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Background: The Covid-19 Pandemic has emphasized the need for evaluators to reorient their skills based on ongoing learnings from evaluations. As a result, evaluators must possess a variety of competencies to meet the challenges created by such unprecedented circumstances. Purpose: Using existing literature about evaluators' competencies and the experiences of conducting evaluations during pandemic, this paper proposes a set of competencies that enable an evaluator to collaborate meaningfully with grassroots organizations and co-design evaluations with communities that empower evaluators to think beyond the boundaries of a project intervention towards achieving a larger goal. Setting: Covid 19 Pandemic and evaluation practice in India Intervention: NA Research Design: Case study with interpretive approach Data Collection and analysis: NA Findings: The paper suggests that acquiring 'strategic thinking' and 'emotional intelligence and resilience' strengthens evaluators' competencies to be flexible and innovative in evolving evaluation methods.

Background: The Covid-19 Pandemic has emphasized the need for evaluators to reorient their skills based on ongoing learnings from evaluations. As a result, evaluators must possess a variety of competencies to meet the challenges created by such unprecedented circumstances. Purpose: Using existing literature about evaluators' competencies and the experiences of conducting evaluations during pandemic, this paper proposes a set of competencies that enable an evaluator to collaborate meaningfully with grassroots organizations and co-design evaluations with communities that empower evaluators to think beyond the boundaries of a project intervention towards achieving a larger goal. Setting: Covid 19 Pandemic and evaluation practice in India Intervention: NA Research Design: Case study with interpretive approach Data Collection and analysis: NA Findings: The paper suggests that acquiring 'strategic thinking' and 'emotional intelligence and resilience' strengthens evaluators' competencies to be flexible and innovative in evolving evaluation methods.

The objective of this paper is to analyse the procyclicality behavior of Expected Credit Loss (ECL) model introduced by IFRS 9, during the economic downturn due to the Covid 19 pandemic. A regression analysis was conducted on a dataset gathered from euro era in order to investigate the hypothesis suggesting that the new model does not exhibit a procyclical behavior. Our findings indicate that, despite the IASB's expectation that the ECL model would have a countercyclical impact, it still demonstrates procyclical behavior.

Objectives: The aim of this paper is to discuss from an interdisciplinary perspective some lessons learnt from the global COVID 19 pandemic in the area of security, social policy and culture. Prior Work: Theoretical and experimental research of the authors in these three fields. Approach: Overview and analysis of the data collected by the authors with the application of two methods - focus group and method of critical incidents. Results: The empirical results identify the respondents’ perceptions and attitudes towards a number of issues like: human safety, societal and social security, culturally specific reactions and behaviour, etc. Implications: The paper can stimulate a larger discussion in the scientific circles about the necessity of joint research on different aspects of COVID 19 pandemic and its reflections. Value: The study will contribute to positioning the global pandemic and its various dimensions as one of the most topical issues in the contemporary interdisciplinary research.

The fiscal existence of Nigeria is predicated on accruals from the sale of crude oil. Any major threat to the oil industry in Nigeria comes along with major economic shocks and unmitigated consequences for the Nigerian economy. The outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic was not only a global health challenge, but also caused unprecedented economic crisis. In specific terms, the global oil supply chain was disrupted and the pandemic had disproportionately impacted on the oil industry in Nigeria. The negative externalities of the pandemic on the Nigerian oil industry were overtly searing for the nation because of her mono-cultural economy. This paper therefore is therefore an analysis of the impacts and challenges of the Covid-19 pandemic on the Nigerian oil industry. The study adopted content analysis of extant literature, which were as well interrogated and interpreted and argued that the severity of the pandemic on the Nigerian oil industry is disproportional because the oil industry is not diversified as it is an enclave economy. Again, we found that because major inputs for the oil industry are sourced externally, with little local content, the industry was virtually grounded with untold effects by way of foreign exchange earnings for Nigeria. We concluded by stressing the need for diversification of the Nigerian economy, which can be achieved if the political leadership invest the rent from sale of oil on industrial manufacturing such as petrochemical and agro-allied industries in order to absorb the long-term shocks of the Covid-19 pandemic

Several changes have characterized the teaching/learning environment in the last decade. The growing importance of ICT (Information and Communication Technology) has offered new avenues for teachers and students to deal with content and to ensure practical and effective means of interaction. In addition, the sudden and unexpected events that are taking place all over the globe are urging educationists and stakeholders to seriously think of alternative ways to traditional face to face instruction. The pandemic crisis of COVID 19, the unstable political, economic and social situation in many parts of the world have fostered the idea of migrating to digital (online) learning which guarantees safer and more secured interaction among teachers and students. This paper sheds light on the changing roles and expanded responsibilities of Algerian EFL teachers and students in the 21st Century digital era. Tools of data collection include two different online questionnaires designed for teacher educators and students at the Ecole Normale Supérieure ‘Assia Djebar’, Constantine, Algeria. Results concluded that the experience with e-learning was challenging but worth endeavouring. Moreover, the subjects have shown a certain degree of awareness about the importance of digital instruction in developing students’ autonomous and collaborative learning. On this basis, the study has come up with some suggestions from instructors and learners to make digital learning easier and more effective experience in the future.

Learning during the pandemic, based on government policies through the Ministry of Education and Culture, has issued a Circular Letter of the Ministry of Education and Culture (Kemendikbud) No. 4 of 2020 regarding the implementation of education policies in the emergency period of the spread of Corona Virus Disease (Covid-19). In the field of education, make a learning system in such a way as to prevent the spread of Covid-19. For this reason, online learning certainly has obstacles in its implementation. Online learning requires teachers, parents, and students to be able to use the internet. So that not a few schools carry out offline learning, previously all educational institutions conducted offline learning by giving assignments to students as a substitute for studying at school. Offline learning activities like that require parents to be able to guide their children in learning, understanding the material and completing school assignments given. This is an obstacle for offline learning with a task assignment system. Many parents are busy with other activities so they don't have much time to supervise and replace the teacher's position in guiding their children to study. In the era of the COVID-19 pandemic, the teaching and learning process that should take place in a classroom or school must be replaced by studying at home. This paper was written to address the following problems. What is the home visit method in offline learning? Is the Home visit method an alternative to learning during the Covid-19 pandemic? What are the indicators, objectives and benefits of the home visit method in offline learning?

Background: In Italy, regions have the mandate to implement population-based screening programs for breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer. From March to May 2020, a severe lockdown was imposed due to the COVID-19 pandemic by the Italian Ministry of Health, with the suspension of screening programs. This paper describes the impact of the pandemic on Italian screening activities and test coverage in 2020 overall and by socioeconomic characteristics. Methods: The regional number of subjects invited and of screening tests performed in 2020 were compared with those in 2019. Invitation and examination coverage were also calculated. PASSI surveillance system, through telephone interviews, collects information about screening test uptake by test provider (public screening and private opportunistic). Test coverage and test uptake in the last year were computed by educational attainment, perceived economic difficulties, and citizenship. Results: A reduction of subjects invited and tests performed, with differences between periods and geographical macro areas, was observed in 2020 vs. 2019. The reduction in examination coverage was larger than that in invitation coverage for all screening programs. From the second half of 2020, the trend for test coverage showed a decrease in all the macro areas for all the screening programs. Compared with the pre-pandemic period, there was a greater difference according to the level of education in the odds of having had a test last year vs. never having been screened or not being up to date with screening tests. Conclusions: The lockdown and the ongoing COVID-19 emergency caused an important delay in screening activities. This increased the preexisting individual and geographical inequalities in access. The opportunistic screening did not mitigate the impact of the pandemic. Funding: This study was partially supported by Italian Ministry of Health – Ricerca Corrente Annual Program 2023 and by the Emilian Region DGR 839/22.

Previous pandemics have had significant impact on psychological well-being of front-line health care workers. Issues such as fear of contracting the disease, high workload as a result of high numbers of infected cases, increased job stress and unavailability of personal protective equipment have been implicated in development of psychological distress in this subset of individuals. The aim of the present paper is to describe psychobehavioral responses of health care workers and potential predictors of emotional response at onset of COVID-19 outbreak in Nigeria. Cross-sectional web-based survey and 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire (GAD-7) were administered anonymously to 444 respondents comprising various categories of frontline healthcare workers. Stepwise multiple linear regression was used to determine predictors of anxiety scores. Participants were mostly young adults (mean age 38 years), females (57%), living with a partner (78.2%) and medical doctors (56.8%). Restrictions in clinical activities and use of hand sanitizers were commonest precautionary behaviors. Commonest emotional responses were anger and despair (27.0% and 25.7%), respectively. About 42.8% had clinically significant anxiety symptoms with highest burden among nurses. Perception of likelihood of 2nd wave (p=0.03), self-preparedness (p=0.04), gender (p=0.01) and cadre (p=0.02) were significant predictors of emotional response of anxiety. Study findings highlighted diverse psychological reactions of health care workers with a large proportion screening positive for significant anxiety symptoms. This has implications for planning a comprehensive psychosocial response to COVID-19 pandemic and for future pandemics among frontline health care workers in lowresource settings.

Background The global COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the physical and mental health of people everywhere. The aim of the study is to understand how people living in 15 countries around the globe experience an unexpected crisis which threatens their health and that of loved ones, and how they make meaning of this disruption in their narratives. Methods Data were collected through an anonymous online survey during May–September 2020, which was during or just after the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, depending on the country. The questionnaire included demographic and three open-ended questions as prompts for stories about experiences during the initial months of the pandemic. The text was analyzed through inductive thematic content analysis and quantified for full sample description, demographic and subsequently international comparisons. Results The final qualitative dataset included stories from n = 1685 respondents. The sample was 73.6% women and 26.4% men. The mean age of participants was 39.55 years (SD = 14.71). The identified four groups of overarching themes were: The presence and absence of others; Rediscovering oneself; The meaning of daily life; Rethinking societal and environmental values. We discuss the prevalence of each theme for the sample as a whole and differences by demographic groups. The most prevalent theme referred to disruptions in interpersonal contacts, made meaningful by the increased appreciation of the value of relationships, present in (45.6%) of stories. It was more prevalent in the stories of women compared to men (χ² = 24.88, p = .001). Conclusions The paper provides a detailed overview of the methodology, the main themes identified inductively in the stories and differences according to select demographic variables. We identify several major ways of making meaning of the pandemic. The pandemic has impacted many aspects of people’s lives which give it meaning, no matter where they live.

The aim of this paper is to analyze fiscal-budgetary responsibility and the implications for the European budgetary framework in the context of the COVID-19 crisis. The study incorporates retrospective analysis of the European institutional framework, presentation of concepts and typologies of institutional organization in direct relation to the fiscal responsibility. The research hypotheses are based on the demonstration of inconsistency in the European working framework, regarding budgetary fiscal responsibility, as well as on the foundation of the institutional levels of organization and the demonstration of the existence of warning indicators regarding the vulnerabilities of the budgetary framework. The results of the study confirm the working hypotheses. Therefore, there is a need to establish responsibility mechanisms, which allow the replacement of arbitrary rules with clear directions to be followed by policy makers, so that interference between different institutional levels directly impacts the coordinates of fiscal risk management. The path of combating an economic crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic involves coordination, responsibility and common frameworks for action, so that the test of European unity to be passed successfully. The study exemplifies the importance of perceiving fiscal risk in relation to specific vulnerabilities and reveals a number of challenges to fiscal responsibility in the context of the COVID-19 crisis.

Aim The damage caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has made the prevention of its further spread at the top of the list of priorities of many governments and state institutions responsible for health and civil protection around the world. This prevention implies an effective system of epidemiological surveillance and the application of timely and effective control measures. This research focuses on the application of techniques for modelling and geovisualization of epidemic data with the aim of simple and fast communication of analytical results via geoportal. Methods The paper describes the approach applied through the project of establishing the epidemiological location-intelligence system for monitoring the effectiveness of control measures in preventing the spread of COVID-19 in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Results Epidemic data were processed and the results related to spatio-temporal analysis of the infection spread were presented by compartmental epidemic model, reproduction number R, epi-curve diagrams as well as choropleth maps for different levels of administrative units. Geovisualization of epidemic data enabled the release of numerous information from described models and indicators, providing easier visual communication of the spread of the disease and better recognition of its trend. Conclusion The approach involves the simultaneous application of epidemic models and epidemic data geovisualization, which allows a simple and rapid evaluation of the epidemic situation and the effects of control measures. This contributes to more informative decision-making related to control measures by suggesting their selective application at the local level.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the higher susceptibility of post-stroke patients to infection calls for extra safety precautions. Despite the imposed restrictions, early neurorehabilitation cannot be postponed due to its paramount importance for improving motor and functional recovery chances. Utilizing accessible state-of-the-art technologies, home-based rehabilitation devices are proposed as a sustainable solution in the current crisis. In this paper, a comprehensive review on developed home-based rehabilitation technologies of the last 10 years (2011–2020), categorizing them into upper and lower limb devices and considering both commercialized and state-of-the-art realms. Mechatronic, control, and software aspects of the system are discussed to provide a classified roadmap for home-based systems development. Subsequently, a conceptual framework on the development of smart and intelligent community-based home rehabilitation systems based on novel mechatronic technologies is proposed. In this framework, each rehabilitation device acts as an agent in the network, using the internet of things (IoT) technologies, which facilitates learning from the recorded data of the other agents, as well as the tele-supervision of the treatment by an expert. The presented design paradigm based on the above-mentioned leading technologies could lead to the development of promising home rehabilitation systems, which encourage stroke survivors to engage in under-supervised or unsupervised therapeutic activities.

This paper try to give an ethnographical look over a positive exemple of collective actions address by originals peoples of Oaxaca state, in Mexico, to prevent and overcome the pandemic Covid19. I shall present with detail the case of Santiago Comaltepec, a municipality at the Sierra Norte inhabited by chinantec indians; what they think, the decisions they make and the actions they take to confront it.The autonomous community responses are posible beacause the exercise of traditional forms of election and government called Internal Normative Systems at the Constitution of Oaxaca State.