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Executive summary Microbes are all pervasive in their distribution and influence on the functioning and well‐being of humans, life in general and the planet. Microbially‐based technologies contribute hugely to the supply of important goods and services we depend upon, such as the provision of food, medicines and clean water. They also offer mechanisms and strategies to mitigate and solve a wide range of problems and crises facing humanity at all levels, including those encapsulated in the sustainable development goals (SDGs) formulated by the United Nations. For example, microbial technologies can contribute in multiple ways to decarbonisation and hence confronting global warming, provide sanitation and clean water to the billions of people lacking them, improve soil fertility and hence food production and develop vaccines and other medicines to reduce and in some cases eliminate deadly infections. They are the foundation of biotechnology, an increasingly important and growing business sector and source of employment, and the centre of the bioeconomy, Green Deal, etc. But, because microbes are largely invisible, they are not familiar to most people, so opportunities they offer to effectively prevent and solve problems are often missed by decision‐makers, with the negative consequences this entrains. To correct this lack of vital knowledge, the International Microbiology Literacy Initiative–the IMiLI–is recruiting from the global microbiology community and making freely available, teaching resources for a curriculum in societally relevant microbiology that can be used at all levels of learning. Its goal is the development of a society that is literate in relevant microbiology and, as a consequence, able to take full advantage of the potential of microbes and minimise the consequences of their negative activities. In addition to teaching about microbes, almost every lesson discusses the influence they have on sustainability and the SDGs and their ability to solve pressing problems of societal inequalities. The curriculum thus teaches about sustainability, societal needs and global citizenship. The lessons also reveal the impacts microbes and their activities have on our daily lives at the personal, family, community, national and global levels and their relevance for decisions at all levels. And, because effective, evidence‐based decisions require not only relevant information but also critical and systems thinking, the resources also teach about these key generic aspects of deliberation. The IMiLI teaching resources are learner‐centric, not academic microbiology‐centric and deal with the microbiology of everyday issues. These span topics as diverse as owning and caring for a companion animal, the vast range of everyday foods that are produced via microbial processes, impressive geological formations created by microbes, childhood illnesses and how they are managed and how to reduce waste and pollution. They also leverage the exceptional excitement of exploration and discovery that typifies much progress in microbiology to capture the interest, inspire and motivate educators and learners alike. The IMiLI is establishing Regional Centres to translate the teaching resources into regional languages and adapt them to regional cultures, and to promote their use and assist educators employing them. Two of these are now operational. The Regional Centres constitute the interface between resource creators and educators–learners. As such, they will collect and analyse feedback from the end‐users and transmit this to the resource creators so that teaching materials can be improved and refined, and new resources added in response to demand: educators and learners will thereby be directly involved in evolution of the teaching resources. The interactions between educators–learners and resource creators mediated by the Regional Centres will establish dynamic and synergistic relationships–a global societally relevant microbiology education ecosystem–in which creators also become learners, teaching resources are optimised and all players/stakeholders are empowered and their motivation increased. The IMiLI concept thus embraces the principle of teaching societally relevant microbiology embedded in the wider context of societal, biosphere and planetary needs, inequalities, the range of crises that confront us and the need for improved decisioning, which should ultimately lead to better citizenship and a humanity that is more sustainable and resilient. Abstract The biosphere of planet Earth is a microbial world: a vast reactor of countless microbially driven chemical transformations and energy transfers that push and pull many planetary geochemical processes, including the cycling of the elements of life, mitigate or amplify climate change (e.g., Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2019, 17, 569) and impact the well‐being and activities of all organisms, including humans. Microbes are both our ancestors and creators of the planetary chemistry that allowed us to evolve (e.g., Life's engines: How microbes made earth habitable, 2023). To understand how the biosphere functions, how humans can influence its development and live more sustainably with the other organisms sharing it, we need to understand the microbes. In a recent editorial (Environmental Microbiology, 2019, 21, 1513), we advocated for improved microbiology literacy in society. Our concept of microbiology literacy is not based on knowledge of the academic subject of microbiology, with its multitude of component topics, plus the growing number of additional topics from other disciplines that become vitally important elements of current microbiology. Rather it is focused on microbial activities that impact us–individuals/communities/nations/the human world–and the biosphere and that are key to reaching informed decisions on a multitude of issues that regularly confront us, ranging from personal issues to crises of global importance. In other words, it is knowledge and understanding essential for adulthood and the transition to it, knowledge and understanding that must be acquired early in life in school. The 2019 Editorial marked the launch of the International Microbiology Literacy Initiative, the IMiLI. Here, we present our concept of how microbiology literacy may be achieved and the rationale underpinning it; the type of teaching resources being created to realise the concept and the framing of microbial activities treated in these resources in the context of sustainability, societal needs and responsibilities and decision‐making; and the key role of Regional Centres that will translate the teaching resources into local languages, adapt them according to local cultural needs, interface with regional educators and develop and serve as hubs of microbiology literacy education networks. The topics featuring in teaching resources are learner‐centric and have been selected for their inherent relevance, interest and ability to excite and engage. Importantly, the resources coherently integrate and emphasise the overarching issues of sustainability, stewardship and critical thinking and the pervasive interdependencies of processes. More broadly, the concept emphasises how the multifarious applications of microbial activities can be leveraged to promote human/animal, plant, environmental and planetary health, improve social equity, alleviate humanitarian deficits and causes of conflicts among peoples and increase understanding between peoples (Microbial Biotechnology, 2023, 16(6), 1091–1111). Importantly, although the primary target of the freely available (CC BY‐NC 4.0) IMiLI teaching resources is schoolchildren and their educators, they and the teaching philosophy are intended for all ages, abilities and cultural spectra of learners worldwide: in university education, lifelong learning, curiosity‐driven, web‐based knowledge acquisition and public outreach. The IMiLI teaching resources aim to promote development of a global microbiology education ecosystem that democratises microbiology knowledge.

Xavier Busquet-Duran,1–3 Eva Maria Jiménez-Zafra,1 Josep Maria Manresa-Domínguez,2,4,5 Magda Tura-Poma,1 Olga Bosch-delaRosa,6 Anna Moragas-Roca,1 Maria Concepción Galera Padilla,1 Susana Martin Moreno,1 Emilio Martínez-Losada,1 Silvia Crespo-Ramírez,6 Ana Isabel López-Garcia,1 Pere Torán-Monserrat2,4 1Home Care Program, Support Team, PADES Granollers, Vallès Oriental Primary Health Care Services, Catalan Institute of Health, Barcelona, Spain; 2Multidisciplinary Research Group on Health and Society (GREMSAS), Barcelona, Spain; 3Department of Nursing, University Foundation of Bages (FUB), University of Vic. Central University of Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain; 4Metropolitan Nord Unit of Research Support, University Institute of Research in Primary Care (IDIAP) Jordi Gol, Barcelona, Spain; 5Department of Nursing, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; 6Psychosocial Care Team (EAPS), Red Cross, Granollers, Barcelona, SpainCorrespondence: Xavier Busquet-Duran Email xbusquet@umanresa.catBackground: Complexity has become a core issue in caring for patients with advanced disease and/or at the end-of-life. The Hexagon of Complexity (HexCom) is a complexity assessment model in the process of validation in health-care settings. Our objective is to use the instrument to describe differences in complexity across disease groups in specific home care for advanced disease and/or at the end-of-life patients, both in general and as relates to each domain and subdomain.Methods: Cross-sectional study of home care was conducted in Catalonia. The instrument includes 6 domains of needs (clinical, psychological/emotional, social/family, spiritual, ethical, and death-related), 4 domains of resources (intrapersonal, interpersonal, transpersonal, and practical), and 3 levels of complexity (High (H), Moderate (M), and Low (L)). Interdisciplinary home care teams assessed and agreed on the level of complexity for each patient.Results: Forty-three teams participated (74.1% of those invited). A total of 832 patients were assessed, 61.4% of which were cancer patients. Moderate complexity was observed in 385 (47.0%) cases and high complexity in 347 (42.4%). The median complexity score was 51 for cancer patients and 23 for patients with dementia (p< 0.001). We observed the highest level of complexity in the social/family domain. Patients/families most frequently used interpersonal resources (80.5%).Conclusions: This study sheds light on the high-intensity work of support teams, the importance of the social/family domain and planning the place of death, substantial differences in needs and resources across disease groups, and the importance of relationship wellbeing at the end-of-life.Keywords: home care services, palliative care, terminally ill, terminal care, non-cancer patient, complexity, interdisciplinary research

Las grandes pandemias demuestran el verdadero carácter humanista de los pueblos, donde se comparten los recursos que se tienen y no lo que se sobra, bajo este precepto una brigada del contingente cubano Henry Reeve partió hacia lo desconocido en tierras aztecas el 23 de abril del 2020 en virtud de la solidaridad que caracteriza al gran ejercito de batas blancas en la mayor de las antillas.La nueva escalada internacional de agresiones y los repetidos intentos de desacreditar nuestra obra moral no permitieron despedidas ni aplausos, pero tampoco pudieron impedir el accionar de 586 colaboradores que por tercera vez en la historia de la cooperación médica cubana laboraron en suelo mexicano.

Las grandes pandemias demuestran el verdadero carácter humanista de los pueblos, donde se comparten los recursos que se tienen y no lo que se sobra, bajo este precepto una brigada del contingente cubano Henry Reeve partió hacia lo desconocido en tierras aztecas el 23 de abril del 2020 en virtud de la solidaridad que caracteriza al gran ejercito de batas blancas en la mayor de las antillas.La nueva escalada internacional de agresiones y los repetidos intentos de desacreditar nuestra obra moral no permitieron despedidas ni aplausos, pero tampoco pudieron impedir el accionar de 586 colaboradores que por tercera vez en la historia de la cooperación médica cubana laboraron en suelo mexicano.

Introducción: El cáncer es la segunda causa de muerte en el mundo y en Cuba. Su estrategia de tratamiento implica fármacos oncoespecíficos y cirugía; y diariamente aumentan los pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente lo que conlleva a un periodo perioperatorio y la administración de múltiples medicamentos anestésicos. Objetivo: Describir los principales factores relacionados con la anestesia que, durante el perioperatorio, influyen en la recurrencia oncológica. Desarrollo: El estrés quirúrgico y la anestesia general, con la subsecuente respuesta neuroendocrina e inflamatoria, por sí mismos, limitan la respuesta inmune y alteran el balance entre el potencial metastásico del tumor y antimetastásico de las defensas, lo cual representa un mecanismo plausible en el incremento de las metástasis y recurrencia oncológica. Conclusiones: La proliferación del cáncer y recidiva tumoral en el contexto quirúrgico asociado a la anestesia, es un tema relativamente nuevo y por tanto es necesario realizar estudios con mayor alcance que validen este fenómeno. No obstante, el efecto inmunosupresor que produce el estrés perioperatorio, fármacos anestésicos como opioides y halogenados pueden ser la clave para explicar este fenómeno. La anestesia general endovenosa total libre de opioides y adecuada analgesia regional contribuyen a disminuir este efecto.

Resumen: Introducción: La relación entre el trastorno del control de impulsos (TCI) y el trastorno de conducta del sueño REM (TCSR) no se ha aclarado todavía y los resultados de la literatura son contradictorios. Nuestro objetivo es valorar la asociación entre estos 2 trastornos y, a su vez, su presencia en dependencia de la terapia dopaminérgica. Métodos: Un total de 73 pacientes diagnosticados de enfermedad de Parkinson, en tratamiento con un único agonista dopaminérgico, fueron incluidos en el estudio, tras valoración clínica y habiendo completado el cuestionario de pregunta única para el TCSR y el cuestionario abreviado para los trastornos impulsivo-compulsivos en la enfermedad de Parkinson. Resultados: La edad media ± desviación estándar de los pacientes fue de 68,88 ± 7,758 años. De ellos, 26 pacientes (35,6%) se clasificaron dentro de un TCSR-probable, presentando mayor prevalencia de síndrome rígido acinético no tremórico, más años de tratamiento con levodopa y con agonistas dopaminérgicos, y una relación significativa con el TCI (p = 0,001) en comparación con el grupo sin TCSR-probable.En cuanto al tratamiento con agonistas dopaminérgicos, se demostró la asociación significativa de la administración por vía oral con una mayor prevalencia de TCI, mientras que esta vía también se relacionó con mayor tendencia a desarrollar TCSR, diferencias en este caso no significativas. Conclusiones: Nuestros datos confirman que el TCSR se relaciona con el TCI en la enfermedad de Parkinson. Abstract: Introduction: The relationship between impulse control disorder (ICD) and REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) has not yet been clarified, and the literature reports contradictory results. Our purpose is to analyse the association between these 2 disorders and their presence in patients under dopaminergic treatment. Methods: A total of 73 patients diagnosed with Parkinson's disease and treated with a single dopamine agonist were included in the study after undergoing clinical assessment and completing the single-question screen for REM sleep behaviour disorder and the short version of the questionnaire for impulsive-compulsive behaviours in Parkinson's disease. Results: Mean age was 68.88 ± 7.758 years. Twenty-six patients (35.6%) were classified as probable-RBD. This group showed a significant association with ICD (P=.001) and had a higher prevalence of non-tremor akinetic rigid syndrome and longer duration of treatment with levodopa and dopamine agonists than the group without probable-RBD. We found a significant correlation between the use of oral dopamine agonists and ICD. Likewise, patients treated with oral dopamine agonists demonstrated a greater tendency toward presenting probable-RBD than patients taking dopamine agonists by other routes; the difference was non-significant. Conclusions: The present study confirms the association between RBD and a higher risk of developing symptoms of ICD in Parkinson's disease. Palabras clave: Enfermedad de Parkinson, Trastorno de conducta del sueño REM, Trastorno de control de impulsos y conductas relacionadas, Agonistas dopaminérgicos, Single-Question Screen for REM Sleep Behavior Disorder, Parkinson's Disease Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders Questionnaire, Keywords: Parkinson's disease, REM sleep behaviour disorder, Impulse control disorder and related behaviours, Dopamine agonists, Single-Question Screen for REM Sleep Behavior Disorder, Parkinson's Disease Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders Questionnaire

Introduction: The relationship between impulse control disorder (ICD) and REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) has not yet been clarified, and the literature reports contradictory results. Our purpose is to analyse the association between these 2 disorders and their presence in patients under dopaminergic treatment. Methods: A total of 73 patients diagnosed with Parkinson's disease and treated with a single dopamine agonist were included in the study after undergoing clinical assessment and completing the single-question screen for REM sleep behaviour disorder and the short version of the questionnaire for impulsive–compulsive behaviours in Parkinson's disease. Results: Mean age was 68.88 ± 7.758 years. Twenty-six patients (35.6%) were classified as probable-RBD. This group showed a significant association with ICD (P = .001) and had a higher prevalence of non-tremor akinetic rigid syndrome and longer duration of treatment with levodopa and dopamine agonists than the group without probable-RBD. We found a significant correlation between the use of oral dopamine agonists and ICD. Likewise, patients treated with oral dopamine agonists demonstrated a greater tendency towards presenting probable-RBD than patients taking dopamine agonists by other routes; the difference was non-significant. Conclusions: The present study confirms the association between RBD and a higher risk of developing symptoms of ICD in Parkinson's disease. Resumen: Introducción: La relación entre el trastorno del control de impulsos (TCI) y el trastorno de conducta del sueño REM (TCSR) no se ha aclarado todavía y los resultados de la literatura son contradictorios. Nuestro objetivo es valorar la asociación entre estos 2 trastornos y, a su vez, su presencia en dependencia de la terapia dopaminérgica. Métodos: Un total de 73 pacientes diagnosticados de enfermedad de Parkinson, en tratamiento con un único agonista dopaminérgico, fueron incluidos en el estudio, tras valoración clínica y habiendo completado el cuestionario de pregunta única para el TCSR y el cuestionario abreviado para los trastornos impulsivo-compulsivos en la enfermedad de Parkinson. Resultados: La edad media ± desviación estándar de los pacientes fue de 68,88 ± 7,758 años. De ellos, 26 pacientes (35,6%) se clasificaron dentro de un TCSR-probable, presentando mayor prevalencia de síndrome rígido acinético no tremórico, más años de tratamiento con levodopa y con agonistas dopaminérgicos, y una relación significativa con el TCI (p = 0,001) en comparación con el grupo sin TCSR-probable.En cuanto al tratamiento con agonistas dopaminérgicos, se demostró la asociación significativa de la administración por vía oral con una mayor prevalencia de TCI, mientras que esta vía también se relacionó con mayor tendencia a desarrollar TCSR, diferencias en este caso no significativas. Conclusiones: Nuestros datos confirman que el TCSR se relaciona con el TCI en la enfermedad de Parkinson. Keywords: Parkinson's disease, REM sleep behaviour disorder, Impulse control disorder and related behaviours, Dopamine agonists, Single-question screen for REM sleep behaviour disorder, Parkinson's Disease Impulsive–Compulsive Disorders Questionnaire, Palabras clave: Enfermedad de Parkinson, Trastorno de conducta del sueño REM, Trastorno de control de impulsos y conductas relacionadas, Agonistas dopaminérgicos, Single-question screen for REM sleep behaviour disorder, Parkinson's Disease Impulsive–Compulsive Disorders Questionnaire

With the aim of improving the citizens quality of life; the study, design and development of smart cities have been worked in different parts of the world and Colombia is not excluded. Accordingly, this document presents the advances in the implementation of a platform prototype for joining smart developments in some universities from Bogotá-Colombia. First of all, some aspects to consider in the development of a Smart City are presented. Later, the importance of virtual environments and noise studies, the drain gratings to avoid flooding by rain and the use of the bicycle as an alternative means of transport is also shown.

Gene expression is one of the main factors to influence meat quality by modulating fatty acid metabolism, composition, and deposition rates in muscle tissue. This study aimed to explore the transcriptomics of the Longissimus lumborum muscle in two local pig breeds with distinct genetic background using next-generation sequencing technology and Real-Time qPCR. RNA-seq yielded 49 differentially expressed genes between breeds, 34 overexpressed in the Alentejano (AL) and 15 in the Bísaro (BI) breed. Specific slow type myosin heavy chain components were associated with AL (MYH7) and BI (MYH3) pigs, while an overexpression of MAP3K14 in AL may be associated with their lower loin proportion, induced insulin resistance, and increased inflammatory response via NFkB activation. Overexpression of RUFY1 in AL pigs may explain the higher intramuscular (IMF) content via higher GLUT4 recruitment and consequently higher glucose uptake that can be stored as fat. Several candidate genes for lipid metabolism, excluded in the RNA-seq analysis due to low counts, such as ACLY, ADIPOQ, ELOVL6, LEP and ME1 were identified by qPCR as main gene factors defining the processes that influence meat composition and quality. These results agree with the fatter profile of the AL pig breed and adiponectin resistance can be postulated as responsible for the overexpression of MAP3K14′s coding product NIK, failing to restore insulin sensitivity.

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is considered a transitional stage between healthy aging and dementia, specifically Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The most common cognitive impairment of MCI includes episodic memory loss and difficulties in working memory (WM). Interference can deplete WM, and an optimal WM performance requires an effective control of attentional resources between the memoranda and the incoming stimuli. Difficulties in handling interference lead to forgetting. However, the interplay between interference and WM in MCI is not well understood and needs further investigation. The current study investigated the effect of interference during a WM task in 20 MCIs and 20 healthy elder volunteers. Participants performed a delayed match-to-sample paradigm which consisted in two interference conditions, distraction and interruption, and one control condition without any interference. Results evidenced a disproportionate impact of interference on the WM performance of MCIs, mainly in the presence of interruption. These findings demonstrate that interference, and more precisely interruption, is an important proxy for memory-related deficits in MCI. Thus the current findings reveal novel evidence regarding the causes of WM forgetting in MCI patients, associated with difficulties in the mechanisms of attentional control.

Epidemiologic studies suggest that the prevalence of allergic rhinitis (AR) is rising worldwide. Several reports, in fact, indicate increasing trends in the prevalence of AR especially in developing countries, likely related to the environment and climate changes and the adoption of an urbanized Western lifestyle. The primary objective of the present study was to collect information about management in real-life settings, including a characterization of typical patients’ profile referring to physicians, the disease features, the common approaches to diagnostic assessments and therapeutic decisions. This was an international, multicenter, cross-sectional study conducted in adults or children (≥6 years) suffering from rhinitis confirmed by physician's diagnosis for at least one year. The 234 physicians who participated in the study included a total of 2778 patients in Egypt, Mexico, Brazil, Colombia, Guatemala, Iran, Venezuela, Argentina, Israel, Kuwait and United Arab Emirates. It was found that clinical history was the selected tool to diagnose and categorize AR patients (97.1%), with less than half of patients undergoing allergy testing, may be explaining the scarce use of immunotherapy on management of disease. Out of 2776 patients, 93.4% had somehow received a recommendation to avoid allergens and irritant agent exposure. Notably, 91.4% were receiving at least one treatment at the time of the survey, mostly oral antihistamines (79.7%) and intranasal corticosteroids (66.3%). Oral antihistamines, intranasal steroids and decongestants were considered both safe and effective by patients and physicians, preferring oral and nasal route of administration. The ISMAR registry was designed according to the most accepted epidemiological recommendations, and provides interesting information regarding the management of rhinitis from a patient and physician points of view, with many similarities between the participating countries. Further efforts are required to better manage AR and its comorbidities.

The intracellular levels of polyamines, polycations implicated in proliferation, differentiation and cell survival, are regulated by controlling their biosynthesis, catabolism and transport. Antizymes and antizyme inhibitors are key regulatory proteins of polyamine levels by affecting ornithine decarboxylase, the rate-limiting biosynthetic enzyme, and polyamine uptake. We recently described the molecular function of a novel antizyme inhibitor (AZIN2). However, the physiological function of AZIN2 in mammals is mostly unknown. To gain insight on the tissue expression profile of AZIN2 and to find its possible physiological role, we have generated, transgenic mice with severe Azin2 hypomorphism. This mouse model expresses transgenic bacterial β-D-galactosidase as a reporter gene, under the control of the Azin2 endogenous promoter, what allows a very sensitive and specific detection of the expression of the gene in the different tissues of transgenic mice. The biochemical and histochemical analyses of β-D-galactosidase together with the quantification of Azin2 mRNA levels, corroborated that AZIN2 is mainly expressed in testis and brain, and showed for the first time that AZIN2 is also expressed in the adrenal glands and pancreas. In these tissues, AZIN2 was not expressed in all type of cells, but rather in specific type of cells. Thus, AZIN2 was mainly found in the haploid germinal cells of the testis and in different brain regions such as hippocampus and cerebellum, particularly in specific type of neurons. In the adrenal glands and pancreas, the expression was restricted to the adrenal medulla and to the Langerhans islets, respectively. Interestingly, plasma insulin levels were significantly reduced in the transgenic mice. These results support the idea that AZIN2 may have a role in the modulation of reproductory and secretory functions and that this mouse model might be an interesting tool for the progress of our understanding on the role of AZIN2 and polyamines in specific mammalian cells.