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L'objectiu d'aquest treball és abordar la didàctica de la prosòdia des de dos punts de vista: en primer lloc, una perspectiva històrica i teòrica que examina el paper i tractament de la competència prosòdica; i, en segon lloc, les implicacions didàctiques i el desenvolupament d'aquesta competència a través del joc, tenint en compte a l'alumnat de l'aula d'Educació Infantil i d'Educació Primària.

Este artigo presenta un estudo de diversos fraseoloxismos pragmáticos do español e do inglés que, en termos xerais, o falante emprega para expresa-lo seu compromiso respecto da verdade do que enuncia e isto intensifica a forza ilocutiva do seu acto de fala. Perséguese, deste xeito, caracteriza-lo status fraseolóxico destas expresións, o lugar que ocupan na periferia do sistema fraseolóxico e as funcións concretas que desempeñan no discurso, que van dende a expresión do compromiso epistémico ata a manifestación do acordo interactivo intensificado. A análise baséase, de xeito máis específico, na abundante presenza destas unidades nos córpora COLAm (español) e COLT (inglés) da linguaxe xuvenil, no que este tipo de expresións se empregan como fins de especial variedade e expresividade. // This article presents a study of several Spanish and English pragmatic idioms which, in broad terms, are used by speakers to convey their commitment towards what they express and thus serve to intensify the pragmatic/illocutionary value of a given speech act. We aim to define the phraseological status of this set of expressions and the place they occupy within the periphery of phraseology, and analyze their specific discursive functions, which range from the expression of the speaker’s epistemic commitment to the pragmatic intensification of agreement in interaction. Our analysis is based on the abundant presence of these idioms in the COLAm and COLT corpora of Spanish and English teenagers’ language, where they are used with particularly rich and varied expressive purposes.

Aquest article analitza la figura de Maria Fortesa / Maria de Fortalesa des d'una doble perspectiva. En primer terme, històrica. Maria és successora i representant dels xuetes mallorquins ajusticiats al segle xvii que, amb el canvi de continent i de posició social, mostra els contrastos entre les dues illes (Mallorca i Cuba) i el progrés del segle xix basat en l'assimilació del discurs colonial. En segon lloc, a través de Maria, Carme Riera descriu la figura de la "literata"; mostra les contradiccions i restriccions de la primera generació d'escriptores modernes de la qual se sent deutora. D'altra banda, tot i la distància autoral que proporcionen les tècniques narratives de la ironia, la paròdia i l'ús del pastitx, no s'amaga l'escriptura com una passió irrefrenable —a través de l'escriptura epistolar— tot i que es manté allunyada dels models literaris reconeguts a l'època.

Aquest text recull uns papers de treball al voltant de la in/visibilitat, amb el propòsit de revisar una categoria que ha creuat la trajectòria d’existència lèsbica, gai, queer, així com la teorització i el pensament a propòsit d’aquestes subjectivitats (i de la seva pròpia subjecció). L’associació de la visibilitat amb l’existència ha constituit un axioma. No obstant, la visibilitat no és sempre necessàriament la millor manera de fer-se visible o, immediatament, la millor estratègia política per a l’afirmació de la nostra existència. En aquests papers de treball parteixo de la formulació d’unes hipòtesis/propostes de reflexió, per continuar dialogant amb el volum Manifiestos gays, lesbianos, queer. Testimonios de una lucha (1969-1994), editat per Rafael M. Mérida, i acabo amb un breu testimoni de l’escriptora catalana Maria Mercè Marçal.

The European Commission has recently launched a proposal for a Directive to promote repair. In this paper we critically analyse the drafting process in order to understand the resulting policy options. We consider that although the ambition of the Directive was low from the beginning given the limited policy options, it became even worse during the consultation period. The selection of barriers to repair was limited, and manufacturers pushed for a narrow and closed form of Right-to-Repair (R2R) that transferred all control over the potentially emerging repair market to them. Some information measures were proposed so as to increase transparency, potentially increasing the administrative burden on independent repairers, along with measures to encourage repair when under legal guarantee. This Directive fails to promote repair or help independent repairers overcome access barriers, nor does it allow member states to go beyond the limits imposed in the Directive itself.

The growth of digital technologies in the economy has created new opportunities for entrepreneurs and organisations (Berman, 2012). The digital world environment, supported by technological devices (e.g., mobile computing) and social media platforms (e.g., Facebook, Instagram), has opened new ways to create new digital business models and media channels (Vasconcelos & Rua, 2021; Ciasullo & Lim, 2022; Miháldinecz & Rua, 2022; Rodrigues et al., 2022). Multinational organisations, but also small companies, do all or most of their business on the web (e.g., Google, Amazon, Facebook) (Capatina & Rancati, 2017; Jeansson et al., 2017; Pinto & Silva, 2019). The unique characteristics of digital technologies have provided entrepreneurs and organisations with many tools that can be used to innovate and create new ventures (Berawi et al., 2020). For example, open innovation and crowdsourcing facilitate co-creation and customer feedback in the development of new products, services, websites or applications (Gassmann et al., 2010; Musiello-Neto et al., 2022; Rua et al., 2023). Similarly, crowdfunding platforms (e.g. Kickstarter, Indiegogo, Go Fund Me) have made it easier and faster to finance a social or business project (Bernardino & Freitas Santos, 2020). Because of the internet, new digital business models (e.g. freemium, subscription, on-demand, affiliate, drop shipping, consulting, advertising, blogging, digital media) exist and could be used to sell products and/or services. In addition, business models (features and value of offerings) would continue to evolve even after launch due to competition and environmental changes. Digital entrepreneurship is the practice of pursuing new venture opportunities offered by new media on internet technologies (Antonizzi & Smuts, 2020). Therefore, entrepreneurs and organisations in a digital economy need to be aware of market opportunities to develop new ideas and business models and communicate their value propositions to potential customers and investors (Nambisan, 2016). This special issue aims to contribute to the growing body of knowledge on the digital economy, while addressing the question of how entrepreneurs and organisations are dealing with an increasingly digital world. The papers in this special issue present research findings from a variety of contexts. In the first article, Silva, Moutinho and Paço examine the relationships between entrepreneurship, intrapreneurship policies and e-commerce. In the article, the authors aim to analyse whether entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship are antecedents of e-commerce, as well as the bidirectional relationship between e-commerce and entrepreneurship. The study focuses on a panel of two European regions, Scandinavia (Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland) and Iberia (Portugal and Spain), between 2012 and 2020. The relevance of the groups studied is enhanced by the fact that they are culturally different and have different perspectives on the growth of e-commerce. The authors use an econometric analysis of the data based on Panel Corrected Standard Errors models. The study developed by the authors shows a bi-directional causality between entrepreneurship based on the creation of new firms and entrepreneurship based on surviving firms and e-commerce. The study also shows that R&D-based intrapreneurship is a driver of e-commerce. The second article, by Silva, Lima and Teixeira, examines the use of sales technology by salespeople as a source of information and stimulus for intrapreneurship. They find that salespeople's use of sales technology has positive effects on the firm's information system and, subsequently, on salespeople's intrapreneurial behaviour (strategic renewal and venture behaviour). The authors also suggest that the firm's information system plays a mediating role between salespeople's use of technology and their strategic renewal and venture behaviour. In the third article, based on social support theory and technology acceptance models, Makmor, Alam, Masukujjaman, Makhbul, Ali, and Mamun examine the factors determining purchase intention on social commerce sites. Using a detailed purchase intention model, the authors analyse the responses obtained from 392 questionnaires distributed in Malaysia, using partial least squares structural equation modelling. The research provides new contributions to the understanding of factors that can influence consumer purchase intention, highlighting the important role of consumer trust in the online context, as well as social support (both in the form of emotional and informational support), which are related to the technology acceptance model and purchase intention. The fourth article, developed by Bernardino, Freitas Santos and Silva, explores the personal network linkages of social entrepreneurs and the use of social media platforms to examine whether they bring more resources to the social organisation. A conceptual model is developed based on a review of the literature. Structural equation modelling is used to test the hypotheses on a sample of 313 Portuguese social organisations. They find that social entrepreneurs’ network linkages have a direct (via stakeholders) and an indirect (via social media use) effect on the resource acquisition process. Overall, their work demonstrates the strong role of personal networks as a potential determinant of resource acquisition for Portuguese social organisations. Finally, in the fifth paper, Katrin Kizilkan aims to expand knowledge about the entrepreneurial finance landscape and digital platforms in the context of entrepreneurs' social media communication behaviour. Based on signalling theory, Schulz von Thun's communication theory and social capital theory, the article assesses the main success determinants in the behaviour of crowdfunders. In the article, the author develops several hypotheses that are tested using a multivariate approach based on logistic regression. The data was collected from 169 campaigns available on the largest rewards-based crowdfunding platform in Germany (Startnext). The research conducted by Katrin reveals the success factors of a crowdfunding campaign in terms of the behaviour of the entrepreneur and the characteristics that social entrepreneurs should pay special attention to when designing a crowdfunding campaign. The results highlight the importance of quality signals to reduce information asymmetries. The article offers practical recommendations to entrepreneurs on how to run a successful campaign in the digital context, and in particular how to use social media effectively in the context of a reward-based crowdfunding campaign. Overall, each of the papers provides new insights into the challenges of the digital economy for entrepreneurship and organisations, incorporating a variety of theoretical perspectives and research designs, demonstrating the promise of different approaches to inform research on the digital economy. Indeed, the digital age brings new opportunities for the way businesses are developed, which could be exploited by both entrepreneurs and organisations.

This paper deals with the determinants of education-job match for higher-education graduates, using a logistic regression model to identify explanatory variables related to sociodemographic, academic trajectory and institutional characteristics. The empirical analysis is based on an anonymous online questionnaire administered to a sample of graduates, from 2014 to 2019, in Portuguese institutions, of which about five hundred observations were made. Although the boundaries between universities and polytechnics are less obvious today, there are still some differences between the two higher-education subsystems regarding education-job match. The main ones are related to the field of study, gender, and the need to move away from home to study and work. Factors that improve the probability of education-job matching, common to both subsystems, were also found, such as having i) studied ‘social sciences, commerce, and law’ and ‘engineering, manufacturing and construction’, ii) attained good final grades, and iii) participated in extracurricular activities involving complementary training.

This paper focuses on the relationship between the regional firm density and the growth of firms in the Portuguese textile and clothing industry to investigate how their geographic clustering influences said growth. Despite the concentration of this industry in the Northern region of Portugal in only four poles, our results show that the location of firms in the cluster is not relevant for growth when the whole industry is considered. However, disaggregate analysis shows that the clothing industry does exhibit both location externalities and cross-location effect, while textile manufacture exhibits neither. In addition, our empirical evidence reveals that the growth of firms located in the cluster is positively correlated with external finance. This result suggests that location becomes a solvency signal for firms, and, specifically, this might help to explain why textile manufacturers firms are located in the cluster. These findings are relevant for entrepreneurs and Portuguese policymakers, as it jeopardizes the optimal allocation of scarce resources in the Portuguese textile cluster.

Se estudia la disponibilidad en acceso abierto de la producción científica del personal del Servicio Gallego de Salud (Sergas) de los años 2014 a 2019, su evolución a través de las distintas vías de acceso y qué volumen se podría depositar en el repositorio institucional. METODOLOGÍA: A partir de una exportación de Sophos, la herramienta que mide la producción científica del Sergas, se analiza el conjunto de publicaciones en las que participa al menos un autor con filiación institucional del Sergas. Se utilizaron las APIs de Unpaywall, DOAJ y la función Find Full Text de EndNote para determinar si el artículo tenía una versión de texto completo disponible. RESULTADOS: La producción científica del Sergas de 2014 a 2019, excluidas las comunicaciones a congresos, asciende a 7.792 artículos de los cuales el 44.10% de pueden clasificar como de acceso abierto real (dorado, bronce o híbrido), el 51.16% están publicados en revistas que permiten el auto-archivo y solo un 4.75% no admiten acceso abierto o no ofrecen información sobre su política de acceso. Estos artículos se publicaron en 1.695 revistas diferentes, de las cuales 409 siguen el modelo de acceso abierto dorado. CONCLUSIONES: El 95% de los artículos revisados pueden estar disponibles para el usuario final por alguna de las vías de acceso abierto y podrían ser depositados en el repositorio institucional./ This paper studies the open access availability to the Galician Health Service (SERGAS) staff´s scientific production between 2014 and 2019, its evolution through the different open access routes and the volumen of publications that could be deposited in the institutional repository. METHODOLOGY: Based on an export from Sophos, (the tool that measures the scientific production of the SERGAS), this paper analizes the set of publications in which at least one author with SERGAS institutional affiliation. The APIs of Unpaywall, DOAJ and the Find Full Text function of EndNote were used to determine whether the article had a full-text version available. RESULTS: The SERGAS scientific production between 2014 and 2019, excluding conference contributions, amounts to 7,792 articles. 44.10% of those articles can be classified as real open access (gold, bronze or hybrid), 51.16% are published in journals that allow self-archiving and only 4.75% do not support open access or do not provide information on their access policy. These articles were published in 1,695 different journals, 409 of wich follow the gold open access model. CONCLUSIONS: 95% of the articles reviewed would be available to the end user through one of the open access routes and could be deposited in the institutional repository.

Intangible assets (IAs) are fundamental for the creation of firm value. However, the literature is inconclusive regarding the relationship between IAs and profitability. This paper uses financial data from Colombian firms from 2005 to 2015 to determine if this relationship exists. Thirty dynamic panel models have been used to see whether IAs are related to Return on Equity, Return on Assets, Earnings Before Interest and Taxes, Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization, Gross margin, and Net margin. The results, despite a limited sample size and missing variables, are related to the literature in that they signal the negative relationship between IAs and profitability. Thus, the capitalized value of IAs seems to negatively affect Colombian firms' performance in the short and long term.

The significance of tourism in the development of regions has become of interest to academics in recent decades and its contribution is evident. The rapid tourism development is creating pressure on the destination’s competitiveness, as well as on its sustainable development. The Tatra Euroregion has been connecting two nationalities for decades via joint activities that develop the region by strengthening tourism. However, little attention is given to developing the Euroregion by way of tourism. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to identify whether the development of tourism in this Euroregion will be sustainable in the future, which can be fulfilled by answering two research questions, RQ1: What is the current state of tourism development in the Tatra Euroregion? and RQ2: Is the further development of tourism in the Tatra Euroregion subject to the principle of sustainability? We will answer the questions by analysing statistical data and documents that describe the cooperation activities within the Euroregion. The paper contributes to the analysis of cross-border cooperation within the Euroregion, as well as to research in the field of regional development with sustainable tourism, which is determined by the life cycle of the destination.

Este artigo ten por obxectivo incentivar a realización de pescudas académicas na área da Fraseoloxía e promover a comunicación, difusión e intercambio de coñecemento científico en volta destes estudos nas universidades. Con este fin, o traballo divídese en cinco seccións: introdución, o contexto universitario brasileiro, as caras da Fraseoloxía, o papel do director académico e as consideracións finais. A partir da metáfora “navegación nun mar de posibilidades de investigación”, o artigo introduce os estudos fraseolóxicos, ofrece definicións de fraseoloxía propostas por diversos autores, aborda as súas distintas caras en lingua materna e lingua estranxeira, sinalando principalmente tres rutas para o desenvolvemento da investigación: o campo do ensino, que recibe o nome de Fraseodidáctica; o campo da Tradución, sexa de lingua común ou de lingua de especialidade; e o campo da Fraseografía. Ofrece reflexións acerca da propia dirección académica, explicita o papel dos fraseoloxismos na escrita académica e apunta os diversos medios tecnolóxicos actualmente dispoñibles para a busca bibliográfica e a divulgación da investigación. En fin, procura contribuír a que os estudantes se interesen pola investigación e se convertan en investigadores en Fraseoloxía. // This paper aims to encourage academic researches completion in Phraseology field and to promote scientific knowledge communication, dissemination and exchange within Universities. For this purpose, the paper is presented in five sections: Introduction, Brazilian University Context, Phraseology faces, the role of the Supervisor, and concluding remarks. Using the metaphor “sailing in a sea of research possibilities”, the paper introduces the phraseological studies, brings phraseology definitions proposed by several authors, approaches its various faces in native and foreign language, indicating three main routes for research development: the field of Teaching, named Phraseodidactic; the translation field, either of common language as well as of specialized language; and the Phraseography field. It brings reflections about the advising itself, the role of phraseologisms in academic writing and points out the various technological media currently available for bibliographic survey and academic dissemination. Therefore, it aims to contribute for the students to be interested in research and to become Phraseology researchers.

The paper aimed to examine the terms related to the concept of Lusophony in the French political and internet discourse to better understand the role of the Lusophone world in French-speaking society. We conducted a grammatical and contextual analysis of the words Portugal, Brésil, and lusophonie (and their adjectives) as they are used in the Europarl corpus and the FrTenTen corpora. The results show interesting differences between the two discourse genres. In political discourse, the examined words are related mostly to discussions about the economy, environmental issues, and food exports. On the other hand, in online discourse the analysed terms are most frequently applied to the topic of football, but also to discussions about colonization and beauty treatments (like Brazilian hair straightening). Utilizing the analysis presented in this study we could not detect the topic of culture, which is an unexpected result with regard to the global importance that Lusophone culture has in the field of music (e.g. fado and bossa nova), dance (e.g. samba and capoeira), and literature (e.g. Fernando Pessoa and José Saramago).

Crimes related to sexual abuse or rape provoke great social mobilizations, as happened with the gang called “la manada”. How the aftermath of the social mobilizations and socioeconomic factors influence the perception of security and the perception of justice, measured as judiciary decisions, are the aims of this paper. A randomized sample collected in two waves was obtained (N=605). The first one (N1=454) was performed after the judicial sentence of the case. A second wave (N2=151) was performed four months later, after the social alarm decreased. The perception of security increased after the peak moments of social mobilizations. The trust in justice was low and decreased after the social mobilizations. The perception of justice was higher among higher income levels. The perception of security decreases during the social mobilizations but it improves in a short period of time. The effects on the perception of justice last for a longer period.

The paper provides an in-depth analysis of profitability in Spain between 1995 and 2014, showing that behind the asset-price inflation of the growth period and its corresponding macroeconomic imbalances, an underlying problem of capital valorization can be found. For this purpose, a study of various measures of profitability is carried out based on the concept of productive labor and highlighting the role of finance (interest rates and indebtedness). The evolution of the profit rate in previous years is also shown , together with a comparison with countries in the Eurozone, both in the most advanced areas and in the periphery. The paper reveals the large extent of the underlying profitability crisis, with a huge fall of profit rates from the late sixties, during the period of the housing boom, and throughout the subsequent recession. In addition, this drop in profitability stands out in relation to other economies of the European periphery. Hence, the study puts the rate of profit at the center of the debate on the Great Recession in Spain, despite its absence in much of the economic literature.

The interest in and understanding of ethics among translation scholars has changed dramatically since the publication of Andrew Chesterman’s proposal for a Hieronymic Oath (Chesterman, 2001). Early definitions of ethics based on equivalence (Newmark, 1991), faithfulness, loyalty (Nord, 1997) and trust have been put aside in favour of more recent notions of translator ethics grounded in accountability (Baker & Maier, 2011) and social responsibility (Drugan & Tipton, 2017). Practising translators who abide by codes of ethics/conduct are bound by principles of honesty, integrity, linguistic competence, confidentiality, and trust. This paper begins by presenting a brief literature review of the main developments in translation ethics from the early linguists to contemporary interpretations. There then follows an analysis and comparison of several professional codes of conduct from the main international associations of translators and interpreters with the benchmark, the Association of Translation and Interpreting Professionals (APTRAD). It is one of the more recent translator associations and has a code of conduct adopted in the last six years. The objective of this paper is to determine which theoretical definitions of ethics are reflected in the codes of conduct and to discuss their usefulness for translators in their daily practice. The paper ends with recommendations for changes to codes of conduct to make them more relevant to practising translators.

This paper investigates the impact of using benchmark-adjusted alphas to assess the performance of small market mutual funds, investing in domestic and European equities. For the 2000-2020 period, our results show that fund benchmarks exhibit significantly negative alphas, which lead to an underestimation of mutual fund performance when employing standard models. As a result, benchmark-adjusted alphas are significantly higher than unadjusted alphas for both fund categories, though differences are larger for domestic than for European funds. We also find that the impact of the benchmark-adjustment procedure depends on market states. The domestic (European) benchmark exhibits considerably lower (higher) alphas during crisis than during non-crisis periods. During market crises, differences between pre- and post-adjustment alphas are statistically significant only for domestic funds, whereas during non-crisis periods both fund categories exhibit significant performance improvements. Our findings suggest that the benchmark-adjustment procedure has a higher impact when benchmark indices exhibit higher concentration.

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted the health, economy, and social sectors, and micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) worldwide, including in Indonesia. This paper examines the use of social media and e-commerce with an entrepreneurial orientation to enhance the business performance of MSMEs. The study should serve as a model for improving the quality of micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises in the Jambi Province, in Indonesia. The research employs quantitative and qualitative approaches. The latter method employs in-depth interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs), and observation, whereas the former uses the partial least squares method (PLS). The findings and discussions conclude that social media adoption positively affected the performance and entrepreneurial orientation of MSMEs during the said period. Similarly, e-commerce positively affected the performance and entrepreneurial orientation of MSMEs. Entrepreneurialism and social media adoption had a significant impact on the performance of MSMEs, and due to its entrepreneurial orientation, e-commerce influenced the performance of MSMEs

This paper is an analytical-empirical review of the evolution of Spanish Business Schools and how they have been affected by the accreditation system. This system has made it possible for the Spanish Business Schools to rank among the best (10 of them are in the World top-25 and 4 have been accredited with the triple crown, which is the highest distinction). However, it has also led to the denaturalization of the Business Schools (B-Schools), which have been “devoured” by the Schools of Economics and Business at universities. In addition, the accreditation system has entailed an increase in costs (opportunity, marginal, sunk costs and so on). An explanation of the Spanish B-Schools paradox is offered in the article: the more accreditations achieved, the more difficult it is to maintain them, due to contradictions in the compliance regulation and to the difficulty in updating academic programmes since their success and assimilation into the welfare state economy is a risk for B-Schools and their adaptation to digital economy. Finally, the paper gives some keys to correct the problem detected and thus to adapt B-Schools to the emerging wellbeing economics, a new stage of the digital economy.

Digitisation is a phenomenon that inevitably affects companies and economies. Consequently, the virtual market seems an excellent alternative for aspiring entrepreneurs. Recent statistics precisely point to accelerated growth of e-commerce. Indeed, this and entrepreneurship are business tools that allow a new dynamic in the market. However, recent research has barely explored the relationship between entrepreneurship and e-commerce, so this study contributes to the literature by filling the gap. In light of the above, this study has used several indicators from two groups of countries, namely Scandinavia, in broad terms (Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland), and Iberia (Portugal and Spain) from the years 2012 to 2020. The Panel Corrected Standard Errors models have been used for the econometric treatment of the data. The findings confirm the bidirectional causality between entrepreneurship and e-commerce. In addition, from a widerperspective of entrepreneurship, the paper also reveals that intrapreneurship based on Research and Development (R&D) is an e-commerce driver. Therefore, this study opens up a new discussion and provides relevant support for the theoretical framework and a valuable contribution to the scarce literature on the relationship between entrepreneurship and e-commerce.

Crowdfunding is a popular approach for entrepreneurs to obtain financial support and has therefore gained importance in the literature and practice in recent years. The communication behavior of starters that lead to the success of a campaign will be summarized and expanded by new findings. As a theoretical added value, this article offers the first attempt to transfer communication theories to the field of reward-based crowdfunding to reveal success determinants in crowdfunders user behavior. The purpose of this paper is to give practical recommendations to starters on how to run a campaign successfully and, more generally, on how they can make full use of social media. By analyzing the dataset of crowdfunding campaigns from Startnext, the largest German-speaking reward-based crowdfunding platform, new success factors are identified using multivariate analysis methods. The results show that social media can offer significant value for businesspeople in terms of marketing if it is used strategically and frequently.

Due to the global COVID-19 pandemic, educational institutions all over the world were forced to make the executive decision of quickly and effectively transferring face-to-face classes into an online format. Issues such as technical difficulties, varying degrees of digital literacy within a given team of teachers or the question of how to preserve the essence of face-to-face classes in an online environment are among the many challenges that have affected and hindered the practice of instructors all over the world. With a focus on the teaching of Spanish as a Foreign Language (Español como Lengua Extranjera, ELE) and video-conferencing platforms such as the software known as Zoom, in this paper we discuss the importance of continuing the practice of teaching speaking in an online environment. Subsequently, we present a number of strategies that we have put into practice in our online ELE classrooms in order to try and maintain the same or very similar level of interaction between our students when compared to face-to-face classrooms.

This paper discusses the corpus of Gran Canarian Spanish gathered in 2016 in order to provide an in-depth sociolinguistic account of the lenition processes identified in the dialect. After a detailed description of the methodology and database preparation, I present two case studies showcasing the utility of such corpora. First, I show the phonetic and social factors governing the distribution of different surface variants of the underlying coda /s/, pointing to generalised variation and hence incompleteness of any of the weakening options. Second, I provide a comparison of the spontaneous speech produced by the 6 informants of the corpus with their productions from a laboratory study, which leads to the conclusion that variation is subject to yet another important factor: social setting and that the options chosen on each occasion are reflections of competing stages on the same lenition trajectory systematically applied by language users.

Zombie companies can be classified as being nonprofitable, having low productivity and being ten years old or over; these businesses continue to exist due to the support of banks and governments. This paper aims to understand the impact of these types of firms on the investment, employment growth and labour productivity of healthy companies from the wholesale and retail trade and the hospitality sector during the period 2011-2018. The data obtained indicate that the prevalence of zombie companies in Portugal (in the sectors under study) is higher in periods of economic crisis and that most of them are old and large companies, especially in the hotel industry sector. By using panel data models with fixed effects, our investigation concludes that zombie firms negatively affect how healthy companies are run, because they reduce the latter’s investment expenditure and workforce productivity.

This paper is one of the first attempts to reconstruct the story of Afia Begum, wife —and later widow— of Abdul Hamid (a Bangladeshi immigrant in Thatcherite London), whose entry was cleared by the British Home Office in 1982, months before her husband died tragically in a fire in East London. Upon her arrival in the United Kingdom, Afia was told that her grant to stay in the country was no longer valid owing to the death of her husband; that she was now an illegal immigrant in Britain. In the process of the reconstruction, I also revisit the untold story of the Sari Squad, a group of Asian women who fought valiantly, though peacefully, to stop Afia’s deportation. Although Afia was deported on May 8, 1984, her case was heard in the European Court of Human Rights and debated in the European Parliament; in both forums, the highhandedness of the British Home Office was fiercely critiqued. By way of conclusion, I lay out a hermeneutic in which to read Afia’s story, in a literary sense, offering a skeptical stance to reading it in binary terms of success-defeat/victimization-survival of a female foreigner battling a racist state. In doing so, I draw upon Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak’s “connection between nationalism and reproductive heteronormativity”, to argue that the case of Afia’s deportation suggests that her nationality can only be —tragically— established by determining the citizenship of her husband; this ends up doubly othering and transcendentalizing her nationality, reducing her to her sociobiological reproductive heteronormativity, impregnated with the cryptic trace of her husband’s ghost which practically became the summum bonum of her deprived statehood.

Este artigo trata de comprobar se unha análise baseada en corpus de sinónimos fraseolóxicos pode conducir a unha descrición lexicográfica precisa. Tomarase como base para a obtención de datos o corpus de referencia do alemán DeReKo do Institut für Deutsche Sprache Mannheim. Analizaranse as locucións alemás do campo semántico TADEL (CRÍTICA) que en obras lexicográficas tradicionais se presentan frecuentemente co mesmo significado ou moi parecido. O estudo ten en conta especialmente os significados actuais e a estrutura das locucións, así como calquera modificación sintáctica como a transformación a pasiva, a conxugación de formas persoais do verbo ou as combinacións con atributos adxectivos e adverbiais. A análise do corpus mostra que as locucións de significado próximo se caracterizan por peculiaridades no seu uso. Nalgúns casos, estas peculiaridades teñen unha explicación, aínda que case ningunha é previsible. Polo tanto, sería recomendable incluír no dicionario comentarios sobre as peculiaridades sintácticas e pragmáticas das locucións. Nalgunhas ocasións, tamén se poden realizar conclusións sobre as características semánticas das locucións tendo en conta as peculiaridades no uso destas que permitan que as descricións lexicográficas sexan máis exhaustivas. Estas distincións tamén son importantes para a lexicografía bilingüe, así como para a fraseodidáctica no ensino de linguas estranxeiras. // The subject of the following paper are German idioms of the semantic field DISAPPROVAL usually described in dictionaries as absolute synonyms. The aim of the study is to find out whether there are any significant differences between these idioms by analyzing their usage in contexts from the German reference corpus DeReKo. The paper considers the meaning and inner form of phraseological synonyms as well as such syntactic modifications as passivation, constructing personal forms of the verb, combinations with adjectives and adverbial modifiers. Corpus analysis shows that idioms of the same semantic field differ under these aspects. Therefore, detailed comments on the syntactic and combinatorial properties of the idioms are necessary in dictionary to provide for their confident usage. Besides, some of the observed properties allow to make conclusions about the semantic and pragmatic features of idioms, which could also be mentioned in the dictionary to make the lexicographic descriptions of idioms more detailed and differentiated.

This paper correlates the aesthetic theorization of sensation with the materiality of sensation in The Book of Disquiet. The different editions of Fernando Pessoa’s work have, in the text or fragment, a unity of expression that the publishers put in order following a varietyof criteria. This paper argues that these unities are based on a conceptualization of sensation, such that the identity and the time of the narrative are inscribed according to impressions provoked by the writing.

The paper examines the concept of path dependency in policies, and seeks to examine how different pathways emerge in policy and how these change over time. It does so with reference to a case study of regional innovation policy development in Wales (UK) over a period of more than thirty years. Building on recent developments in regional studies and economic geography the paper considers whether path dependency is an inevitable feature of the policy process at the regional level. Drawing on documentary analysis and interviews with policy makers, it finds that policy decisions taken early on in the path creation phase (to support technological innovation) endure despite attempts to broaden out the pathway to a more inclusive form of innovation policy in Wales. While path dependency, most evident in core technological and R&D policy instruments, hasn’t prevented path experimentation, the findings suggest that rigidity and renewal co-exist in policies and the policy process for regional innovation over time. The findings contribute towards the growing focus on the temporal dynamics of policy change at the regional level and the complexity of policy as it seeks to address the challenge of innovation in less developed regions.

The aim of this paper is to show that the attested diversity of interpretations of the Spanish simple future does not result from an inherent polysemy, but rather from the coexistence of two different systems being “visible” at the same time: an active, fully productive system (natural system), and a set of non-active uses, which survive from an ancient system no longer in force (cultivated uses). To this end, the paper examines data from first language acquisition patterns, frequency, distributional restrictions, range of usage, and interpretation routes. The distinction suggested is a crucial requirement for a monosemic approach to the semantics of the Spanish simple future cast in evidential terms – one that can make evident its internal logic and synchronic properties.

Despite decades of European financial stimulation for cross-border projects, the attention for cross-border cooperation (CBC) is still volatile. The focus on CBC has been fluctuating for decades, depending on political and economic trends among other aspects. Irrespective of that, it remains difficult to encourage citizens in the Dutch-German borderland to engage in cross-border working and living. Without commitment among citizens at grassroots level, CBC will primarily remain an enjoyable pastime for the euroregional elite. Based on scientific debates on border studies, this paper highlights CBC by reflecting on border-related policy. By way of illustration, this research will zoom in on the northern Meuse-Rhine Euroregion, one of the Dutch-German Euroregions. Based on some contemplations on Dutch-German cooperation in recent decades, this article concludes with some action-oriented principles for CBC which could contribute to strengthening its impact.

The purpose of the study is to identify trends and future models for the innovative development of Russian Federation. Paper deals with the innovative development of the leading countries of world economic growth. Particular attention is given to «neoindustrialization» of economically developed countries and innovative nature of clustering of economic space. The modern factors of global competitiveness and economic content of the innovative transformation of the economy is specified. Theoretical approaches and tendencies of innovative transformation of economy are proved. The authors identified scientific, technological, production, spatial-territorial and institutionalmarket aspects of innovative transformation. Paper includes the differentiation of the States-leaders of industrial production in the context of key indicators of global competitiveness. The transformation model of innovative economy formation is presented, the indicators of global competitiveness of the Russian Federation are considered. The authors propose structural and logical scheme of innovative transformation of the national economic system of the Russian Federation is developed. A graphic interpretation of the transformation of the economic system of the territory under the influence of innovative development is proposed.

Este texto trata sobre a fraseoloxía especializada e pon o seu foco nos produtos fraseográficos e as súas aplicacións, considerando algunhas das ideas propostas pola profesora Maria Aparecida Barbosa, profesora da Universidade de São Paulo e homenaxeada neste escrito. Inicialmente, presentamos algúns conceptos sobre as unidades fraseolóxicas especializadas (UFEs), destacando dúas tendencias principais en relación cos tipos de fraseoloxías especializadas: as colocacións e as fórmulas. A seguir, discutimos a nosa noción das UFEs, considerándoas unidades sintagmáticas recorrentes en situacións de comunicación de áreas temáticas que revelan unha preferencia evidente por especificidades e por convencións propias do idioma, da área e do xénero textual en que ocorren. Revisamos as principais ideas da profesora Barbosa relacionadas coa terminoloxía, etno-terminoloxía, fraseoloxía e as súas aplicacións, destacando ademais a importancia das linguaxes especializadas para a constitución das áreas de coñecemento e para a formación de especialistas. Posteriormente, mostramos exemplos de UFEs das áreas de Dereito Ambiental e da Conservación e Restauración de Bens Culturais Móbeis en papel. Indicamos os criterios para a súa selección e os campos de fichas fraseográficas para o seu rexistro en bases de datos en liña, a partir de proxectos desenvolvidos polo grupo Temisul. Seguindo as ideas de Barbosa, salientamos a importancia deses produtos tanto para profesionais da linguaxe (tradutores, redactores e revisores de textos especializados), como para os aprendices das diferentes áreas do coñecemento. Esperamos, deste xeito, poder amosar a importancia da fraseoloxía e da fraseografía no ámbito da terminoloxía e dos estudos do léxico, ben para a conformación das diferentes áreas do coñecemento, ben para a súa aprendizaxe. // This text deals with Specialized Phraseology and focuses on specialized phraseographical products and their applications considering some of the ideas of professor Maria Aparecida Barbosa, professor at São Paulo University and honored in this volume. Initially, we present some conceptions on Specialized Phraseological Units (SPUs) highlighting two main trends regarding the types of specialized phraseologies: collocations and formulae. Then we put forth our conception of SPUs, considering them as recurring syntagmatic units in the communicative situations of thematic áreas that reveal a marked preference for specificities and conventions specific to the language, area and textual genre in which they occur. We review Professor Barbosa’s main ideas concerning Terminology, Ethno-Terminology, Phraseology and their applications, highlighting the importance of specialized languages for the constitution of knowledge areas and for the formation of specialists. Furthermore, we bring examples of SPUs from the areas of Environmental Law and Conservation and Restoration of Movable Cultural Goods on paper. Drawing from the projects developed by the Termisul Group, we indicate the criteria for their selection and the card fields for their registration in online databases. Following Barbosa's ideas, we highlight the importance of these products for language professionals (translators, writers and proofreaders, as well as for learners from diferent fields of knowledge). We hope, therefore, to be able to show the importance of Phraseology and Phraseography in the context of Terminology and Lexical Studies, as well as for the shaping of diferent areas of konwledge and their learning.

O obxectivo deste artigo é extraer e analizar as colocacións empregadas por estudantes de tradución a partir dun corpus paralelo chamado Corpus de Aprendizes de Traduçao (CAT), formado por textos orixinalmente escritos en portugués e traducións para a lingua inglesa, por medio das ferramentas de computación dispoñibles grazas á plataforma Sketch Engine (Kilgarriff et al 2004). Todos os textos orixinais e traducidos alimentaron o Multilingual Student Translation Corpus (MUST2), baixo a nosa coordinación na Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) e baixo a dirección das Profs. Dras. Sylviane Granger e Marie-Aude Lefer (Granger e Lefer, 2020), da Université Catholique de Louvain. Ao analizar as escollas colocacionais utilizadas polos aprendices de tradución, buscamos debater tamén cales serían as opcións de tradución máis frecuentemente empregadas na lingua albo por medio do corpus EnTenTen15. Baseándose no resultado deste estudo, é posible destacar a importancia de promover o desenvolvemento da competencia colocacional nos cursos de formación de tradutores. Investigacións como a proposta tamén poden contribuír a unha mellor comprensión da dificultade e complexidade na tradución de colocacións. Ademais, pode sinalar a necesidade de crear ferramentas, materias didácticos e dicionarios dirixidos ao ensino e aprendizaxe de colocacións (Orenha-Ottaiano, 2015, 2017), así como para axudar na escolla das mellores opcións na tradución de colocacións, co obxectivo de desenvolver a competencia colocacional do tradutor estudante e profesional. // The aim of this paper is to extract and analyze the collocations employed by translation learners from a parallel corpus entitled Translation Student Corpus (CAT), made up of texts originally written in Portuguese and their translations into the English language, with the help of the tools available through the Sketch Engine platform (Kilgarriff et al 2004). All original and translated texts fed the Multilingual Student Translation Corpus (MUST), under our coordination, at São Paulo State University (UNESP), and under the management of Drs. Sylviane Granger and Marie-Aude Lefer (Granger e Lefer, 2020), from the Université Catholique de Louvain. By analyzing the translation learners’ collocational choices, we also sought to discuss which translational options were most often employed in the target language through the EnTenTen15 corpus. Based on the results of this study, it may be possible to emphasize the relevance of promoting the development of collocational competence in translator training courses. Investigations such as the proposed one may contribute to a better understanding of the difficulty as well as complexity of the translation of collocations. In addition, it may signal the need for the creation of tools, teaching materials and dictionaries aimed at teaching and learning collocations, as well as at helping choose the best translation options of collocations, with a view to developing student and professional translators’ collocational competence.

Neste artigo preséntanse unha serie de actividades para o ensino das “colocacións”, ou combinacións frecuentes de palabras, na aula de inglés como lingua estranxeira, nas que se empregan ferramentas da Lingüística de corpus e materiais dispoñibles na Rede. A primeira parte do traballo contén unha definición do concepto de colocación e unha breve panorámica das tendencias actuais no ensino de linguas estranxeiras e do papel que desempeñan as novas tecnoloxías. No artigo deféndese que vivimos un momento propicio para a introdución de prácticas de aprendizaxe baseadas en datos, dada a ampla variedade de dicionarios e corpus lingüísticos, a máis de ferramentas para a súa explotación dispoñibles na Rede, a miúdo de forma gratuíta. A segunda parte do artigo contén unha serie de actividades prácticas para o ensino das colocacións léxicas en inglés. En sintonía coa crecente popularidade das pedagoxías centradas no discente no contexto particular do ensino de linguas estranxeiras, as catro actividades presentadas e ilustradas nesta sección poñen a énfase no papel activo do estudante, o verdadeiro protagonista dunha aprendizaxe na que o profesor desempeña un papel de guía e de facilitador. As catro actividades están organizadas de menor a maior complexidade e, xa que logo, están previstas para estudantes con distintos niveis de madurez e distintos graos de independencia ou capacidade para asumir a responsabilidade da súa propia aprendizaxe. // In this paper, we propose a range of practical activities that may be implemented in the ESL classroom to learn English collocations using the affordances and tools of corpus linguistics and the Internet. The first part of the study provides a definition of the key concept of collocation as well as an overview of current tendencies in the teaching of foreign languages and the role of the new technologies. The time is ripe for the introduction of data-driven learning practices in the ESL classroom given the wide variety of free-access dictionaries and corpora available on the web, as well as the tools for their exploitation. In the second, central part of the study, we present a number of practical activities for the teaching of the collocational patterns of English. In line with the current popularity of learner-centered pedagogies in foreign-language teaching, the four activities fully presented and illustrated in this section put a great emphasis on the active role of the students as the true protagonists of their own learning, with the teacher becoming a guide and a facilitator. The four activities are organized in such a way that they show an increasing degree of complexity, therefore, of student maturity and learner independence.

The current paper focuses on the representation of Galician language in Portuguese metalinguistic speech from the 16th to the 19th century. Hence, this essay will work upon a corpus of selected texts from the Portuguese metalinguistic tradition of this period, embracing different textual typologies. Such corpus will be the basis to the survey of explicit references to Galician language, whose interpretation will be attempted here, especially concerning what they convey on reciprocal knowledge and the status of Galician in relation to Portuguese in the broader frame of the Iberian setting. This approach shall be undertaken observing the methodological guidelines of Linguistic Historiography and having as a fundamental reference Vázquez Corredoira (1998) monograph, but also the papers of Monteagudo (1988) and Duarte (2007), on the metagrammaticographical speech on Galician language during the outlined chronological framework.

In recent years, Greece experiences a very intensive financial crisis that -as it is expectedhas important effects on the primary sector. ? new form of entrepreneurship for Greece, contract farming, appeared the last years. A successful case study of contract farming in Greece is between the large enterprise “ATHENIAN BREWERY” and the producersmembers of two agricultural cooperatives of Northern Greece. The main aim of this paper is to examine the process of contract farming through agricultural cooperatives. Specifically, this paper investigates the production process of malted barley through contracts of members of the cooperative of Epanomi and the cooperative of Trilofos, in the Prefecture of Thessaloniki (Northern Greece) and the private firm “ATHENIAN BREWERY”. Using a structured questionnaire that it was distributed in 132 producers- members of the agricultural cooperative of Epanomi or Trilofoss it was examined the advantages and the disadvantages of this form of cooperation for both growers-members of these two cooperatives and the private firm. Moreover, it was investigated the role of agricultural cooperatives in the process of contract farming. The results reveal that the most important benefit for the growers is to ensure availability of the products in a predetermined price. The most important benefit for “ATHENIAN BREWERY” is a better production plan which ensures a certain quantity and quality of raw materials. The role of both cooperatives is determinative as it guarantees the safety of the process for both contracting parties.

A transformación do mix eléctrico nas últimas décadas foi un dos piares fundamentais da estratexia empresarial no sector enerxético. Tendo en conta as enormes diferenzas entre países, a escasa conexión eléctrica europea e o grao de concentración empresarial, avalíase a evolución en 6 países europeos. O presente estudo realiza unha análise descritiva desta transformación, tendo en conta a evolución de diversas variables cuantitativas no sector. As evolucións son dispares, baseadas moitas veces en realidades estatais diferentes. A mesma estrutura do sector, dende mercados liberalizados e teoricamente en competencia con outros regulados e baseados en campións nacionais como grandes empresas eléctricas que controlan boa parte do sector impide realidades semellantes, malia que a regulación europea trata de homologar a realidade continental para o sector. Do mesmo xeito, as transformacións internacionais teñen un impacto determinante na toma de decisións semellantes do sector, malia que moitas veces con estratexias dispares. En particular, a redución do consumo de fuel oil para a produción e a introdución de novas tecnoloxías renovables son procesos comúns por múltiples empresas. O presente traballo trata tamén de realizar un estudo comparativo, dende unha perspectiva rexional, dunha importante empresa eléctrica como Unión Fenosa con parte da contorna europea nos anos de vida da compañía, entre 1982 e 2007. The transformation of the electricity mix in the past decades has become one of the cornerstones of business strategies in the energy industry. Whilst weighing the considerable differences among countries, the scarce electricity connection in Europe and the degree of existing business clusters, the evolution is assessed in six European countries. This paper aims to offer a descriptive analysis of such changes, bearing in mind the evolution of various quantitative variables in the industry. Progress is unalike, frequently based on different state circumstances. The mere structure of the industry, from liberalized markets theoretically competing against other regulated ones which are national leaders as big electrical companies controlling a huge share of the industry, presents similar circumstances despite the fact that European regulations aims to standardize conditions throughout the continent in the industry. Likewise, international transformations have a fundamental impact on similar decision-making processes in the industry, even though these might often result in different strategies. In particular, a reduction of fuel oil comsumption encouraging the production and introduction of renewable technologies are common processes for several companies. This paper also aims to present a regional comparative study between an electricity provider as important as Unión Fenosa and the European zone during the years the company has existed, ie, between 1982 and 2007

Este artigo quere pór de manifesto a importancia da compoñente xeográfica nos proverbios meteorolóxicos e do calendario. Exponse que moitos refráns están estreitamente vinculados a un territorio concreto, de modo que resulta difícil comprender o seu significado sen ter en conta o espazo xeográfico no que se insiren (por exemplo, a localidade de recollida do refrán ou os topónimos incluídos no seu enunciado) e as características climáticas da zona. A incorporación da perspectiva xeográfica tamén permite acometer estudos de xeoparemioloxía (isto é, de análise da distribución espacial dos refráns), que permiten constatar a existencia de áreas paremiolóxicas, lugares onde se concentran determinados refráns; este enfoque tamén dá pé a realizar actividades en colaboración coas comunidades onde se recolleron os proverbios. Unha vez constatada a relevancia de tomar en consideración a xeografía dos refráns, o artigo presenta o proxecto Paremiología romance: refranes meteorológicos y territorio, desenvolvido na Universidade de Barcelona baixo a dirección de José Enrique Gargallo; descríbese brevemente a súa aposta por ofrecer a información xeográfica dun modo accesible para o usuario e o potencial de explotación destes datos na investigación científica. // This paper aims to highlight the importance of the geographic component in weather and calendar proverbs. Many sayings are closely tied to a specific territory, so it is difficult to understand their meaning without taking into account the physical space they are inserted in (e.g., the locality where the proverb was collected or the toponyms mentioned in the saying) and its climatic characteristics. The incorporation of the geographic perspective also enables undertaking geoparoemiologic studies (that is, the analysis of the spatial distribution of proverbs), that verifies the existence of paroemiologic areas, zones with significant concentration of certain types of proverbs; this approach also gives rise to the development of activities in collaboration with the communities where the sayings were collected. Having established the importance of the geographic perspective, the paper presents the project Paremiología romance: refranes meteorológicos y territorio, developed at the University of Barcelona under the direction of José Enrique Gargallo; the paper briefly describes its commitment to provide geographic information in an accessible manner and the potential exploitation of this kind of data in scientific research.

Este texto recolle unha proposta de aplicación da Etoloxía Humana ao estudo das fórmulas rutineiras. De forma concreta, pártese dun concepto específico, o de gramática universal do comportamento social humano (Eibl-Eibesfeldt 1979a, 1979b, 1993) e búscase relacionar as diferentes nocións teóricas que apoian este concepto con algunhas das cuestións que fundamentan as reflexións sobre as fórmulas. Deste xeito, considéranse algúns tipos de fórmulas rutineiras, como, por exemplo, as fórmulas de consentimento ou as de agradecemento, a partir da súa posible relación con determinadas estratexias de interacción ou cos mecanismos de ritualización estudados pola Etoloxía Humana. Deféndese a idea de que os estudos etolóxicos propician diferentes vías de reflexión que poden ser útiles para a investigación fraseolóxica. // In this paper This paper proposes an application of Human Ethology to the study of routine formulae. Concretely, the study starts from a specific concept: the Universal Grammar of the Human Social Behavior (Eibl-Eibesfeldt 1979a, 1979b, 1993), and relates the different theoretical notions that support this concept with some of the points underlying the reflections on the formulae. Therefore, some types of routine formulae, such as approval and gratitude formulae, are taken into account, considering the possible connection with some interaction strategies or the ritualization mechanism studied in Human Ethology. This work defends the idea that ethological studies offer different paths that may prove useful for phraseological research, especially in unravelling the innate and cultural bases ruling the construction and use of formulae.

Conforme a Teoria da Língua em Ato (CRESTI, 2000a), que fundamenta este artigo, a sintaxe no estudo da fala espontânea necessita ser estudada considerando a dimensão da articulação informacional, e, portanto, de forma diferente de como é tradicionalmente feita a análise sintática da escrita. Com o objetivo geral de aprofundar o estudo da sintaxe da fala e com base em corpora especificamente construídos para uma adequada análise desta diamesia, é aqui apresentado o primeiro mapeamento das orações completivas no corpus de fala de português brasileiro C-ORAL-BRASIL (RASO; MELLO, 2012), a fim de comparar esta primeira análise quantitativa com os dados disponíveis extraídos do corpus C-ORAL-ROM (CRESTI; MONEGLIA, 2005) para fala de italiano. A análise qualitativa das orações completivas nas duas línguas, conduzida sobre dois subcorpora do C-ORAL-BRASIL e do C-ORAL-ROM anotados informacionalmente, é apresentada em seguida. According to Language into Act Theory (CRESTI, 2000a), on which this paper is founded, the syntax of spontaneous speech can’t be analyzed without taking into account the informational patterning dimension. Its analysis, therefore, must be different from the traditional one applied to written language. With the general aim of examining in depth spontaneous speech syntax and on the basis of adequate spontaneous speech corpora, this paper shows the first mapping of completive clauses in spoken Brazilian Portuguese corpus C-ORAL-BRASIL (RASO; MELLO, 2012), in order to make a quantitative analysis comparable with available data from spoken Italian C-ORAL-ROM corpus (CRESTI; MONEGLIA, 2005). The qualitative analysis of completive clauses in both spoken languages is then presented, conducted on two sub-corpora of C-ORAL-BRASIL and Italian C-ORAL-ROM presenting informational patterning annotation.

This paper studies the dynamics and trends in processes of mergers and acquisitions in a highly competitive and global economic environment. The aim of this study is to analyse and divide into periods M&A agreements in the global economy. The study produces a precise definition and discusses benefits and drawbacks of such horizontal and vertical agreements. The authors discuss historical waves of mergers and acquisitions processes and present 11 individual periods containing special aspects and description of types of the agreements, as well as supplement the periods with COVID-19 pandemic flow for 2020-2021. A polynomial regression analysis is used to predict the mechanism, results and magnitude of mergers and acquisitions. Furthermore, a discrete time model enables studying behaviour pattern of mergers and acquisitions happened during 2009-2020. The results demonstrate that transnational companies are greatly attributed to economic growth through mergers and acquisitions despite their rather high preparation and implementation costs. It may be expected an escalation of capital redistribution among pharmaceutical and bioengineering companies in a post-pandemic period due to increased M&A agreements.

Most of the interpreting in the world today is done by public service interpreters. However, there has been a great deal of confusion regarding public service interpreting (PSI), specifically the role of the interpreter and neutrality in PSI. While codes of ethics assert that public service interpreters must act neutrally and impartially, users of PSI tend to view the interpreter as their advocate, making it difficult for the interpreter to maintain neutrality. In fact, as previous studies have shown, maintaining neutrality is one of the biggest challenges public service interpreters face. This article provides a review of the existing literature on the role of public service interpreters, ranging from early studies (e.g., Roberts, 1997; Wadensjö, 1998; Pöchhacker, 2000) via more recent work (e.g., Hale, 2008; Kalina, 2015; Valero Garcés, 2015) to the latest studies on the issue (e.g., Balogh & Salaets, 2019; Şener & Kincal, 2019; Runcieman, 2020). Using practical examples, the article analyses some of the existing codes of ethics and professional guidelines, which, as several authors suggest, are insufficient and should be reassessed. Throughout the paper, differences in different PSI settings (e.g., healthcare centres, schools, social services offices) are addressed.

Modern society is changing and becoming increasingly multilingual and multicultural. There is a growing need for interpreting in different contexts and for languages that were previously rarely required in the Slovene context (e.g., Albanian, Arabic, and Persian). This paper is based on the premise that if higher interpreter education is to be performed ethically, it must respond to these changes within its capacity and educate interpreters for the languages and fields that society actually needs, thus ensuring respect of human rights in medical, asylum or judicial procedures. In the past, interpreter training at the University of Ljubljana was limited to conference interpreting. However, due to changes in practice the Faculty of Arts has responded to the emerging needs and also formed educational modules for interpreters working in court and asylum procedures, state administration and in medical settings. It continues to invest efforts to expand the range of language combinations to include languages of lesser diffusion, and to offer quality interpreter training to the interpreters of Slovenian sign language. In the academic environment, we are also constantly confronted with internal ethical dilemmas related to the assessment, enrolment, and accreditation processes. It is the latter that significantly slow down the response of the Faculty to needs in society. Despite the numerous administrative, financial and human resources challenges, we may conclude that the Faculty of Arts is committed to investing its maximum efforts and responding with a high level of awareness to the changing interpreting profession which has experienced, through the rapidly growing use of online interpreting platforms, the greatest leap since the introduction of simultaneous interpreting. All this can only be achieved in close cooperation with all the related stakeholders: professional associations, long-standing external trainers and state authorities.

There is a growing body of literature that recognises the relationship between musical aptitude and language proficiency. Language is usually segmented into its subcategories when addressed in studies, while music is not. Due to this, it is unclear whether language proficiency is related to all music components (pitch, rhythm, etc.) in the same way. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the relationship between musical aptitude and receptive pronunciation in a foreign language, in this case, English. To achieve it, a field research study has been designed, in which participated 71 second grade 7-8-year-old students (34 boys and 37 girls) from a bilingual public school. Two tests were administered to measure their musical aptitude and their ability of discriminating phonemes. The musical test consisted of six exercises that assessed the different sub-skills of musical aptitude (pitch, loudness, duration, rhythm, timbre and tempo perception). On the other hand, the pronunciation test measured their auditory ability to differentiate phonemes in a foreign language. Our results show a positive correlation between musical aptitude and the identification of foreign language sounds.

Established as colonial hill stations in Indian's Doon Valley, in the 1820s, Mussoorie and Landour emerged in Victorian literary imagination with the journals of Emily Eden, Fanny Parks, and the Wallace-Dunlop sisters. This paper argues that the Doon's female imperial architextures invented new prospects of grafting Anglo-Saxon aesthetics on the Himalayan terra nullius, diminishing, miniaturizing, and depopulating aspects of the hazardous, the alien, and the local. A thread of archetypes —jhampauns (Himalayan loco-armchairs) and Himalayan vistas— link the aesthetic arcs in the journals of Eden, Parks, and the Wallace-Dunlops. Although the architexture was ostensibly apolitical, it imbued the Doon's representational spaces with a reproducible English character, rendering its terra incognita into terra familiaris in imperial psyche, while carving a distinct imperial subjectivity for Memsahibs.

On October 18th, 2019, the European Vie Francigene Association (AEVF) unanimously approved the Via Francigena in southern Italy, from Rome to Santa Maria di Leuca. The new route enriches the historical cultural itinerary approved by the Council of Europe in 1994. Encompassing about 900 km of history, traditions and locations, the “Via Francigena del Sud” crosses five Italian regions. This paper focuses on the Via Francigena in Puglia and Campania, seen as an opportunity to conserve and enhance the regions’ cultural and landscape heritage and its enjoyment by tourists. Furthermore, it also aims to analyse the role of local businesses, communities and regional organisations in promoting the routes. Any project focusing on the development and enhancement of a cultural itinerary in a rural space must be fully aware of the connections between places and networks of human relationships, and the “Via Francigena del Sud” seems to be no exception.

O obxecto inicial deste artigo é fornecer unhas primeiras correspondencias fraseolóxicas entre as linguas galega e catalá, que poderían ser aproveitadas para a redacción dun futuro dicionario bilingüe galego-catalán, catalán-galego. O corpus fraseolóxico inclúe máis de cincocentas unidades organizadas ao redor duns trescentos lemas. Alén disto, revísanse criterios fraseográficos usados en diversas referencias bibliográficas e empréganse para este artigo os que se consideran máis apropiados coa incorporación de pequenas modificacións. O presente corpus bilingüe pode ter interese para o ensino e a aprendizaxe das linguas galega e catalá, para os traballos de tradución e para os estudos fraseolóxicos e culturais. O artigo en conxunto quere contribuír ao diálogo lingüístico e cultural entre os ámbitos galego e catalán. // The initial aim of this paper is to provide some first phraseological correspondences between Galician and Catalan languages that may be used to elaborate a future bilingual Galician‑Catalan / Catalan-Galician dictionary. The phraseological corpus includes more than five hundred units organized around some three hundred headwords. Besides, phraseographic criteria used in several bibliographical references have been reviewed, and those considered more appropriate have been used in this paper with some small changes. The present bilingual corpus may be of interest for both teaching and learning Galician and Catalan languages, for translation work as well as for phraseological and cultural studies. The paper as a whole intends to contribute to the linguistic and cultural dialogue between the Galician and Catalan areas.