, and perception of the projects as saver than streets. The main barrier is lack of security in the passage to and from the projects. The results of this research can contribute to the improved of these and other similar projects.

Introducción: Diversos autores han encontrado correlaciones entre parámetros antropométricos y los niveles de presión arterial en sujetos con sobrepeso y obesidad. El presente trabajo supone una puesta al día sobre las potencialidades de dichos parámetros como un instrumento más de predicción del riesgo cardiovascular. Objetivos: Realizar una estimación de la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad. En segundo lugar verificar la existencia de una correlación significativa entre los principales indicadores antropométricos valorados y los niveles de presión arterial mostrados por los alumnos. Muestra: una población constituida por 977 niños y adolescentes de entre 9 y 17 años de edad pertenecientes a 13 centros educativos de la provincia de Granada y ciudad. Metodología: Se realizó una evaluación antropométrica en la que fueron valorados seis pliegues cutáneos, la circunferencia de la cintura, de la cadera y la determinación de la presión arterial en hasta tres ocasiones consecutivas. Esta fase de valoración antropométrica comenzó en marzo de 2008 prolongándose hasta mayo de 2009. Resultados: Se encontró una prevalencia de sobrepeso en chicas que oscilaba entre el 18,3% y el 32,2%. Por su parte, entre los chicos su prevalencia se situaba entre el 10,9% y el 26,1%. Respecto de la prevalencia de obesidad, las chicas mostraron tasas comprendidas entre el 4,5% y el 15,1%. Entre los chicos la prevalencia de obesidad resultó similar, encontrando tasas comprendidas entre el 4,7% y el 12,6%. De todos los parámetros valorados, el índice de masa corporal y la circunferencia fueron los indicadores antropométricos que mayor grado de correlación mostraron respecto de las cifras de presión arterial. Conclusiones: El índice de masa corporal, así como la circunferencia de la cintura constituyen indicadores antropométricos precisos para predecir el riesgo cardiovascular en sujetos no adultos.Introduction: Several authors have found correlations between anthropometric parameters and blood pressure levels in overweight and obese subjects. This paper is an update on the potential of these parameters as a tool for predicting cardiovascular risk. Aims: to estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity. Second verify the existence of a significant correlation between the main anthropometric indicators and the blood pressure levels. Sample: The population consisted of 977 children and adolescents between 9 and 17 years of age belonging to 13 schools in the province of Granada and city. Methodology: anthropometric evaluation in which they were assessed six skinfolds, waist circumference, hip and determination of blood pressure in three consecutive occasions. The anthropometric assessment phase began in March 2008 lasted until April 2009. Results: We found that the prevalence of overweight in girls varied between 18.3% and 32.2%. For its part, the prevalence among boys was between 10.9% and 26.1%. Regarding the prevalence of obesity, the girls had similar rates between 4.5% and 15.1%. Among boys the prevalence of obesity was similar, and found rates between 4.7% and 12.6%. Of all the parameters measured, body mass index and waist circumference were the anthropometric indicators that showed a better correlation to blood pressure. Conclusions: BMI and WC are useful anthropometric indicators to predict cardiovascular risk in non adults.

OBJETIVO: El propósito de este trabajo estuvo orientado a que la información obtenida incentivara la implementación de nuevos programas de educación en sexualidad para esta población, especialmente diseñados para la prevención del embarazo en la adolescencia. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal para determinar las principales fuentes de información sobre educación sexual que tienen los adolescentes estudiantes de enfermería del nivel básico de la escuela hospital "Dr. Salvador Allende", en La Habana. RESULTADOS: Las principales vías por las cuales los adolescentes consideraron que recibían información sobre educación sexual para prevenir el embarazo fueron, en primer lugar, los medios de comunicación masiva, que correspondió al 92 % (604) de los encuestados. En segundo lugar los amigos, con el 70 % (456) y en tercer lugar los profesores (63,2 %). Los encuestados prefirieron recibir educación sexual preferentemente de la familia (93,75 %); en segundo lugar de los amigos (69,82 %) y en tercer lugar en la escuela (49,85). El 44 % escogió a la comunidad de los clubes y, por último, la literatura impresa, la cual alcanzó el 37,% en la preferencia. Solo el 12 % de los encuestados se comunicaba con los padres frecuentemente sobre los temas de sexualidad, el 57 % lo hacía con poca frecuencia y el 30% nunca lo hacía. DISCUSIÓN: Se profundiza en la información desagregada por sexo. Las fuentes de información que preferirían los adolescentes no se corresponden con las más accesibles para ellos. A pesar de considerar a la familia como fuente de preferencia, han recibido poca información de los padres. Los exponentes de atención primaria de salud no son percibidos como fuente de información. CONCLUSIONES: Debe reforzarse el rol educativo y afectivo entre padres y adolescentes, lo que posibilitará una mejor comunicación entre ellos.OBJECTIVE: The aim of present paper was aimed to motivate the implementation of new sexuality programs in this type of population especially those designed to prevent the pregnancy in adolescence according to information obtained. METHODS: A cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted to determine the main sources of information on the sexual education of adolescents studying nursing at basic level in the school of the «Salvador Allende» Hospital in La Habana. RESULTS: The main ways by which the adolescents received information on sexual education to prevent pregnancy were in the first place by the massive media, corresponding to the 92 % (604) of the person polled. In the second place through friends with the 70 % (456) and the third place by the professors (63.2 %). The person polled preferred to receive sexual education of the family (93.75%); in the second place of friends (69. 82 %) and in the third place in the school (49.85 %). The 44 % chose the club'community and lastly the printed literature, which achieved the 37 % in the preference. Only the 12 % of person polled had a frequent communication with the parents on the sexuality subjects, the 57 % had not much communication and the 30 % never done it. DISCUSSION: It is deepen in the information disintegrated by sex. The information sources of preferred by adolescent is not in correspondence with the more accessible for them. Despite the adolescents considered that family is the source of preference, they had not received much information of parents. The prime examples of primary health care are not considered as information source. CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to emphasize the educational and affective role among between parents and adolescents to facilitate a better communication between them.

Objective: To analyze the factors associated with sexual risk behavior in adolescent girls and boys in order to plan future school health interventions. Methods: A cross-sectional study with two-stage cluster sampling that included 97 schools and 9,340 students aged between 14 and 16 years old was carried out in 2005-2006 in Catalonia (Spain). For the survey, a self-administered paper-based questionnaire was used. The questionnaire contained items on sociodemographic variables, use of addictive substances and mood states, among other items. These variables were tested as risk factors for unsafe sexual behavior. Results: This study included 4,653 boys and 4,687 girls with a mean age of 15 years. A total of 38.7% of students had had sexual relations at least once and 82.3% of boys and 63.0% of girls were engaged in sexual risk behaviors. The prevalence of sexual relations and risk behaviors was generally higher in boys than in girls, independently of the variables analyzed. Boys had more sexual partners (PObjetivos: El objetivo de este estudio es analizar aquellos factores relacionados con conductas sexuales de riesgo en chicos y chicas para poder plantear futuras intervenciones. Métodos: Estudio transversal basado en un muestreo por conglomerados bietápico, que incluía 97 escuelas y 9.340 estudiantes de entre 14 y16 años, llevado a cabo en Cataluña durante 2005-2006. La información se recogió mediante una encuesta autoadministrada que incluía, entre otras, variables sociodemográficas, uso de sustancias adictivas y estado de ánimo de los adolescentes. Estas variables fueron analizadas como factores de riesgo de conducta sexual insegura. Resultados: El estudio incluyó 4.653 chicos y 4.687 chicas con una edad media de 15 años. El 30,7% de los estudiantes habían tenido al menos una relación sexual. El 82,3% de los chicos y el 63% de las chicas tenían un aumento de riesgo de experimentar una relación sexual insegura. La prevalencia de relaciones sexuales y de relaciones sexuales de riesgo era en general mayor en los chicos que en las chicas, independientemente de la variable analizada. Los chicos tenían más parejas sexuales (p

No presente artigo, os autores se indagam sobre as novas formas desubjetivação juvenil engendradas no cenário contemporâneo e que têm repercutido sobre a relação dos sujeitos jovens e adolescentes com a escola de ensino médio. Privilegiou-se, como elemento de análise, a presença de novas mídias no mundo contemporâneo, as quais têm incidido significativamente na forma como alunos e alunas elaboram suas identidades e se relacionam com informações e saberes. Para tanto, perspectivas teóricas sociológicas, psicossociais e educacionais foram utilizadas, tecendo-se um cenário que apresenta dilemas e perspectivas na relação de jovens e adolescentes contemporâneos com as práticas de escolarização que ainda se presentificam nas escolas de ensino médio. Os autores concluem que a escolarização, nesta etapa do ensino, para ser efetivada, não poderá ignorar as novas configurações subjetivas desses sujeitos e as novas mídias utilizadas por eles, o que vem a gerar nova demanda educacional para atuais e futuros professores.In this paper, the authors inquire about the new forms of subjectivity engendered in the contemporary scene and which has had repercussions on the relationship of adolescents and young subjects with high school. As part of the analysis, we focused on the presence of new media in the contemporary world, which have focused significantly on how boys and girls develop their identity and relate to information and knowledge. To that end, sociological theoretical perspectives, psychosocial and educational needs were used, weaving a scenario that presents dilemmas and prospects for young people and teenagers with contemporary practices of schooling that are still present in high school. The authors conclude that for schooling, at this stage of education, to be effected, it cannot ignore the new subjective configurations of these subjects and the new media used by them, which generates new demands for education for current and future teachers.

Resumen El propósito de este estudio fue diferenciar los niveles de grasa corporal de estudiantes de entre 13 y 15 años, para a partir de ahí conocer las opiniones y actitudes que pueden asociarse con variables como la autoestima, hábitos sedentarios, la frecuencia de actividad física y salud, así como su relación respecto a variables independientes como la edad, sexo y composición corporal. El estudio fue realizado sobre 145 estudiantes de educación secundaria, divididos en dos grupos diferentes según el peso: el normal y sobrepeso. Se obtuvieron medidas de índice de masa corporal y bioimpedancia eléctrica, así como información adicional mediante un doble cuestionario. La validez y fiabilidad se calculó realizando análisis de datos exploratorio con factorización realizada sobre la matriz de correlaciones policórica, y el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach respectivamente. Se hallaron 3 factores que explican el 44% de la varianza. El análisis de resultados mediante ANOVA, expresó diferencias significativas de opinión (p < 0.05) entre sujetos sobrepeso y normopeso. Los primeros expresaron puntuaciones más bajas respecto a las recomendaciones recibidas del profesorado para realizar actividad física extraescolar, y consideraron que el ejercicio físico propuesto desde el Centro Educativo no es el más adecuado para combatir su exceso de peso corporal. Se evidenció una elevada indiferencia de los padres a la hora de recomendar la práctica deportiva a sus hijos con problemas de sobrepeso. AbstractThis paper is intended to ascertain the body fat percentage of students between 13 and 15 years of age. Based on the former, the study researches opinions and attitudes which may be associated with variables like self-esteem, sedentary habits, frequency of physical activity and health, as well as the correlation between their answers and factors like age, sex and body composition. The study is based on evidence of 145 high school students divided into two groups: normal and overweight. Measurements of body mass index and electrical bioimpedance as well as additional information from a double questionnaire were obtained. Test validity and reliability was achieved using exploratory analysis and applying factorization on the polychoric correlation matrix and Cronbach's alpha. Three factors were found to explain 44% of the variance. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences between the opinion of normal and of overweight students (p < 0.05). The former scored lower than the latter as regards their teachers' recommendations about extra-curricular physical activity, and considered their physical activity at school ineffective against excess body fat. The study made it clear that many parents were not actively encouraging their overweight children to take up physical activity.

This paper describes an evaluation of possible changes in sexual behavior in adolescents who participated in a school-based sex education program in selected public schools in four municipalities in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The program is inserted within the context of reproductive rights, deals with risks involved in unsafe sexual practices and focuses on the positive aspects of sexuality. A quasi-experimental design with pre and post-tests and a non-equivalent control group was used to evaluate the intervention. A total of 4,795 questionnaires were included in this analysis. The program succeeded in more than doubling consistent condom use with casual partners and in increasing the use of modern contraceptives during last intercourse by 68%. The intervention had no effect on age at first intercourse or on adolescents' engagement in sexual activities. The sex education program was effective in generating positive changes in the sexual behavior of adolescents, while not stimulating participation in sexual activities.Este artigo descreve a avaliação de possíveis mudanças no comportamento sexual de adolescentes que participaram de um programa de educação sexual implementado em escolas públicas selecionadas em quatro municípios de Minas Gerais, Brasil. O programa está inserido no contexto dos direitos reprodutivos, discute os riscos de práticas sexuais inseguras e enfoca os aspectos positivos da sexualidade. Utilizou-se um desenho quase-experimental com pré e pós-teste e grupo controle não-equivalente. Foram incluídos 4.795 questionários na análise dos resultados. O programa conseguiu dobrar o uso consistente do preservativo com parceiro casual e aumentar em 68% o uso de métodos anticoncepcionais modernos na última relação sexual. A intervenção não teve efeito sobre a idade da primeira relação sexual ou na prática de atividades sexuais. Concluindo, o programa foi eficaz em gerar mudanças positivas no comportamento sexual de adolescentes sem antecipar ou estimular a prática sexual.

O presente artigo discute o modo como os adolescentes significam suas práticas de vida e se subjetivam a partir dos contextos da família, da justiça e da medida sócio-educativa de internação, em decorrência de ato infracional cometido. Intenta, assim, questionar a forma como a sociedade e as instituições envolvidas têm tratado a questão. Para tanto, foram realizadas entrevistas com adolescentes considerados autores de atos infracionais que cumpriam a medida de internação na cidade de Porto Alegre, e foi feita a leitura e analisados os conteúdos dos respectivos processos judiciais de execução.This paper discusses the way adolescents internalize their life practices and how they recognize and build an image of themselves from the context of their family, the judicial system and the social-educative law enforcement measures of imprisonment that result from infractions perpetrated by them. This study intends to question the way the society and the judicial institutions have been treating this issue. Interviews were conducted with adolescents considered as transgressors, deprived of individual liberty in the city of Porto Alegre/RS. The judicial processes about these adolescents have been read by the author and their content was analyzed and discussed.

OBJETIVO: A identificação de valores populacionais do consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2 máx) auxilia nos estudos que se propõem a relacionar a aptidão física ao risco cardiovascular, bem como na prescrição do exercício e na análise do efeito do treinamento. Em amostras de adolescentes da população brasileira, ainda não existem informações para classificação desse parâmetro. Portanto, a proposta inédita deste estudo foi de determinar os valores médios de VO2 máx de uma amostra da população brasileira. MÉTODOS: Foi selecionada aleatoriamente uma amostra de 380 escolares (177 meninos e 203 meninas) da rede pública de Vitória (ES), com idade de 10 a 14 anos. Após avaliação antropométrica, foram submetidos a teste cardiopulmonar para medida direta do VO2 máx, cujos valores foram classificados de acordo com o quintil calculado a partir da amostra estudada. RESULTADOS: Os valores médios de VO2 máx encontrados para os meninos foram de 42,95 a 49,55 mL.kg-1.min-1 e, nas meninas, entre 36,76 e 38,29 mL.kg-1.min-1. CONCLUSÕES: O presente trabalho propõe faixas de valores médios de VO2 máx como parâmetro para classificação de aptidão cardiorrespiratória, além de contribuir para a definição dos valores de normalidade da população brasileira. Essa classificação auxilia também no estabelecimento de pontos de corte para estudos posteriores.OBJECTIVE: The identification of populational levels of maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) is an aid to studies that propose to relate physical fitness to cardiovascular risk, and also for prescribing exercise and analyzing the effects of training. To date, there is no information with which this parameter can be classified in samples of adolescents from the Brazilian population. This study is, therefore, the first to propose the determination of mean VO2max levels in a sample of the Brazilian population. METHODS: A sample of 380 schoolchildren (177 boys and 203 girls, aged 10 to 14 years) was selected at random from public schools in Vitória, ES. After anthropometric assessment they underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing, VO2max was measured directly and results were classified according to quintiles calculated from the study sample. RESULTS: The mean VO2max values observed ranged from 42.95 to 49.55 mL.kg-1.min-1 for boys and from 36.76 to 38.29 mL.kg-1.min-1 for girls. CONCLUSIONS: This paper proposes mean VO2max ranges as a classification parameter for cardiorespiratory fitness, in addition to contributing to a definition of normal values for the Brazilian population. This classification will also be of use for establishing cutoff points in future studies.

This paper proposes a discussion of the difficulties encountered in the process of career guidance with adolescents under the perspective of liquid modernity. In this view, the main features of modernity are the ephemerality, the distance and the superficiality of knowledge and understanding of the subjects about the world and about themselves, generated by impediments and lack of stimulus for reflection. This spirit of detachment and disengagement can bring difficulties in planning personal and professional life, either in adolescence or later, precisely because thinking about one’s future and make decisions about it implies self-knowledge, perception of stability (not rigidity) of certain interests and personal goals and establishing long-term strategies. In this sense, the implications of the characteristics of liquid modernity on the results and in the very conception of the processes of vocational guidance are discussed throughout the text.

This paper studies the role of the judicial branch in the penal control of youth. It addresses the decisions of the Superior Appeal Court and the Appeal Court of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, regarding preventive detention (custody before sentence) of youth charged with criminal offenses. Following the classification of the decisions, according to pre-established criteria, it finds that there are three major themes related to preventive detention of youth: prorogation of the legal term, detention before the decision becoming definitive and the reasoning for the decisions. This article investigates the reasons Courts use to decide whether or not preventive detention should be applied. After a new reduction of the empirical universe, guided by the observation of the collected data, the study focuses on the decisions related to drug trafficking, which places second in youth incarceration rates. The analysis finds that, despite some differences between the Courts, the discretion provided by the Child and Adolescent Act’s indeterminate language is used to widen the application of preventive detention. Also, in some cases, the legal provisions were given a flexible interpretation, to, once more, justify the increase of penal control.

The purpose of this paper was to verify the relationship between body adiposity and physical activity indicators (IAF) in adolescents during summer vacation. The research was carried out from December (1998) to February (1999). In order to obtain IAF data (Heart Rate - FC, Body Movements - VM, and Relative Energy Consumption - GER) we made use of an FC monitor, Tritac R3D, and Bouchard’s protocol et al., 1983. Data related to adiposity indicators (Body Mass Index - IMC, and the sum of Triceps plus Subscapular Skinfolds - DCTR+SB)was obtained using scales (0.50g precision), a tape measure, and skinfold calipers (Lange, 1mm precision). Research data were collected from 28 male students, aged 14 or 15 years. The sample was divided into two groups according to the variables DCTR+SB and IMC (G1 - minor adiposity index and G2 - major adiposity index). Data on IAF was collected on three nonconsecutive days (two weekdays and one day of the weekend) from 8 am to 8 pm (FC and VM), and from midnight to midnight (GER). Data were expressed in terms of means, standard deviations, Pearson’s linear correlation coeffi cient, and analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA), adopting a p value of RESUMO O propósito do presente estudo foi verificar a relação entre a adiposidade corporal e os indicadores de atividade física (IAF) em adolescentes durante o período de férias escolares de verão. Caracterizou-se como um estudo descritivo correlacional. Participaram do estudo 28 escolares do sexo masculino, com idades entre 14 e 15 anos. Os dados foram coletados nos meses de dezembro/1998 a fevereiro/1999. Para a obtenção dos dados referentes aos IAF (Freqüência Cardíaca - FC, Movimentos Produzidos - VM e Gasto Energético Relativo - GER) utilizou-se o monitor de freqüência cardíaca, o Tritrac R3D e o protocolo de Bouchard et al., 1983, respectivamente. Como instrumentos para obtenção dos dados referentes aos indicadores de adiposidade (Índice de Massa Corporal - IMC, Dobras Cutâneas do Tríceps - DCTR e Somatório de Dobras Cutâneas do Tríceps mais Subescapular - DCTR+SB) utilizou-se a balança (precisão de 50 g), fita métrica e compasso de dobras cutâneas (Lange, precisão de 1mm). A coleta de dados referentes ao IAF foi realizada em 3 dias intercalados (dois dias úteis e um no fim de semana), das 08:00h às 20:00h (FC e VM) e das 00:00h às 24h (GER). Para tratamento dos dados utilizou-se a a média, desvio padrão, correlação linear de Pearson e análise de variância (ANOVA One Way) considerando o valor de p < 0,05. Pelas evidências encontradas neste estudo, pode-se concluir que: 1) existe uma correlação negativa significativa dos indicadores de adiposidade (DCTR e ∑DCTR+SB) com a quantidade de movimentos produzidos pelo corpo (VM) e com o gasto energético relativo à massa corporal (GER); 2) quanto maior o acúmulo de tecido adiposo maior a prevalência do comportamento físico sedentário e menor o gasto de energia 3) o índice de adiposidade apresenta-se inversamente proporcional ao nível de atividade física leve à vigorosa e GER.

Este trabalho busca entender alguns aspectos da sexualidade masculina, bem como as formas como se organiza a construção da identidade sexual no contexto da epidemia de Aids, a partir da fala de jovens de baixa renda entre 14 e 21 anos, moradores da área metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro. Nossa proposta consiste em articular alguns aspectos do gênero masculino, subsidiados pela identidade sexual revelada pelos sujeitos, estabelecendo um confronto com os relatos sobre a prática sexual, procedimento que se tornou possível a partir de entrevista qualitativa com uso de um roteiro semi-estruturado. Julgamos de fundamental importância a análise das maneiras como se dá a escolha do objeto sexual em relação à construção da identidade, tendo como referência aquele que foi considerado o pivô no que diz respeito à transmissão da Aids: o homem. Neste sentido, nossa investigação se pautou nas categorias gênero e identidade sexual. Como resultado, observamos que, na concepção destes jovens, ser homem é desempenhar a prática sexual, cumprindo, assim, os papéis destinados ao gênero masculino, reproduzindo um estereótipo que os coloca em situação de risco.This paper focuses on specific aspects of male sexuality and how this sexual identity is built in the Aids era, based on conversations with low-income youth, ages 14-21 years, living in Greater Metropolitan Rio de Janeiro. We examine how Aids is perceived and investigate sexuality in this epidemic context. The goal is to provide concrete data to support a prevention campaign and contribute to preventive policies in Brazilian society. The proposal is based on the sexual identity of this gender/age group, comparing their reports on sexual practice. We used a partially open-ended interview protocol. We focus on the way young males choose their sexual identity under the premise that this is how men can become the channel for Aids transmission. Our research was thus based on gender and sexual identity as categories. Our results indicate that for a young man, "being a man" means having an active sexual life, thus creating a stereotype placing them at risk for HIV transmission.

Este artículo presenta la adaptación de la Escala de Empatía para niños y adolescentes (IECA) de Bryant, B. en su versión al castellano en un grupo de niños y niñas de edad escolar del Cantón de Montes de Oca en San José, Costa Rica. Este instrumento es de auto-reporte y mide la respuesta empática a partir de una serie de enunciados redactados de manera neutra o donde el protagonista de la acción es de sexo femenino o masculino. Los participantes fueron 444 niños y niñas, 232 varones y 212 mujeres, con edades entre 10 y 12 años. Se utilizó el análisis estadístico de los datos para obtener criterios de confiabilidad de los resultados. Este instrumento es de alta divulgación a nivel internacional, pero no así en Costa Rica, de allí la importancia de evaluarlo con población nacional. Con este estudio se confirma que el IECA (versión castellana) es un instrumento confiable en la evaluación de la respuesta empática, de importancia en el desarrollo de comportamientos prosociales, por lo que se recomienda su utilización. This paper presents the adaptation of the Scale of Empathy for Children and Adolescents (IECA) Bryant, B. in the Spanish version in a group of children of school age in the canton of Montes de Oca San José, Costa Rica. This instrument is self-reported and measured the empathic response from a series of statements written in a neutral or where the protagonist of the action is female or male. Participants were 444 children, 232 men and 212 women, aged between 10 and 12. Statistical analysis was used to obtain data reliability criteria of the results. This instrument is of high international dissemination, but not in Costa Rica, from there to evaluate the importance of national population. This study confirms that ACE inhibitors (Spanish version) is a reliable tool in the evaluation of the empathic response, important in the development of prosocial behavior, so its use is recommended.

OBJETIVO: Analizar la información de la Encuesta sobre tabaquismo en jóvenes (ETJ) sobre consumo de cigarro y otros indicadores propuestos en el Convenio Marco para el Control del Tabaco (CMCT). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: La ETJ usa un diseño de muestreo por conglomerado en dos etapas que genera muestras representativas de estudiantes de 12 a 15 años de las escuelas secundarias públicas, privadas y técnicas. Incluye 33,297 estudiantes de 399 escuelas de nueve ciudades. Se obtuvieron prevalencias puntuales y diferencias de proporciones, así como razones de momios ajustadas por edad. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de fumadores en el mes anterior a la encuesta es de 24.9% (IC 95% 22.5-27.3). El índice de susceptibilidad de iniciarse en el consumo de cigarros es de 28%. Al comparar con la aplicación en 2003, no se observa una disminución del consumo ni de la exposición al humo de tabaco, ni aumento en las tasas de cesación. En los programas escolares se han incrementado significativamente los contenidos de daños a la salud causados por fumar. No se observan avances en cuanto a reducción de la publicidad del tabaco, ni reducción del acceso de los menores al tabaco. Se presentan estimados nacionales y por ciudad. CONCLUSIÓN: Dos años después de ratificado el CMCT todavía no hay avances significativos en las principales áreas abordadas por dicho convenio, especialmente no ha disminuido el consumo de tabaco entre los estudiantes de secundaria.OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to present findings from the GYTS on current cigarette smoking and other tobacco epidemic indicators. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The GYTS uses a two-stage cluster sample survey design that produces representative samples of students aged 12 to 15 years enrolled in public, private and technical schools. The survey was undertaken in 2003 and 2006 at 399 schools in nine cities. The GYTS surveyed 33 297 students. Point prevalence, differences of proportions and adjusted odds ratio were estimated. RESULTS: The overall rate for current smoking in 30 days preceding the survey is 24.9% (95% CI, 22.5-27.3). Among never smokers, 28% are likely to initiate smoking next year. As compared to the previous survey in 2003, there is not a reduction in cigarette smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke. Cessation rates have not changed and advertisements and access by minors to tobacco products are still unresolved problems. However, tobacco related materials have significantly been added to school curricula. National estimates are presented, as well as city level estimates. CONCLUSION: Two years after FCTC ratification, there is no major improvement in critical areas of tobacco control in Mexico; particularly, there is no evidence of reduction in cigarette smoking among students in secondary schools.

This paper aimed to establish evidence of validity and reliability of the adapted version of the MOSS-SAST questionnaire (Ahmed, 1999) to measure shame management in adolescents in situations of aggression toward peers. The study was conducted with a sample of 700 students from public secondary schools (N= 700) located in a northwestern state municipality of Mexico. Results enabled to obtain an empirically sustainable measuring model formed by two factors: Acknowledgment and Displacement (X2 = 5.16, p= 0.27; CMIN= 1.29; GFI= .98; CFI= .99; NFI= .97; RMSEA= .05). Evidence was obtained to show that the instrument has criterion validity since it is capable to differentiate between subgroups of students with and without reports of bullying in both factors, Acknowledgment (t= 3.49, gl= 137, p< .001) and Displacement (t= 3.63, gl= 137, p< .001). It was concluded that the results strengthen the original factorial structure of the scale and show the usefulness of the same, both for inquiring about emotions related to moral development and for identifying students involved as aggressors in bullying situations.