Search

En el setanta-cinquè aniversari de la mort d'Eduard Toda, que va ser diplomàtic, egiptòleg, escriptor i historiador, que va redescobrir i divulgar l'alguerès, que va reconstruir i restaurar Escornalbou i Poblet, que va compilar bibliografies i va ser un bibliòfil i un mecenes exemplar, s'analitza en primer lloc aquest darrer aspecte de la seva activitat que va contribuir a enriquir les biblioteques i els arxius del país. A continuació es presenta la seva relació amb l'Escola de Bibliotecàries que es va iniciar gràcies al lligam que havia establert amb la Biblioteca de Catalunya amb les seves generoses donacions de materials bibliogràfics. A partir de la documentació conservada a l'arxiu de l'antiga Escola de Bibliotecàries, es mostren les distintes facetes d'aquella relació: les excursions a Escornalbou que es complementen amb tot un recorregut cultural, les estades de les alumnes a Poblet on col·laboren en l'organització de la biblioteca pobletana, la introducció de les classes de restauració en el pla d'estudis de la carrera, la posada en marxa d'un laboratori de restauració que, per moltes dècades, compartiran l'Escola i la Biblioteca de Catalunya, etc. Certament, els vincles de Toda amb l'Escola es van caracteritzar per un afecte mutu i algunes de les activitats que va promoure amb les alumnes van contribuir a donar a l'Escola aquell toc d' Diplomat, Egyptologist, writer and historian, Eduard Toda is remembered as the man who rescued the Algherese dialect of Catalan from oblivion and who helped rebuild the monastery libraries of Escornalbou and Poblet. On the occasion of the seventy-fifth anniversary of his death, this paper reviews Toda’s book collecting activities, his general love of books and his outstanding work as a benefactor of libraries, which together contributed to enriching our country’s book heritage. The paper then turns to Toda’s relationship with the school for librarians the Escola de Bibliotecàries, which was founded thanks to his donation of a number of book collections to the Library of Catalonia. As recorded in the archives of the old Escola, this relationship was based on a number of different activities: Toda’s trips to Escornalbou, which also provided an opportunity for cultural study; his organization of periods of residence for student librarians at Poblet to help rebuild the monastery’s library; his creation of classes in book restoration in degree courses in librarianship; and the creation of a workshop for restoring library materials, which for many decades helped to link the Escola and the Library of Catalonia. Finally, as the article shows, Toda’s ties with the Escola de Bibliotecàries were reinforced by the mutual affection existing between him and the school as well as by the activities he organized with its students, which gave the school its singular nature as a place of study during the 1930s.

Review

In this paper, I intend to study the contribution of Aby Warburg, a cultural theorist and an art historian, especially his concern with the relations between memory and history, relations that have been theorized in the late 20th century, but which Warburg anticipated, to a certain degree. In his writings, there can be identified those relations that make memory a metahistorical category or an anti-historical discourse (Pierre Nora, Yosef Yerushalmi); then, his writings can be connected with those of Maurice Halbwachs, the first who approached memory as a social phenomenon. Thus, according to Warburg, collective memory can be regarded as a medium for art, which ensures the survival of images and pathos formulas even when the violence of historical development leads to a decline of the creative spirit. One might say that via a detour through the archaic (Pueblo Indian culture), Warburg managed to reduce the distances which the historical method had established to the Antiquity's vestiges (process that started in the Renaissance). His hypothesis was that the employment in the historical development of Western civilization leads to the atrophy of certain potentialities of the human spirit, which can be addressed in the anti-historicist discourse, specific to postmodernity. In the last part of the paper, I propose to dwell on The Mnemosyne Atlas, Warburg’s last project, as a visual synthesis of the research that he conducted throughout his life.

This paper intends to delve into Roscoe Pound’s thought, enhancing his teleological conception of law as a key to understanding Pound’s historicism, pragmatism and functionalism. The Author will also deal with the Poundian contribution within a ‘situated’ perspective aimed at stressing some ‘genetic’ traits of American legal realism in relation to the specific history of the evolution of the common law in the US context. The text has the objective to discuss the theoretical-legal matrix of Pound’s theoretical reflection and its afference to legal science, highlighting his attitude to address the macro-theme of the constitutive principles of the law itself.

In his novel, Machines Like Me (2019), Ian McEwan offers an interesting example of “alternate history” while dealing with crucial ethical issues connected with the development of Artificial Intelligence. Instead of setting his story in the future, the author chooses to set it in the past, but he radically changes the contours of the latter. Hence, the England of the early 1980s is turned into a technologically advanced society, well ahead of the scientific progress of the early 21st century. Thus, the future casts its light on the past in what appears as a typically postmodernist mélange: besides mingling genres (from speculative fiction to uchronia), McEwan also performs an intriguing hybridization of fact and fiction. The paper intends to explore the rich historical dimension of the novel, which betrays the author’s interest in the reflection on history and on its narrativization – as well as its manipulation and/or contamination – within the literary text.

This paper reviews the digital edition Der Sturm – Digitale Quellenedition zur Geschichte der internationalen Avantgarde, which aims to bring together all existing digital sources on the STURM company, to make them accessible and to link them with each other. Initiated by Herwarth Walden by founding the STURM magazine for contemporary art, the STURM company provided many different platforms (e.g., gallery, publishing, theatre) for the art scene in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century and had also a big impact on the international avant-garde. The digital edition currently offers facsimiles, transcriptions, and commentaries on a part of the letters, the encoding of the sources and texts is done in TEI-XML and can be downloaded or accessed via an API. Inventory lists exist for the other documents which link to the source of the digital image. All semantic and structural entities of STURM sources are permanently referenced using persistent identifiers.

The paper follows the development of the notary profession in Venice in the production of private deeds (instrumenta) and public acts (acta). In the Middle Ages, both activities were performed by the clergy. With the advent of the Commune, a Chancery was instituted to archive separately the acta, as well as the instrumenta. A lay Great Chancellor organised clerks who were members of the clergy, and they also wrote private deeds. As the requirements of the notarial activity became stricter, a policy of careful selection was implemented. The two fields of the notarial activity began to differentiate. In 1433, a papal bull forbade priests to work as clerks in secular institutions. It marked the beginning of a turnover in the Chancery staff, the new clerks being chosen among laymen. Close control was kept on Venetian citizenship as the main requisite to access Chancery posts. Similar criteria were applied to private notaries: after some successful tests, in 1514 a procedure for admission to the profession, and a College of Notaries, were finally instituted.

The Book of Isaiah has been truly complex for bible researchers for years. The primary difficulty arises from the poetic way of expressing the author, and this is of course associated with the difficulty of connecting different historical epochs described by the Book of Isaiah in its completeness. Lately, this book has been approached in a unitary way. This will say that it is sought to be read in its wholeness of parts, rather than dividing it as it has long been a trend, into three parts: Is 1-39; 40-55; 56-66. This so-called “unity movement” in research on the Book of Isaiah shows us how the Book can nevertheless be approached whole. Therefore, in this paper, we will seek to analyze the text of Is 30:1-17 (TM) in light of the so-called “unity movement” approach to the Book of Isaiah. It should be said however that the methodological path of this work will be primarily the so-called “close reading” of the text and then also will be given some possible intertextual echoes which link Is 30, 1-17 with other parts of the Book of Isaiah. At the end author will also try to depict a possible historical and theological message of the same biblical text.

This paper aims at highlighting how interest in the issues of web and social media archiving and preservation has grown enormously, in parallel with the awareness of the importance of these ‘resources’ as privileged sources for reconstructing the history of our era. How will the historians of the future be able to reconstruct the historical period we are living through if memory institutions are not able to archive and preserve the websites and social media of institutions, public bodies, parties, associations, government bodies, political figures, and famous people in general, given that everything is now conveyed through these channels? The fragility of the web, then, would require immediate action and the launch of ‘web and social media archiving’ initiatives without delay, on pain of the disappearance of all that has been made available online in recent years, but on this point the situation in Italy - with a few exceptions - appears to lag far behind other European countries and enormously behind the Anglo-Saxon countries. There is therefore an urgent need to launch initiatives to raise awareness on these issues and to train the skills and professionalism required to conduct web and social media archiving and preservation projects.

This paper aims at presenting the forthcoming school textbook ‘A Global History of Humanity’ that spans from 70.000 BCE till the 21st century and narrates a global history of our world assuming a non-Eurocentric and non-nationalist perspective. The textbook covers the history of humanity through three volumes, combining a chronological and a thematic approach. Each volume is divided into three chronological chapters. Each chapter presents the four themes in which the textbook is structured: humans change nature; humans on the move; social organization and inequality; worldviews. The last part of this paper ties the long history of humanity narrated through the textbook to today’s central questions, discussing the conditions in which we find ourselves today and the challenges we are facing in the coming years.

This paper is dedicated to exploring the narrative points and strategies in the novel Tomorrow, written by Graham Swift, a prominent English postmodern writer, with the main objective to draw attention to the nature of narration and narrators. The aim of the research is to give answers to the questions of choices made by the novelist when it comes to narrators, narration, narrative methods and techniques, and whether the narrators are (un)reliable, etc. The author of this paper tries to determine to which extent the 2nd person narration has become influential in postmodern literature - by being mysterious, ambiguous and unknown. We often do not know to whom a narrator is speaking, nor whose voice is being heard by readers. Contemporary narratological theories deny the existence of this clear, precise and uniformed narratological voice, whether it is an author, a narrator or a reader. These days, numerous avant-garde narratological strategies are being emphasized, most notably the "wandering" second person, used by the main character of the novel Tomorrow as well. The inseparable part of the research is also questioning the postmodern premises such as the final doubt considering the (re)presentation of a story, the truth and the past (both individual and collective) which influence the choices made while forming the narration in the novel. The narratological analysis has shown the nature of psychological, moral, as well as ethical competence of the narrator, Paula Hook - a successful woman of the 21st century - a professor, a mother, a wife, living an ideal life threatened by a profound family secret. She acts as a representative of the 21st century wandering narrator - she doubts, questions, rethinks - because the history, past and truth are being constantly questioned in contemporary societies and literature as well.

This paper addresses the way Hegel determines the difference between poetry (i.e., literature) and history. Hegel’s position is particularly significant for understanding both the basic features of the two fields and the implications that their relationship generates, even in contemporary debates. Starting from a comparison with Aristotle’s fundamental position, I will show how the Hegelian proposal, while initially appearing akin to that of the Greek philosopher, actually differs profoundly from it. This divergence has to do with their different conceptions of the relationship between the two disciplines and philosophy. Unlike Aristotle, for Hegel history is more philosophical than poetry, because, to be genuinely history, it must itself become philosophy. At the same time, if poetry becomes philosophy, it loses its specificity and ceases to be art. To reach this determination, I will show that the key factors concern how the individual practice of the two disciplines is conceived and, more importantly, the different ways they relate to universality.

Paul Valéry and literary interpretation: form, history, diacrony. The paper aims to address the dialectic between morphology and diacrony canon based on the theoretical reflections of Paul Valéry. The paper will start by observing his project of generalized morphology – the premises of which recall the Goethian studies – which remained incomplete but carried forward in different works and forms through all his intellectual work and his reflections. Starting with a few examples, the paper will measure how the analysis of form, understood as Bildung, runs through all of Valéry's intellectual work from the Cahiers to his public speeches. Valéry’s reflections still offer interesting insights and open up to reflection on very lively issues in the current debate around literature.

This paper critically examines Theodore Herzl’s canonical Zionist novel, Altneuland /Old New Land as a frontier narrative which depicts the process of Jewish immigration to Palestine as an inevitable historical process aiming to rescue European Jews from persecution and establish a multi-national Utopia on the land of Palestine. Unlike radical Zionist narratives which underlie the necessity of founding a purely Jewish state in the holy land, Altneuland depicts an egalitarian and cosmopolitan community shared by Jews, Arabs and other races. The paper emphasizes that Herzl’s Zionist project in Altneuland is not an extension of western colonialism par excellence. Herzl’s narrative is a pragmatic appropriation of frontier literature depicting Palestine as a new frontier and promoting a construct of mythology about enthusiastic individuals who thrived in the desert while serving the needs of an enterprising and progressive society. Unlike western colonial narratives which necessitate the elimination of the colonized natives, Herzl’s novel assimilates the indigenous population in the emerging frontier community.

Previous studies have highlighted the importance of having long term data for the study of cities, but such sources are relatively scarce. This is especially the case for data about relations between cities, which is a crucial aspect of urban dynamics. Over the last two decades, many efforts have been made to digitalize texts, including books and newspapers, which are primary sources on most of our societies. Researchers have shown that these massive digital archives can be used to identify macroscopic trends related to historical and cultural changes. The wealth of geographic information in such digital archives has not been used much, while they are very valuable for the study of cities. In this paper, we present DIGGER, a newly developed dataset that we built on Delpher, the digital archive of historical newspapers of the National Library of the Netherlands, by extracting geographical information from a selection of 102 million of news items. This dataset allowed us to study the spatial diffusion of information on and between the Dutch cities from a corpus of 81 newspapers published in 29 different cities between 1869 and 1994. This paper presents the method developed to build the dataset as well as the validation steps for the accuracy of the place name recognition. This dataset can be used to study the evolution of the Dutch urban system as well as aspects related to the spatial diffusion of information and geographical bias in media coverage.

Through a comparison with Ginzburg’s historical inquiry and an analysis of a number of significant scenes from Die andere Heimat (2013), this paper aims to investigate the fundamental problem that the director Edgar Reitz constantly faces in the hard and endless attempt to represent the Heimat. By an analysis of the editing in Reitz’s trilogy, the essay will show that the core of the problem is the conflictual and paradoxical relationship between a historic-chronological conception of the original form, repeating itself in cross-cultural variations in space and time, and an innate and archetypical imagination of it. It is argued that both authors, conscious of the limits of the knowledge of the past, are prone to entertaining the paradoxical hypothesis, borrowed from Goethe’s morphological approach, according to which the origin of some formal affinities found in the comparative work of data editing, made in their investigation with the aim to reconstruct the temporal sequence of a historical tradition, could present a non-chronological and archetypical part. The first part of the essay will also include a preliminary examination of the hypothesis of an influence of Goethean morphology on Reitz’s work.

This paper proposes a critical investigation of the discursive constructions supporting the othering of the African native in both the liberal and Fascist phases of Italian colonialism. It focuses on the production of narratives describing African populations and investigates their participation in the crystallization of a self/other dichotomy, to frame the participation of colonialism in the development of the Italian national consciousness from the late 19th century onwards. The research addresses the experiences and comments of explorers, journalists, jurists and relevant personalities of the colonial administration to tackle what they thought of their African counterparts, and how they portrayed them to the Italian public. In particular, the paper recognizes the existence of a plurality of othering categories and stereotypes attributed to African populations and addresses their development and transformation alongside the socio-political transformation of Italian nationalism and Italian colonialism.

The Decline of the West belongs to that group of controversial books that have been more attacked than actually and properly read. Today, in deference to the myth of de-ideologisation, that polemical charge has diminished considerably. Nevertheless, Spengler is still topical, especially following the recent political and economic-health crises that evoke the «spectre of decline». From a critical perspective, Adorno was the first to acknowledge Spengler’s topicality and superiority to numerous liberal-progressive opponents. For its part, this current essay, via an ancipital impulse to critique and salvation, aims at exploring Spengler’s idea of fatal/factual decline by unmasking its aporias and ambiguities through comparing it to Adorno’s «silent and questioning utopia», dialectically preserved «in the image of decadence». Through this close comparison and the development of Adorno’s critique, the paper urges to unveil, on the one hand, the “true” – negative – aspects of Spengler’s legacy and, on the other hand, the «forces», hidden from his «attentive gaze», that are «set free in decay». Ultimately, in the no man’s land between decline and utopia, Spengler and Adorno meet and their legacies intertwine.

The aim of this paper is to recall the life of general Stilicho through propaganda, and to show how the image Stilicho struggled to create and preserve was manipulated by his political enemies after his death. Thanks to Claudianus' poetry and his own political craftiness Stilicho had created the image of the perfect soldier in charge, loyal to the Emperor, to whom he was in fact a “second father”. The paper mentions some of the various attestations of Stilicho pater of Onorius and, therefore, of the Empire. Nonetheless, right after Stilicho’s fall, Jerome, Rutilius and Orosius created a new image of the general through the reiteration of terms such as “traitor” and “semibarbarus”. The purpose was to erase the glorious profile created by Claudianus and to blame Stilicho as the cause of a political crisis of witch he was not responsible at all. He had been, in fact, the unique defender of a fragile equilibrium between Rome and Alaric. Nevertheless, the need to find a scapegoat of Rome’s decay, led to the accusation that Stilicho was even responsible of events that followed his own death. Ultimately, the paper aims to provide a number of Latin quotations concerning the history of positive and negative propaganda surrounding Stilicho's life and death.

Abstract – This paper will analyze the ‘historical’ novel Gould’s Book of Fish (2001) by the Tasmanian writer Richard Flanagan with the aim of reflecting upon the power of the creative word as a means to forge reality, shape identities, mask or unmask truths, and also to prefigure a different, alternative world order based on commonly negotiated and thus shared values. The postmodernist revisiting of the traditional genre of the historical novel does not compromise the postcolonial commitment of the writer: Flanagan’s incursions into the Australian colonial past are informed by his concern for urgent social and political causes which has characterized his unswerving fight against all systems of inequality and exploitation. In his novel, the subversion of the linear causal relation of events which calls into question the truthfulness and objectivity of history, together with the foregrounded metanarrative reflection on the art of writing, contribute to the revisiting and re-discussing of the myth of progress and the cult of rationality at the very roots of Western civilization and of its imperialistic enterprise. Flanagan’s ‘anti-historical’ historical novel tackles urgent questions about modernity interrogating the founding narratives of the Australian national identity, in order to explore the uncontrollable and shifting areas of the contemporary ‘transnation’ in which the traditional categories shaping subjectivities are disrupted. As the paper will demonstrate, the writer digs into the past of his nation not simply in order to unravel its hidden histories but to detect the profound, inextricable interconnections with the present across different times and spaces. Feelings and experiences that exist above and beyond historical contingencies and cultural differences represent the writer’s privileged area of investigation as they trespass upon conventional and artificial boundaries revealing what it is that makes us all human.

Angela Carter's work has been usually studied from feminist points of view and from postmodernist aspects as the rewriting of fairy tales. Without denying this fact, this paper wants to underline the importance of History in Angela Carter's work focusing on the analysis of her short story «The Scarlet House». Carter's ideas on History, most of them framed in postmodernity, can find a suitable place among different theories within philosophy of History, something which will allow a historical reading of this short story. This type of interpretation was admitted by Carter herself when she accepted the multiplicity of readings for the same literary work.

This paper presents an educational experience designed to teach a number of key events of the Edad de la Plata and Spanish Civil War to year five students who study Spanish as a foreign language at the Dante Alighieri Classic Liceum Ravenna. The aim of this educational path i to promote situated and cooperative learning through gamification and digital tools. Cognitive and affective learning objectives are the situated study of the main historical events of the Spanish historical context from 1898 to 1939, the development of awareness and creativity in using digital tools and the promotion of cooperation in the classroom. The path is made up of missions that challenge students to collect, select, critically employ historical information and make use of the foreign language as a tool to communicate, collect and recreate information, make and play games.

The teaching of history is an important way in which the older generation, who control education systems, curricula, content choice and so on, pass on to the younger generation ideas, especially the idea of nationhood, which they hope will form the basis for future national cohesion. The younger generation, however, receive these messages and interpret then through the lens of their own experiences, experiences that they do not share with the older generation. Consequently, the idea of history is re-formed and reformulated by each generation. This paper looks at the role of textbooks, principally history textbooks, in that process. The style of textbooks is to present history as uncontentious, a descriptive account of facts and events. In practice, however, textbooks can only present an arbitrary selection from history, and a crucial decision made by educators is when to start their account – the beginning of history – as this can radically affect the interpretation of events. This facsimile of neutrality stands in sharp contrast to the professional historians’ hope that the teaching of history can develop a critical sense of important and contested events in history. The discussion is illustrated with examples of how history is presented in China and Japan, and how the conflicting accounts serve the interests of the policies adopted by the older generation, but may have unanticipated consequences for the younger generation.

History as a discipline is called to face the progressive erosion of its value within contemporary society. In order to achieve this goal, history must adapt itself to the rapid evolution of the media. Also, Didactics of History needs to change and to answer multiple questions: How has the relationship with the present changed today, especially for young people? What are the new and old forms of communication that can integrate Didactics of History? Which kind of sources and themes can help to adapt Didactics of History to nowadays challenges? This essay tries to answer these questions through a critical reading of the papers submitted to the panel Narrare e Comunicare at the conference Viva la storia Viva. La storia è il faro dell’umanità.

Research related to the acquisition of historical skills by students of compulsory education levels is of great interest today in different countries. The paper presents the first results of an investigation whose objective is to analyze the cognitive abilities required of students in activities within second grade Secondary Education History textbooks in Italy. The information analysis instruments are five books belonging to the best-selling publishers in Italy. The study design presents a quantitative descriptive approach, centered on average values through the statistical program SPSS v. 24. The main results indicate that in all the books analyzed the majority of the activities are of a low cognitive level and that, therefore, they ask the students to textually reproduce the conceptual contents of the textbook, which makes it difficult to learn critical and reflective historical thinking. These results coincide with those obtained in other European countries like Spain, Portugal and France.

This paper aims to think about some historic aspects of Brazil, as regards to socio-environmental issues resulting from production and consumption practices related to animal agriculture activities, which are the main responsibles for the historical environmental impacts. The importance of posture chances in society and the knowledge of the environmental history, that follows evolution and considers man as an integral part of nature, are issues of great value for reflection on the current world scenario. In this context, the history contributes to the understanding of past events, that reflect their consequences in the present and are able to change the future. This argument is more significant when it is about Environmental History related to the understanding of the behavior of society, over time.

In the realm of the moving image we can find several examples of a tendency to revisit the past in order to rewrite or reconstruct historical events. Following the ideas of Ariella Azoulay (2019, 2013) about the potential history as a way to imagine other possible histories and the role of the archival materials for the reconstruction of the narratives about the past, this article analyzes the ways in which Yervant Gianikian (1942) and Angela Ricci Lucchi (1942-2018), throughout their works, call into question the hegemonic narratives of history. I will focus in the analysis of their film Barbaric Land (Pays Barbare, France, 2013), in which the directors worked with archival footage from the 1920's and 1930's, related to the Italian colonization of Ethiopia. The text addresses how, by using montage as a theoretical and technological tool, the couple examine critically those documents and narratives to contrast the colonial politics of Mussolini with the shocking reality of the African territory and its inhabitants. Finally, the paper analyzes the manipulation processes of those materials and the ways in which they explore the Fascist ideology that produced the images of the so called “barbaric land” and its “primitive” inhabitants.

Fashion changes societies, and is also itself shaped by multiple socio-cultural processes, including processes of globalization. At the same time, fashion scholarship is not only speaking about and seeking to understand fashion, but is also actively formulating ideas, assumptions and understandings as to what fashion can be, and where in history and in which geographical locations fashion can be found. This paper addresses the increasingly complex question of the nature of fashion in a globalized and increasingly interconnected world. Arguing for a radical, “punk,” attitude toward fashion scholarship, and a concomitant rethinking of fashion, we suggest an approach that goes beyond academic and political fashions, drawing upon historical scolarship and examples. For while it is strikingly obvious that fashion is a global and globalized phenomenon, its specific character, and indeed its geographical locations and origins, remain contested. Drawing inspiration from the ancient Greek historian Polybius, and his ideas of an "ecumenical analytical" approach to studying world-wide phenomena, we reflect upon the history and current state of fashion studies in what we consider an ecumenical moment, which demands novel insights, but also holds many new opportunities for the field.

The paper deals with the sacrament of baptism in three perspectives. First it shows how baptism is incorporated in the historical existence of a Christian and constitutes the foundational event not only of the history of the human person in general, but of the history of salvation of every human person. The second perspective develops the soteriological character of baptism. In light of Christ’s salutary work seen within the so called “soteriological arch” (H. U. von Balthasar) the scope of transformation of the human subject is shown. The third part perceives the human subject incorporated by the Holy Spirit in the whole of the Church which is sacramentally ordered. The conclusion summarizes the basic theses of the paper. Patřit Kristu a patřit do církve: příběh každého křesťana. Ekleziologická reflexe nad svátostí křtu Článek pojednává o svátosti křtu ve trojí perspektivě. Nejprve ukazuje, jak se křest začleňuje do dějinné existence křesťana a vytváří základní událost nejen obecně dějin lidské osoby, ale dějin spásy každé lidské osoby. Druhá perspektiva rozvádí soteriologický rys křtu. Ve světle Kristova spásného díla, nahlédnutého v rámci tzv. soteriologického oblouku (H. U. von Balthasar) je ukázán dosah proměny lidského subjektu. Třetí část nahlíží lidský subjekt Duchem svatým začleněný do celku církve, jež je uspořádána jako svátostný řád. Závěr shrnuje základní teze článku.

Based on the model of the “escape room” game, the activity proposed in this paper centres on the historical site of one of the fiercest battles of the Spanish Civil War (February 1937). The battle site is in the area of Rivas-vaciamadrid, the focal point of the Francoist and Republican camps, which connected the centre of Madrid with one of the city’s most important logistics and military facilities, Alcalà de Henares. The study proposes a new way to use the site and, in particular, proposes a live game aimed at involving different types of participants, aligning it with their specific profiles, whether children, adults or scholars. Its main aim is to propose an activity for the sustainable valorization of this heritage and to raise awareness in participants about this significant piece of history as well as its preservation in the long-term. It should be kept in mind that “Los pueblos que desconocen su Historia están condenados a repetirla”, i.e. “Those who do not know their history are doomed to repeat it”.The Rivas-vaciamadrid site is also a source of information and study regarding geological, natural and historical-artistic aspects. One example is the Porphyrio porphiyrio (western swamphen), present in the ecosystem of Rivas-vaciamadrid, which has a noteworthy past having been depicted in the mosaics of both the "Villa Romana del Casale" in Sicily and the Church of "San Vitale", in Ravenna, Italy as well as being reported in writings by Aristotle and Pliny the Elder.

En el septuagésimo quinto aniversario de la muerte de Eduard Toda, que fue diplomático, egiptólogo, escritor e historiador, que redescubrió y divulgó el alguerés, que reconstruyó y restauró Escornalbou y Poblet, que compiló bibliografías y fue un bibliófilo y un mecenas ejemplar, se analiza, en primer lugar, este último aspecto de su actividad que contribuyó a enriquecer las bibliotecas y los archivos del país. A continuación se presenta su relación con la Escola de Bibliotecàries que se inició gracias al vínculo que había establecido con la Biblioteca de Catalunya con sus generosas donaciones de materiales bibliográficos. A partir de la documentación conservada en el archivo de la antigua Escola de Bibliotecàries, se muestran las distintas facetas de aquella relación: las excursiones a Escornalbou que se complementan con todo un recorrido cultural, las estancias de las alumnas en Poblet, donde colaboran en la organización de la biblioteca pobletana, la introducción de las clases de restauración en el plan de estudios de la carrera, la puesta en marcha de un laboratorio de restauración que, por muchas décadas, compartirán la Escola y la Biblioteca de Catalunya, etc. Los vínculos de Toda con la Escola se caracterizaron por un afecto mutuo y algunas de las actividades que promovió con las alumnas contribuyeron a darle aquel toque de Diplomat, Egyptologist, writer and historian, Eduard Toda is remembered as the man who rescued the Algherese dialect of Catalan from oblivion and who helped rebuild the monastery libraries of Escornalbou and Poblet. On the occasion of the seventy-fifth anniversary of his death, this paper reviews Toda’s book collecting activities, his general love of books and his outstanding work as a benefactor of libraries, which together contributed to enriching our country’s book heritage. The paper then turns to Toda’s relationship with the school for librarians the Escola de Bibliotecàries, which was founded thanks to his donation of a number of book collections to the Library of Catalonia. As recorded in the archives of the old Escola, this relationship was based on a number of different activities: Toda’s trips to Escornalbou, which also provided an opportunity for cultural study; his organization of periods of residence for student librarians at Poblet to help rebuild the monastery’s library; his creation of classes in book restoration in degree courses in librarianship; and the creation of a workshop for restoring library materials, which for many decades helped to link the Escola and the Library of Catalonia. Finally, as the article shows, Toda’s ties with the Escola de Bibliotecàries were reinforced by the mutual affection existing between him and the school as well as by the activities he organized with its students, which gave the school its singular nature as a place of study during the 1930s.

The intricate relationship between morphology and history plays a crucial role in Darwin’s evolutionary theory since his first major work, The Origins of the Species (1859). The paper explores the distant roots of Darwin’s reflections on rudimentary characters: a theme in which morphology and history intersect. Darwin’s debate, both implicit and explicit, with his scientific interlocutors, starting from Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, led him to explain rudimentary characters on the basis of a linguistic model, which turned morphology into history: a path-breaking solution.

At the outset, «myth», which is a widely held false belief, and «history» as a scientific discipline based on actual fact might appear to be incompatible. However, the history of Indian education abounds with several myths that are far removed from reality. Such myths were developed for political and ideological reasons. As Eric Hobsbawm argues, «myth and inventions are essential to the politics of identity»; to claim that «we are different from, and better than the other is part and parcel of this process» (Hobsbawm, 1997, p. 7). In the history of Indian education, myths were invented and perpetuated to prove that Indians were essentially different to Europeans. In certain myths, Indians are superior to the Europeans and do not require the knowledge created in Europe, and in other myths it was the might of the colonial state that imposed modern education upon the passive recipients. All these myths begin with basic assumption that the world consists of neatly divided categories of East-West; coloniser-colonised, and European-non-European. These categories are often considered to be mutually exclusive, incompatible and impermeable. This paper addresses two primary myths in the history of Indian education – that «pre colonial indigenous education was oral» (Kumar, 1991) and «modern education was European cultural imposition» (Carnoy, 1972) – as well as a cluster of secondary myths created to reinforce them.

This paper presents the epigraphic study of the inscription in the Chacon’s coat of arms, located in the outside of the chapel of velez (murcia’s Cathedral). this study is based on the exhaustive analysis of its epigraphic format, the paleographic study of its singular writing, the meaning and its own functionality. at the end, we offer a new lecture of this particular inscription, based on the epigraphic and paleographic research.

This article argues that Foucault's 1964 paper “La folie, l'absence d'œuvre” ought to be understood as a response to Derrida's 1963 paper “Cogito et histoire de la folie”. I clarify the chronology of the exchange between these two thinkers and follow commentators Bennington and Flynn in emphasising themes other than the status of madness in Descartes. I undertake a thematic investigation of Foucault's 1961 characterisation of madness as the absence of an œuvre and the role of this characterisation in Derrida's 1963 paper. Then I turn to an investigation of Foucault's substantial change in position on these key themes with his 1964 paper. I argue that Foucault seeks to minimise the initial importance he attributed to his characterisation of madness as the absence of an œuvre, altering his understanding of the relation between madness and language as well as shifting the event that silences madness from Descartes to Freud. Derrida's reconsideration of Foucault's Folie et déraison in 1991 treats Freud as the new locus of the exchange. This is an implicit recognition by Derrida of Foucault's “La folie, l'absence d'œuvre” and confirmation of its place within the exchange.

In this paper I discuss various aspects related to the imaginary and to the symbolism of the date palm in the written sources from ancient Mesopotamia through the analysis of two compositions. The first is a Sumerian text known as Inanna and ukaletuda, which contains in the first part a myth describing the creation of the date palm by a raven instructed by the god Enki. The second is a Babylonian dispute, Palm and Tamarisk, in which the two trees try to prevail one over the other, proclaiming their virtues and functions. The analysis shows that, although prerogatives and associations are shared by other trees, the palm holds the primacy over all of them. In the conclusions, I argue that one of the possible reasons of such preeminence is that the palm is the only one of these trees that produces a fruit - the date - which, moreover, is on the economic and cultural level is equal to the primary cultivation of cereals.

This investigation sets out to analyse Woodstock, 1969 upon the backdrop of the Heideggerian theme Being-towards-death. By focusing on the momentum behind the event, the importance of the festival itself crumbles and a real depth to the iconic countercultural occasion emerges. Under the yoke of nuclear terror, the countercultural movement had to carry the potentiality of their own death heavy on their shoulders. What this paper sets to argue, is that this threat of nuclear annihilation was a unique experience that led to a mass exodus towards an authentic societal model.

This paper surveys the cookbooks and the descriptions of banquets and daily meals in chronicles, letters and account registers, in order to understand the relationship between rural food and the Italian haute cuisine of the XIV and the XV centuries. Rural products were despised by the common sense and by the dietetics’ thought, but they were part of the daily meals of the elites, and they were at the basis of some gourmet dishes described in cookbooks. In exclusive banquets, however, the presence of rural food was very limited, and its place within the structure of the meal was just liminal

Objectives The article attempts to provide an explanation why the English legal language is so complex and so difficult to understand especially for the lay people. Also mentioned are the attempts that have been made to simplify it. The paper also describes its development throughout history. It maintains that legal English is the result of history and political and social processes ongoing in the given historical period. Material and methods Descriptive and comparative method. Method of analysis and synthesis. Results Finally, it should be noted that the current form of the English legal language is not an artificial creation of lawyers with the aim of monopolizing the profession, or creating a monopoly for the provision of legal services. This language is the natural result of various socio-political, linguistic and cultural influences, as well as of the gradual increase in the complexity of the entire English legal system. Conclusions Finally, it should be noted that the current form of the English legal language is not an artificial creation of lawyers with the aim of monopolizing the profession, or creating a monopoly for the provision of legal services. This language is the natural result of various socio-political, linguistic and cultural influences, as well as of the gradual increase in the complexity of the entire English legal system.

Quinet studies the logic of life in natural history, history and the arts from an epistemological viewpoint. He shows interesting similarities between different fields of study, and he explains the specificity of the épistémè of the 19th century. This paper will show the impact of the concept of the unity of knowledgeon the writing of Quinet’s book, and the ideological and religious implications.

In this paper, I present a series of educational projects, new challenges and perspectives that the International Centre of methodology for teaching history and heritage (DiPaSt) of the University of Bologna has undertaken in the last years regarding the teaching of history and heritage education. I would like to start by asking a question: can historical and cultural heritage act as a tool to compensate for the gaps, shortcomings, and the sense of loss, which afflict and define the society in which we live? In addition, this in turn leads us to another question: which tools and which methodologies can we use? Every time when a professor starts a new course of Medieval History or Methodologies of teaching history, most of the students tell him that they do not like history. Therefore, the professor usually spends half of the time of the course explaining why it is important to study and to teach history. Because history is not the merely textbook, or a sequence of dates, wars, battles. Nevertheless, history is us, we are history. For these reasons, fifteen years ago, a group of professors of the University of Bologna got together and created the “Feast of the history”. Nowadays, the Feast is widely recognized as one of the most important events in Europe.

With a focus on the city of Adaama (formerly: Nazret), the biggest urban agglomeration in Oromia Regional State, the paper addresses the “linguistic landscape” which is indicative of the overall sociolinguistic situation of a polity. Language use in the public space has not only practical-instrumental, but also historical, political, juridical, and most of all psycho-sociological dimensions, the latter relating to the symbolic value of written language use. The paper deals with multilingual graphic representations on public commercial and private sign-boards, advertisements, and notices in Adaama city, with an additional focus on the situation on the campus of Adama Science and Technology University. Under the chosen theoretical framework, it analyses language visibility in terms of language legitimisation, both in terms of peoples’ attitudes and based on official documents regarding language status and language use in present-day Ethiopia, such as the Education and Training Policy (1994), the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (1995), the Revised Constitution of Oromia Regional State (2001/2006), and the Higher Education Proclamation (2009). The primary focus of the paper is on the status, functions, and representations of Afan Oromo, including a review of the major historico-political changes affecting this language from Imperial Ethiopa (before 1974), the Därg period (until 1991), and under the new Constitution of the FDRE (since 1995). The paper also deals with linguistic and graphic issues concerning the “orthographic” representations of the four languages used: Afan Oromo, Amharic, Arabic, and English, involving three different graphic systems: Fidäl (Abugida), Arabic, and Roman.

The paper deals with the textual, visual and performative aspects of the “DAP project”, viewed as an “incident” in russian culture. In the light of an event-oriented philosophical and culturological scientific approach, the methodological problems are resolved in favor of a polycentric, “vibratory” view of the author’s work, allowing us to take in consideration the various aspects of the project’s relations toward the questions of authorship and the use of textual, visual, somatic and other “artistic materials”. The pursue for a special kind of distance, separation from the used “artistic materials” and a yearning “not to be identified” inside of them, to remain in the sphere of an (idealistically said) “complete artistic freedom” are by this means discovered as the main goals of the project.

Unlike the hard sciences, historiography lacks a specific nomenclature. The lexicon employed by historians is drawn from the plain language of everyday life. Therefore, the words of history are to be defined within the spatio-temporal framework, and to be construed through processes of contextualization and comparison. My work here stems from these considerations, and attempts to chart the occurrence of errors in historiography. In particular, I take into account the way in which historiographic mistakes arise from the intermingling of words, space, and historical time. Another significant aspect concerns the relationship between history, fiction, and arbitrariness. The latter concept is linked to historical interpretation, which constitutes the last stage of historiographical work, after the analysis and the reconstruction of events. The last part of this paper offers a typology of frequent errors in historiography.

The paper discusses the structure and carved decoration of the restored marble sanctuary screen from the island of Koločep near Dubrovnik. Based on the early medieval history of present-day southern Dalmatia and the fragmentary inscription commemorating a queen as the donor of the screen, it may be concluded that she was one of the Serbian Doclean (Duklja) queens from the second half of the eleventh century. The inscription is the only evidence that the kings of Dioclea ruled over the Elaphite islands. The carved decoration is typical of the Middle Byzantine period (9th-12th century), with some regional traits. The only exceptions are the figures of putti. They can be associated with Romanesque architectural sculpture in southern Italy created in the late eleventh century, after the Norman conquest of this region. The author puts forward the hypothesis that the donor was Queen Jaquinta, wife of King Bodin (1081-1101), who was a Norman woman from Bari.

This paper assumes as a premise that music histories, like all histories, result from a conscious choosing of one’s cultural ancestors. By asking who ‘the ancestors’ would logically be for musicians active in the contemporary United States, it implies the connections between institutional music histories and the ideological formation of local or national identities, and acknowledges the increasing difficulty of managing those connections in an era of widespread migration and the oft-proclaimed decline of nation-states in favor of globalizing entities. Determinedly recommending neither universal or global adjustments to music historical pedagogy, it asserts profound structural changes in music history curricula as inevitable, names the network of economic and ideological interests against which curricular reformers struggle, and reaffirms the relevance of music history as a way to learn from the dead how it could be to be human.

This paper explores some of the issues of cultural epistemology which underlie the relations between Ethiopia and Europe. It briefly explores the origins of modern diplomatic contacts, arguing that the appropriation of modernity increasingly became a central concern of Ethiopia’s rulers in their relations with Europe. It then raises the question, if Europeanized modernity has increasingly marked Ethiopia in the twentieth century, how are we to discern Ethiopia’s contribution to this process? To what extent, in its modernization, has Ethiopia’s educated elite lost contact with an indigenous point of view? The paper argues that a critical appreciation of modernity in Ethiopia must be made against a background which historicizes the process whereby it came about, which takes fully into account the modes of reasoning embodied in Gǝʿǝz texts, and which privileges the views of those rural Ethiopians so lightly touched by modernity.

This paper is based upon an historical hypothesis which could be formulated as such : the privilege granted to indirect modes of signifying in contemporary French narrative prose by the violence of XXth century's history. Hence the interest of the stylistic notion of figure (of speech), which implies that literary uses of figures elaborate, implicitly, a reflection on history : that is to say that literary history – as history of aesthetic forms – should also be an history of figures. This paper aims to sketch such a study, by choosing three examples (three figures, and three contemporary oeuvres): syllepsis (illustrated by Jean Rouaud's novels), hyperbaton (which analysis is based upon some narratives by Claude Simon and Laurent Mauvignier) and allegory (here exemplified by Antoine Volodine's novels).

As proposed by several scholars, among the many modern on-lookers depicted on the walls of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican, foreign diplomats are also portrayed: e.g., the Portuguese ambassador and the Florentine emissaries. In the present paper it is suggested that portraits of four of the six members of the momentous Ethiopian delegation – which was headed by Antonio, chaplain of aṣe Ǝskǝndǝr, and arrived at Rome in the first half of November 1481 – may be identified in two scenes, i.e. the Temptation of Moses by Sandro Botticelli and the Crossing of the Red Sea by Biagio d’Antonio Tucci. The paper focuses on the relationship between the visual representation of these four men – Antonio being most probably included – and two contemporary literary works: the treatise by Paride de Grassi on the ambassadors to the Roman curia and the writing by Andreas Trapezuntius on the Roman political situation at the end of 1481 respectively. Such topics as the genuflexion of the Ethiopians and the content of Sixtus IV with the Ethiopian embassy are dealt with. The importance of the suggested identifications for the problematic chronology of the frescoes is also discussed, and so a few other aspects of the two narrative scenes.

The paper presents the work of Jan Lorentowicz Polska pieśń niepodległa, published before Poland regained its independence (fragments published in 1915/1916 (no. 1–2), a separate publication of the whole – 1917). This work is among those texts written by Lorentowicz which have been forgotten. Nevertheless, it is the evidence of the critic’s erudition, literateness and passion for patriotic poetry, as well as a depiction of social mood during the Great War. According to Lorentowicz, an independence song is inspired by collective experiences – of servitude, conspiracy and national liberation uprisings – shared by subsequent generations of Polish poets and poetry readers. It is a testimony of an ‘irrepressible’ Polish spirit, the faith of the nation in regaining independence and existing against all odds; it is also a record of its fight and martyrdom.