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This paper explores the sound aesthetics of the Uruguayan performance group Moxhelis focusing on its relationship with industrial and postindustrial music. The aesthetics of the group's performances consisted on a juxtaposition of fragmentary images in which post-industrial, circus, post-avant-garde, retro-futuristic and post-apocalyptic elements were intertwined. The Moxhelian aesthetics can be addressed from different perspectives, whether focusing on its sound, its visuals or on the bodily dimension. Moreover, these positions interact with each other in every performance, producing a complex network of meanings and aesthetic perceptions. Through the analysis of the preserved audiovisual archive, in this paper we will approach the sound dimension succinctly, presenting the group's performances in the 1990s in Uruguay.

This paper provides a discourse analysis of two poems selected from the book Sovereign Erotics: A Collection of Two-Spirit Literature (Driskill et al., 2011b) to explore the concept of grief in Two-Spirit/Queer Indigenous poetry. It analyzes the diction, voice, formality, themes, metaphors, similes, personification, and the use of repetition the authors utilize to represent grief and discover the social, cultural, and political realities and discursive practices behind the poems. It concludes that through their expression of grief, the poets highlight the emergence and endurance of a community and people who will continue to fight for survival and the right to live in peace and harmony outside of colonial gender and sexual binaries. Both poems engage with a continuing sense of Two-Spirit identity that call forth new generations of Queer Indigenous/Two-Spirit people while remembering their history and the Elders who came before to heal personal and historical trauma often through connection with nature, their ancestors, and spirituality.

Acquisition of academic vocabulary is paramount to students’ success in academic life, as well as for the process of writing publishable papers in English so that research can be shared more broadly (NAGY; TOWNSEND 2012; PAQUOT, 2014). While in countries such as The U.S. and England the practice of offering Writing Centers for academic writing thrives, the initiative is still quite shy in Brazil (CONS 2020), though some Writing Centers around the country have recently started to operate. The aim of this paper is to report how the training activities of the Writing Center at University of Caxias do Sul – UCS Writing Center - use the Corpus Linguistics approach (BERBER-SARDINHA 2004) to enhance acquisition of academic vocabulary, therefore providing better academic writing skills to professors and students of the institution and the community it targets. The article contextualizes the Writing Center within the University and presents a series of activities which were designed based on research of Corpus Linguistics’ application to the teaching and learning of English for Academic Purposes (EAP). The activities provide specific instances of how Corpus Linguistics resources can be an invaluable asset for the improvement of vocabulary in academic writing in English, being especially useful for researchers who wish to upgrade the quality of the language used in their international publications.

The Aymara language (AL) is one of the most important languages in the central Andean region. However, there are few studies on its use from a microsociolinguistic approach. This paper aims to analyze the use of the Aymara language in six commercial speech events in a tri-border context involving Aymara speakers from Chile, Peru, and Bolivia. The conversations that happened within these events were collected through audio recordings and written records in a qualitative ethnographic intervention in the so-called three-part fair or “Feria Tripartita” (FT), a commercial event that occurs weekly in the three-border area. The analysis is based on ethnography of communication, conversational analysis, and interactional sociolinguistics. Drawing on this analytical framework, the use of the AL that is manifested there shows code-switching with Spanish, both inter- and intra-orally, along with a series of interlinguistic phenomena, such as the presence of a series of Spanish lexical bases with Aymara suffixation, and the use of unnecessary Spanish loans. Thus the FT, in spite of being an Aymara space that conforms a bilingual speaking community, is a space of influence of the Castilian language, which structurally affects the use of the AL.

This paper offers a critical biography revealing certain historical intersections and divisions between Western art and science and points to specific moments where they have worked together through an exclusionary version of liberal humanism. This version of liberal humanism was often constructed through the dehumanization of women, people of color, people with disabilities and sexual minorities who were relegated to the non-human, the almost human, the animal or the monstrous. As part of the methods, it offers a critical genealogy, sifting through the cultural vestiges of art, science, philosophy, medicine, atlases, illustrations, colonial and eugenic discourses, feminist, queer, and postcolonial theories, and visual culture in order to recover and reconstruct specific connections between art and science in different historical periods (from the late 1400so the present). By drawing attention to the fact that “the human” has been a shifting and unstable signifier, this paper concludes that both Western art and science have the ability to help co-construct humanity by formulating new more equitable assemblages or the power to magnify already existing power disparities.

This paper reports an investigation into the representation of “Italianness” in the recent Netflix Italian series Generazione 56k, which was exported to English-speaking countries. This series deals with characters from different generations and displays regional varieties. This qualitative study examined the macro- and micro-strategies used in the creation of English subtitles for the first season. The focus is on key functions of telecinematic discourse, i.e., characterisation, realism, and humour, realised through the use of (a) multilingualism in the broadest sense, including geographical dialects, and (b) multi-generational language (colloquialisms, “unconventional language”, particularly, teenage and youth language, and taboo). Findings reveal a tendency towards neutralisation strategies in the English subtitles. Even considering the constraints inherent in the subtitling mode, these strategies do not successfully represent “Italianness” with its local geographical diversity, and only partially convey the representation of multi-generational language, also affecting humour. The themes engaging millennials, however, are expressed and might be appreciated by an international audience. In the light of our analysis and conclusions, it may be interesting to understand whether younger generations, increasingly accustomed to “multilingualism” especially in Netflix programmes, would also envisage a different subtitling experience.

Audiovisual translation into English is recently gaining importance as the material produced in other languages is now increasingly crossing borders thanks to the internet. This article explores foul language, deemed one of the most problematic aspects of subtitling. The aim is to elucidate how this is normally subtitled into English. Drawing on a corpus of swearwords from Netflix Spanish comedy series El Vecino (Vigalondo, 2019‒2021), this paper examines the frequency of use of different translation techniques and the reasons behind the omission of certain instances of foul language. Results show that, while omitting swearwords is the second most common scenario, the most frequent one is transferring the offensive load of the original expression, with roughly 70 % of instances making it into the target product. As for factors influencing this decision, it was observed that overall swearwords are omitted not because they are offensive, but primarily because of their low narrative value, the subtitling’s vulnerability, and the interaction between swearwords and non-verbal elements. Time and space constraints of subtitling appear to have little impact. These results suggest that the potential influence of censorship and cultural differences on foul language omissions in English subtitles is presented as a possible research avenue.

Faced with the bare comment that Aristotle makes regarding the incorporation of a third actor by Sophocles to the tragedy, interpretive criticism agrees in understanding that this innovation enables sophisticated dramatic effects. The purpose of this paper is to attempt to specify the role of this third actor on stage in Sophocles’ Ajax and, therefore, what this sophisticated dramatic effect consists in.

The study of relativizers in the Spanish language has not been quite explored from a sociolinguistic point of view. A few research papers have analyzed varieties found in Santiago de Chile, Mexico City, Sevilla, and Madrid. Nevertheless, none of them has addressed a Colombian variety in depth. This variationist study aims to fill the gap by reporting the results of a correlational study focused on the use and variation of relativizers in the preseea-Medellín corpus. An anova test, a Games-Howell test, multiple Tukey’s tests, and pairwise comparisons t-tests with Bonferroni correction were run to identify the variables with significant effects (e.g., geographical position, gender, level of education, and social class). Results suggest that, while there is significant diatopic variation in the selection of relativizers, diastratic variables have a minor role in their frequency of use. It was also noted that while the use of the pronoun que tends to spread in all varieties of Spanish, the relative adjectives cuyo and cuanto continue their trend towards disuse. Further studies are necessary to determine if this tendency to simplification is related to psycholinguistic constraints (i.e. mental load) or functional aspects of Spanish. Finally, this study opens the doors to the analysis of relativizers in other varieties of Colombian Spanish from a sociolinguistic perspective.

Cryptocurrencies have been the latest technological revolution in the world of finances. Although this revolution has not been completed yet, and as a payment method is still limited, their popularity has vastly increased since 2020 due to speculation about their value. As in any other field, any revolution in economics, technology, education, or society implies another parallel language revolution. This is how the introduction of cryptocurrencies has led to the emergence of some new forms of language. This quantitative case study aims to analyze the characteristics of that crypto language and identify some of the most usual words, acronyms, metaphors, and other popular expressions within this field. To achieve this purpose, a glossary published by the company Bit2Me was used along with the Google search bar, which provided the number of appearances on the net. Results showed that some neologisms had been created, acronyms prevailed over some words and expressions, and the use of animal metaphors was a usual practice. These results contribute to the field of electronic finances by showing that the community of cryptocurrency users have created their own linguistic rules to communicate among them with the use of specific words, as detailed in this paper.

The aim of this paper is to analyse the idealization of the mestizo as a colonial agent in La Argentina: Historia del descubrimiento y la conquista del Río de la Plata (1612), written by Ruy Díaz de Guzmán, a XVIIth century author born in Asunción considered the first mestizo writer in the Río de la Plata. To begin with, we will take into consideration briefly the connection between the colonising project of the Spanish crown and Ruy Diaz’s intentions to link his linage and himself to the future of the conquerors’ project. Afterwards, we will discuss the importance assigned in the book to the “mancebos de la tierra” in meeting the Spanish goals, and analyse the intermingling as well as the discursive operations that Díaz de Guzmán uses to mention those whose lives’ blood mixes that of the colonizers and the colonized.

On 10th March 1838, an article entitled “La conversación” (The Conversation) and attributed to Juan María Gutiérrez; was published in La Moda. Gacetín semanal de Música, de Poesía, de Literatura, de Costumbres (La Moda. A Newsletter on Music, Poetry, Literature and Traditions). To illustrate the virtues and features of conversation, Juan María Gutiérrez uses images, comparisons, literary references, and quotations; among these a quote from Virgil stands out. Gutiérrez transcribes a brief passage in Spanish prose without stating the specific source; however, this quotation constitutes, in our opinion, a valuable evidence of the reception of Virgil’s Eclogues in Argentine literature. This paper aims to analyze this passage and the operations that Gutierrez made to recontextualize it.

The purpose of this research article is to study the discurse strategies used by Frederick Ahl in the academic paper entitled “The hand of God: Diego Maradona and the divine nature of cheating in Classical Antiquity”, establishing their convergences with certain poetic resources and rhetorical devices described by him in his researches on classical literature. I will try to prove how, in order to study the heroized goal of Maradona against England, the author sets up a larger interpretative framework, in which mythological references function as veiled allusions to the South Atlantic conflict.

The complexities of human morality have been problematized and developed in the literature of all time. The sexual behaviour is, of course, an issue that has not been ignored and, although moral sexuality focuses on woman’s attitude, men play an important role as well: the myth of Hippolytus and Phaedra is one of the most notable exempla of masculine chastity. In this paper, we analyse the representations about Phaedra’s and Hippolytus’ sexual behaviour in Euripides’ Hippolytus and Ovid’s Heroides 4. To do this, we confront the conceptions about sexual morality in Greek and Latin cultures, and the corresponding lexemes related to this topic in both languages (pudicitia and pudor in Latin, αἰδώς, ἁγνός and σωφροσύνη in Greek). Subsequently, we consider the enunciation and action spaces of the characters, and the problematization of the possible consequences of making public private actions.

In Catullus 16.10 the expression his pilosis has been rightly interpreted by scholars with an obscene meaning. This paper intends to add to that reading the consideration of his pilosis as a metapoetic expression, that is, with the sense that the pilosi alluded to are those “hairy”, i.e. clumsy, rustic, incapable of understanding a poetry like that of Catullus, which stands out for a refined polishing of words. To this end, four elements will be analyzed: 1) the general interpretation of the carmen, 2) a section from Seneca’s Epistulae very useful to our interpretation, 3) the question of the Latin terminology linked to pilosity, and 4) the use that Catullus himself makes in other carmina of this terminology

It is often stated that, in opposition to Aristophanes’ plays, Menander’s comedy is not characterized by the inclusion of references to Athenian law. However, an analysis of his surviving works reveals a considerable number of legal allusions, including mentions to litigation and judicial procedures. The objective of this paper is to examine two passages in which this legal background emerges (Sam. 570-588; Her. 18-40) in order to explore the strategies deployed by Menander to manipulate law for literary purposes. In particular, both texts show that the legal realm is quoted in a generic and hesitant way. By means of a comparison with Aspis 174-189, it will be concluded that imprecision and vagueness –which are privileged characteristics of these references– effectively replicate the typical misunderstanding of comic plots and the frequent uncertainties of status attributed to the characters in the plays.

In the attempt to build its identity, each culture appeals to its own and foreign elements, trying to generate representations of itself. In the case of Argentine culture, among the non-proprietary elements are those that belong to the GrecoLatin culture, among them the literary system, on which we focus our gaze. For various purposes, the authors appropriate the classical greco-latin texts by re-elaborating and resignifying them. In this paper we focus on a rewriting of Antigone by Sophocles: Antígonas: linaje de hembras by Jorge Huertas, contemporary Argentine playwright, to analyze the relationships and confrontations that are gestated around the use/abuse of power. The transfer of the Greek tragedy to contemporary Argentina allows us to deal with a problem of old roots, the issue of power and the relationships that are established around it, with new perspectives. Thus, the appropriation and recreation of a classic text allows testing new ways of saying reality, always complex and multiple, accounting for the contribution of the ancient world to the Western cultural corpus, in general, and the Argentine, in particular.

Of the thirty-seven works attributed to the English author William Shakespeare, six of them deal with themes related to ancient Rome. We will studyThe Tragedy of Julius Caesar, which represents the death of the Roman leader (44 BC) at the hands of Brutus and Cassius. The purpose of this paper will beto reveal the Shakespearean Roman model staged during the pre-modern era. The drama analysis will includebrief historical-revisionist comments on Elizabethan-Jacobean England; and we will approach the text from Robert Miola´s ideas on Shakespeare’s Roman historical drama. In several works devoted to the study of ancient Rome, as seen during the Renaissance, Professor Miola reveals the tensions of classical ancient Rome characterized, in early modern time, by violence and rhetoric in relation to the historical, ideal and stereotyped construction of the past.

This paper analyzes four scenes from satirical dramas belonging to Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides in which the Chorus of Satyrs and Silenus allow themselves to imagine themselves in roles other than those arranged in the plot of the plays. This thought on possible choral roles occurs in the context of self-absorption and tends to suspend the choral action to project an image that the audience recognizes as impossible and, even contradictory to that of a Chorus of Satyrs, not only in this dramatic genre but also in myth and cultural imagery. This contradiction is a source of laughter both because the satyrs claim to be what the public knows they are not and because the abrupt ending of their self-delusion and the ensuing return to their choral role show them incapable of sustaining their own self-made fiction. At the same time, these fleeting moments are meta-theatrical instances that speak of the plasticity of a Chorus capable of assuming different identities, despite always being a Chorus of satyrs. This attribute consistently places the Chorus in the theatrical rite in and opposes it to the choruses of the prior Tragic trilogy

Our paper aims to analyze the function the Hymn to Enodia performs in the third stasimon (1048-1105) of Euripides’ Ion, within the plot as well as at the extrafictional level. Our purpose is also to refute the criticisms that have often considered the choral songs of Euripides to be not very relevant for the action developed on stage. From a different perspective, our intention is to highlight the relevance the hymn to Enodia –a goddess who apparently bears no relation to the tragedy’s μῦθος– has for the understanding of Ion, since Enodia-Hecate is not involved with Erechtheus or with his descendants. The choral ode, as an εὐκτικός hymn, refers to two essential aspects of this tragedy. On the one hand, as Enodia is the protectress of deliveries and newborn children, the chorus’ requests make reference to the supposed reality of Creusa, who has not yet given an heir to the throne of Athens. On the other hand, Enodia, as Demeter’s daughter, alludes to Eleusinian and Orphic mysteries. Furthermore, in this hymn the chorus describes the Eleusinian rites, which makes it possible to interpret this hymn in relation to mystery cults. It should be noted that this ode can also be considered to be a defixio, which seeks to harm Ion.

This paper establishes a dialogue between the theoretical and formal proposals for the implementation/application of Integral Sex Education in the classroom (National Law No. 26150, 2006) and a series of records of teaching experiences at high school level in the city of Buenos Aires. During those experiences, we worked with Penelope and Odysseus’ love story, the characters of Circe and the Sirens and Procne and Philomelas’ myth. Our hypothesis is that those narratives from Graeco-latin classic literature, when revisited from a gender perspective, do not only enrich the reading of following works, but also make easier the treatment of sensible topics related to existent forms of inequality between women and men from the same society.

The motor of the action in Asinaria is the circulation of money. We believe that through it, behaviors are defined, actions are orientated and the destiny of the characters of this comedy is determined. The aim of this paper is to analyze the family relationships between the senex, the matrona and the adulescens and their link with money in order to account for power relations. Through the circulation of money and the place in which each one is located with respect to it, it is possible to account for the power relations –subjection, domination, horizontality– that are established throughout the comedy. In some way, the lack, need or possession of money determines the interest in the preservation of the bonds that are laid and places the woman in a dominant position.

In the last few years, Colombian ELT scholars have become aware of the importance of discourse for the dissemination of ideologies and agendas. As a result, the number of studies on this area has shown an unprecedented growth. Nevertheless, few investigations have explored and analyzed both sides simultaneously so as to display not only the types of hegemonic discourses that have permeated the field but also those which have recently emerged in response to such a situation. Considering these elements, this paper reports on a qualitative case study carried out with the purpose of analyzing the latest types of hegemonic discourses and discourses of resistance that have taken place in elt in Colombia. After analyzing the data gathered, which consisted of empirical and conceptual articles, as well as linguistic policies emitted by the Colombian Ministry of Education (men), the results showed that discourses revolving around bilingualism (understood as the English-Spanish relationship), identity, and native speakerism have been a recurrent aspect in the Colombian elt field. Yet, findings also suggest that, especially in the last decade, elt scholars have been resisting these discourses by promoting alternative ones that acknowledge initiatives in different areas of knowledge. In light of these aspects, it is recommended to keep resisting and promoting an agenda of decolonization so that alternative discourses, as is the case of those that acknowledge the incorporation of epistemologies that have been historically overlooked, continue gaining traction within the field.

This paper analyzes the contexts of influence and design of the reference text for implementing a Language Center as part of the language policy (LP) and internationalization process of a Federal Institute of Education (FI) in the Northeastern Region of Brazil. The critical analysis based on Critical Applied Linguistics (CAL) and the Policy Cycle Approach (PCA) made it possible to perceive that the reference text points to a favorable and strongly driving environment for the design of Language Centers in the FI. Thus, the FI can institutionalize the LP actions already carried out unsystematically and individually by teachers of the mother-tongue and additional ones. The document allows the teaching agency to develop and implement projects that meet the local realities of the FI campuses. However, the reference text is involved in a naturalized-top-down internationalization perspective and focuses mainly on the offer of English courses. Moreover, we perceived the lack of investments for the document to be constituted in concrete actions and to assume a transforming role in the educational community.

ABSTRACT Introduction: For phraseological studies, the relationship between fixedness and variation is an essential one, given the need of updating some concepts after the epistemological shift of the grammatical theories which, for the first time, include phrasemes in their object of study. This article deals with the dichotomy opposing a unit (element selected in a paradigm available) and a construction (combination of available units). Methods: The paper approaches the relationship between constructions and units in Spanish phraseology from the different views of: the Lexique-Grammaire school, Cognitive Grammar and the Grammar of Constructions. It starts with a review of the criteria of inclusion and exclusion, as well as the structural systemic analysis of a series of phraseological patterns for these trends, and then analyzes these theoretical considerations in a group of phraseological units. Results: Phrasemes have an internal syntax, as constructions, and an external syntax, as units. The former governs the fixity and idiomaticity of the expression itself, the latter governs their combinations with their immediate context, making them doubly idiomatic: internally and as components of another phrasing, in which they are imbricated. This characteristic can affect collocations, idioms, LVC, phrasal verbs, proverbs or constructive idioms. The case of adverbial idioms is prototypical in this sense, since, although they are (by definition) totally invariable in their internal syntax, nothing prevents them from forming a larger phraseme with a lesser degree of fixity, forming an imbricated collocation with a verb or a verbal idiom. Conclusions: We can say, without self-contradiction, that phrasemes are fixed and variable at the same time. The principle of imbrication links two syntactic levels corresponding to the different phraseological «spheres» (in Corpas´ sense): for the includer (collocation), fixity implies the norm, while, for the includer (idiom), it implies the system.

Abstract This diploma paper is intended to elucidate why aptitudes are required to accomplish a high performance in interpreting and to support the idea that an aptitude test could be beneficial at FLEX in order to know which students are more likely to become successful interpreters. With the implementation of the new Plan E, which is intended to separate the field of Translation and Interpretation from the field of Linguistics, an efficient test for the assessment of aptitudes in those students who will take the field of Translation and Interpretation could be helpful.

El presente estudio propone un análisis de este tipo particular de signo como aporte al conocimiento semiótico de fenómenos propios de nuestra sociedad. Teniendo en cuenta el valor que ocupa la semiótica en la comprensión de los procesos culturales, se reconocen los símbolos presentes en el mural y que intervienen en el proceso comunicativo, por cuanto permiten la interpretación por parte del destinatario. La complejidad de símbolos encontrados es diversa, así como los valores atribuidos a cada uno de ellos. En tal sentido, es necesario entonces tener en cuenta la relación particular que establecen entre sí. The study Symbols in the mural War to the war in Melaíto proposes an analysis of this particular type of sign as a contribution to knowledge of semiotic phenomena characteristic of our society. Considering the value that semiotics occupies in understanding processes of cultural symbols, this paper recognized the symbol present in the mural, which are involved in the communication process, this way they allow the interpretation by the receptor. The complexity of symbols found is different, and the values attributed to each. In this sense, it is then necessary to consider the particular relationship established between them.