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The objective of this study was to indicate the existence of slaves who knew how to read and write, based on the mapping of nineteenth-century periodicals in circulation in the city of Rio de Janeiro in the period between 1830 and 1888. It also sought to analyze the meanings of the insertion of slaves in the universe of the written word, signaling the importance of understanding the different knowledge and experiences of the enslaved subjects. The study seeks to make visible the different possibilities around the knowledge of slaves, subjects in transit, holders of cultures, knowledge, and rich and varied experiences. The paper argues that education was a form of resistance and that learning to read and write indicated ways of achieving freedom.

The objective of this paper is to analyze the representation of health services in Mexican television, considering that television plays an important role in the production and reproduction of the social meanings of health. A descriptive study analyzed the contents of 672 hours of continuous television (media flows) broadcast in Mexico in 2011, examining advertising, television shows and newscasts. The analysis of all these messages shows that the representation of private care services predominates. When public care services are mentioned, the communication is mainly regarding the Seguro Popular de Salud [Popular Health Insurance, for those with low incomes], while the social security model of care is underrepresented. We therefore conclude that television favors the two first models of health care. This kind of representation could hold potential consequences for health subjectivities.

Objetivo: El propósito de esta revisión sistemática es evaluar estudios acerca del efecto de los anuncios de alimentos en TV sobre las preferencias y el consumo de alimentos en diferentes grupos de edad. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda de ensayos aleatorios controlados publicados en Pubmed, Ebsco, Cochrane, Scielo hasta Noviembre del 2010. Se incluyeron aquéllos que evaluaran el efecto de la exposición directa a anuncios de alimentos en TV sobre las preferencias, demanda, compra y consumo. Resultados: Diez estudios cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. En los tres estudios que evaluaron el efecto de la exposición a anuncios de alimentos en preescolares se observó un aumento en la selección y demanda de los alimentos. Todos los cinco estudios realizados en escolares presentaron resultados negativos en los expuestos a alimentación no saludable. De los tres estudios realizados en adultos, dos reportaron un mayor consumo de los alimentos anunciados en el grupo expuesto. Conclusión: Los estudios evaluados demuestran que en pre-escolares y escolares el efecto de los anuncios sobre el consumo de alimentos es consistente, mientras que en adultos los resultados apuntan hacia una fuerte asociación entre la exposición a los anuncios de alimentos en TV con la preferencia, consumo y demanda por los alimentos anunciados.Objective: The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review of papers that assess the effect of television food advertisings (TFA) in the food preferences and consumption in different age groups. Methods: Randomized clinical trials published up to November 2010 were searched in Pubmed, Ebsco, Cochrane and Scielo. Studies were included if they assessed the effect of direct exposition to TFA over the food preferences, demand, and consumption. Results: Ten studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. In the three studies conducted on preschooler children an increase in selection and demand of advertized foods was reported. All the fives studies conducted on scholar children reported negative outcomes in those children exposed to unhealthy food. An increase on food consumption was observed in two of the three studies conducted on adults. Conclusion: The assess studies show that in pre-school and school children the effect of advertising on food consumption was consistent, while in adults there is a trend toward an strong association of exposure food advertising and preference, consumption and demand of the food advertised.