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Statement of the Problem: Early detection of caries and the extent of carious lesions for appropriate treatment planning are very important and lead to introduction of new diagnostic tools.Purpose: This study aimed to compare the diagnostic accuracy of VistaCam IX Proxi and bitewing radiography for detection of posterior interproximal caries.Materials and Method: This in vitro study was performed on 40 extracted posterior teeth without cavitated carious lesions. Bitewing radiographs were obtained, infrared (IR) examination was performed, and the teeth were sectioned for histopathological analysis under a stereomicroscope as the gold standard for detection of caries and determination of the extent of carious lesions. Data were analyzed with Cohen’s kappa statistic, and Wilcoxon rank sum test.Results: The specificity of VistaCam IX Proxi and bitewing radiography was 71.4% and 87.7%, respectively. Their sensitivity was 100% and 40% for enamel caries, 72.8% and 54.5% for external half dentin caries, and 82.3% and 58.8% for internal half dentin caries, respectively (p= 0.048).Conclusion: Bitewing radiography had a higher specificity and lower rate of false positive results. However, VistaCam IX Proxi had higher sensitivity for caries detection with lower rate of false negative results. Considering the higher sensitivity and significantly lower frequency of false negative results by VistaCam IX Proxi, it may be reliably used for caries detection specially enamel caries, and can serve as an adjunct to bitewing radiography.

Abstract Background Labor pain is complex, paradoxical and varied in every parturient woman. Management of labor pain has been a crucial component in maternity care. Heat therapy is one of the proposed method for labor pain relief. Infrared is one of the methods of heat therapy but there is any study in this regard. This study aimed to compare the effect of the infrared belt and hot water bag on the severity of pain in the first stage of labor among primiparous women. Methods In this clinical trial in the first stage of labor, 20-min cycles of heat therapy were conducted at the dilations of 4–5 and 6–7 cm in the intervention group 1 by an infrared belt and in the intervention group 2 by hot water bag, respectively. The control group received routine care. The severity of the pain was measured by the short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire. Results In total, 136 women consented to participate in this clinical trial study. The mean score of pain intensity was significantly lower in the two intervention groups compared to the control group (P

The soybean (Glycine max) is used as one of the main protein sources in various animal fodders. However, the presence of anti-nutrients significantly reduces the nutritional value of the bean. To solve this problem, the present work is devoted to the inactivation of the anti-nutrients in soybeans by the use of micronisation as a means of thermal treatment. The purpose of the work is to improve the process of soybean micronisation by determining the impact of the process parameters on the soybean's quality and energy performance, namely - the urease activity and specific energy consumption. A multifactor experiment was carried out using an experimental device for the heat treatment of the beans. The influence of the temperature and time of the heat treatment on the level of inactivation of anti-nutrients and the specific energy consumption for beans with different sizes were established. The modes of heat treatment which allow the inactivation of the anti-nutrients in the soybeans to admissible standard values were also defined. The obtained and studied functional dependencies of the quality and energy indices on the technological factors of the soybean micronisation allow one to improve this process and technical means for its implementation in reducing the anti-nutrient content.

Fan Lai,1,* Xin Li,1,* Qi Wang,1,* Yingjuan Luo,1 Xin Wang,1 Xiuhua Huang,1 Jiajia Zhang,1 Jieru Peng,1 Qin Wang,1 Li Fan,1 Wen Li,1 Junrong Huo,1 Tianjiao Liu,1 Yalan Li,2 Yonghong Lin,1 Xiao Yang1 1Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, People’s Republic of China; 2The Fourth People’s Hospital of Chengdu, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Xiao Yang; Yonghong Lin, Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital, 1617 Riyue Avenue, Qingyang District, Chengdu, 611731, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 13882288881 ; +86 13808031895, Email yangxiaocwcch@aliyun.com; linyonghongcwcch@aliyun.comPurpose: Fever is one of the most typical clinical symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and non-contact infrared thermometers (NCITs) are commonly used to screen for fever. However, there is a lack of authoritative data to define a “fever” when an NCIT is used and previous studies have shown that NCIT readings fluctuate widely depending on ambient temperatures and the body surface site screened. The aim of this study was to establish cut-off points for normal temperatures of different body sites (neck, forehead, temples, and wrist) and investigate the accuracy of NCITs at various ambient temperatures to improve the standardization and accuracy of fever screening.Patients and Methods: A prospective investigation was conducted among 904 participants in the outpatient and emergency departments of Chengdu Women’s and Children’s Central Hospital. Body temperature was measured using NCITs and mercury axillary thermometers. A receiver operating characteristic curve was used to determine the accuracy of body temperature detection at the four body surface sites. Data on participant characteristics were also collected.Results: Among the four surface sites, the neck temperature detection group had the highest accuracy. When the neck temperature was 37.35°C as the optimum fever diagnostic threshold, the sensitivity was 0.866. The optimum fever diagnostic thresholds for forehead, temporal, and wrist temperature were 36.65°C, 36.65°C, and 36.75°C, respectively. Moreover, triple neck temperature detection had the highest sensitivity, up to 0.998, whereas the sensitivity of triple wrist temperature detections was 0.949. Notably, the accuracy of NCITs significantly reduced when the temperature was lower than 18°C.Conclusion: Neck temperature had the highest accuracy among the four NCIT temperature measurement sites, with an optimum fever diagnostic threshold of 37.35°C. Considering the findings reported in our study, we recommend triple neck temperature detection with NCITs as the fever screening standard for COVID-19.Keywords: COVID-19, epidemiology, fever, infrared rays, mass screening

(1) Background: although digital infrared thermographic imaging (DITI) is used for diverse medical conditions of the upper limbs, no reference standards have been established. This study aims to establish reference standards by analyzing DITI results of the upper limbs. (2) Methods: we recruited 905 healthy Korean adults and conducted thermography on six regions (dorsal arm, ventral arm, lateral arm, medial arm, dorsal hand, and ventral hand region). We analyzed the data based on the proximity of regions of interest (ROIs), sex, and age. (3) Results: the average temperature (°C) and temperature discrepancy between the right and the left sides (ΔT) of each ROI varied significantly (p < 0.001), ranging from 28.45 ± 5.71 to 29.74 ± 5.14 and from 0.01 ± 0.49 to 0.15 ± 0.62, respectively. The temperature decreased towards the distal ROIs compared to proximal ROIs. The average temperatures of the same ROIs were significantly higher for men than women in all regions (p < 0.001). Across all regions, except the dorsal hand region, average temperatures tended to increase with age, particularly in individuals in their 30s and older (p < 0.001). (4) Conclusions: these data could be used as DITI reference standards to identify skin temperature abnormalities of the upper limbs. However, it is important to consider various confounding factors, and further research is required to validate the accuracy of our results under pathological conditions.

Digital infrared thermographic imaging (DITI) is a supplementary diagnostic technique to visualize the surface temperature of the human body. However, there is currently no reference standard for the lower limbs for accurate diagnosis. In this study, we performed DITI on the lower limbs of 905 healthy Korean volunteers (411 males and 494 females aged between 20 and 69 years) to obtain reference standard data. Thermography was conducted on the front, back, lateral sides, and sole area, and 188 regions of interest (ROIs) were analyzed. Additionally, subgroup analysis was conducted according to the proximity of ROIs, sex, and age groups. The mean temperatures of ROIs ranged from 24.60 ± 5.06 to 28.75 ± 5.76 °C and the absolute value of the temperature difference between both sides reached up to 1.06 ± 2.75 °C. According to subgroup analysis, the sole area had a significantly lower temperature than any other areas, men had higher temperatures than women, and the elderly had higher temperatures than the young adults except for the 20s age group (p < 0.001, respectively). This result could be used as a foundation for the establishment of a reference standard for DITI. Practical patient DITI can be accurately interpreted using these data, and it can serve as a basis for further scientific research.

Abstract Thermal imaging for unmanned aerial vehicles is used to search for victims in poor visibility conditions. We used a gimbal-mounted camera for thermo-radiation measurements of body temperature from persons covered with rescue blankets in the hibernal wilderness setting. Long-wave infrared radiation in the spectral range between 7500 and 13,500 nm was evaluated. Parts of this research have previously been published in a review on electromagnetic radiation reflectivity of rescue blankets ( https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6412/10/4/375/htm ). Surface temperature measurement was diminished by clothing, namely by 72.6% for fleece, by 82.2% for an additional down jacket and by 92.3% for an additional all-weather jacket, as compared to forehead temperature. Furthermore, we detected that a single-layer rescue blanket is sufficient to render recognition of a body shape impossible. With three layers covering a clothed body infrared transmission was almost completely blocked. However, rescue blankets increase visibility for thermal cameras due to high gradients in temperature. Conspicuously low temperatures from objects of 1 to 2 m length may indicate reflections from rescue blanket surfaces in a cold environment. Ideally, rescue blankets should be removed from the body to increase the chance of being located when using thermal imaging to search for victims in search and rescue missions.

Objectives Demand for hand sanitizers has surged since the coronavirus broke out and spread around the world. Hand sanitizers are usually applied by squirting the sanitizer liquid when one presses a pump with one’s hand. This causes many people to come into contact with the pump handle, which increases the risk of viral transmission. Some hand sanitizers on the market are automatically pumped. However, because sanitizer containers and pump devices are designed to be compatible only between products produced by the same manufacturer, consumers must also repurchase the container for the liquid if they replace the hand sanitizer. Therefore, this paper suggests the design of an automatic hand sanitizer system compatible with various sanitizer containers. Methods An automatic hand sanitizer system was designed, which will be presented in two stages describing the instrument structure and control parts. This work focused on using the elasticity of pumps and improving people’s access to devices. Results We have designed an automatic hand sanitizer system that is compatible with various containers. When one moves one’s hand close to the device sensor, the hand sanitizer container is pumped once. Conclusions The automatic hand sanitizer device proposed in this paper is ultimately expected to contribute to contactless hand disinfection in public places and virus infection prevention. Additionally, it is economical and eco-friendly by decreasing waste emissions.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on the membrane induced by the Masquelet technique in rabbits. Methods: Twelve Norfolk rabbits at approximately 3 months of age were used. A 1-cm segmental defect was induced in both radii, which were filled with polymethylmethacrylate cylinder. LLLT was used postoperatively in the bone defect of one of the forelimbs every 48 hours for 15 days. Six rabbits were euthanatized on third and sixth postoperative weeks. Results: In both forelimbs, radiographs showed new bone growth from radius cut ends on the third postoperative week and more advanced stage on the sixth postoperative week. Ultrasound showed induced membrane one week after the surgery. Histologically, there were no significant differences in the semi-quantitative score of inflammation intensity, total number of blood vessels, bone metaplasia, and collagen. The average thicknesses were 2,050.17 and 1,451.96 μm for control membranes and 2,724.26 and 2,081.03 μm for irradiated membranes, respectively, on third and sixth postoperative weeks. Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) expression were present in the induced membranes of control and irradiated forelimbs, but there was no significant difference. Conclusions: Based on assessment methods, it was not possible to demonstrate the effect of LLLT on the induced membrane.

We evaluated the clinical reliability and utility of temperature measurements using no-contact forehead infrared thermometers (NCFITs) by comparing their temperature measurements with those obtained using infrared tympanic thermometers (IRTTs) in children. In this observational, prospective, and cross-sectional study, we enrolled 255 children (aged 1 month to 18 years) from the pediatric surgery ward at a tertiary medical center in Korea. The mean age of the children was 9.05 ± 5.39 years, and 54.9% were boys. The incidence rate of fever, defined as an IRTT reading of ≥38.0 °C, was 15.7%. The ICC coefficient for the assessment of agreement between temperatures recorded by the NCFIT and IRTT was 0.87, and the κ-coefficient was 0.83. The bias and 95% limits of agreement were 0.15 °C (−0.43 to 0.73). For an accurate diagnosis of fever (≥38 °C), the false-negative rate was much lower, but the false-positive rate was higher, especially in 6-year-old children. Therefore, NCFITs can be used to screen children for fever. However, a secondary check is required using another thermometer when the child’s temperature is >38 °C. NCFITs are proposed for screening but not for measuring the temperature. For the latter, an accurate and reliable thermometer shall be used.

Introduction. Infrared radiation is invisible electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of 000 nm 770-15. There are many scientific reports, which confirm the positive effect of the therapy waves with a range of red and infrared light both on animals and patients in vivo. Infrared radiation is also used in devices VACU, which are joining the capsule effects of exercise and physical activity infra-red rays. With this combination practitioner achieve extraordinary effectiveness of the therapy. Objective of the work. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of training carried out in the capsule Vacu Fit to change the selected anthropometric parameters and body composition parameters. Material and methods.The study was a 27-year old woman, whose age was determined on the metabolic 41 years. During the study of subjective patient he admitted that sports activities practiced occasionally, drinks very little and eats properly. The patient reported the onset of cellulite, stretch marks and excess body fat on the thighs, buttocks and stomach. By joining the training, its aim was to reduce reported problems. Results. After the end of treatment in the majority of parameters assessed changes were observed. Conclusions. A series of trainings conducted in a capsule Vacu alters the anthropometric parameters and body composition

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of povidone-iodine solution as a photosensitizer and effective optical range of laser activation identification in vitro. Materials and Methods. As the test cultures reference strains of Candida albicans ATCC 885-653, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 14990, Escherichia coli ATCC 25992, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 6783 were used. 10 % povidone-iodine solution was added to Petri dishes with the microorganisms on agar and was left in situ for 60 seconds. Fifteen test Petri dishes were irradiated using the remote handle VRV4 λ = 658 nm (Test 1), the other fifteen – with the handle VRIP1 λ = 810 nm (Test 2). Four controls were carried out: the first control (C1) – Petri dishes with inoculated culture without the povidone-iodine solution and laser irradiation influence. The second control (C2) – the photosensitizer was not irradiated. The third control (C3) – it was the irradiation by wavelength 658 nm without chromatophore using. The fourth control (C4) – it was the irradiation by wavelength 810 nm without chromatophore using. Results. The obtained data have shown that povidone-iodine solution was activated in the infrared optical range, as evidenced by the complete absence of test microorganisms growth in Petri dishes “Test 2”. It was found out a reliable decrease in the number of microorganisms colonies in the Petri dishes “Test 1”, but it was achieved by the povidone-iodine antimicrobial activity, rather than by laser activation. This is confirmed by the fact that the number of microorganisms colonies in the Petri dishes ”Test 1” was not statistically different from the number of colonies in the second control group where povidone-iodine solution was not irradiated. Conclusions. It has been proved that the photosensitizer 10% povidone-iodine solution was activated by 810-nm wavelength laser irradiation in the infrared optical range. There had been no growth of microorganisms in nutrient media in test plates compared to the control.

Introduction. Infrared radiation is invisible electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of 000 nm 770-15. There are many scientific reports, which confirm the positive effect of the therapy waves with a range of red and infrared light both on animals and patients in vivo. Infrared radiation is also used in devices VACU, which are joining the capsule effects of exercise and physical activity infra-red rays. With this combination practitioner achieve extraordinary effectiveness of the therapy. Objective of the work. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of training carried out in the capsule Vacu Fit to change the selected anthropometric parameters and body composition parameters. Material and methods.The study was a 27-year old woman, whose age was determined on the metabolic 41 years. During the study of subjective patient he admitted that sports activities practiced occasionally, drinks very little and eats properly. The patient reported the onset of cellulite, stretch marks and excess body fat on the thighs, buttocks and stomach. By joining the training, its aim was to reduce reported problems. Results. After the end of treatment in the majority of parameters assessed changes were observed. Conclusions. A series of trainings conducted in a capsule Vacu alters the anthropometric parameters and body composition

Purpose To evaluate infrared thermometer (IRT) accuracy compared to standard digital thermometer in measuring kidney temperature during arterial clamping with and without renal cooling. Materials and Methods 20 pigs weighting 20Kg underwent selective right renal arterial clamping, 10 with (Group 1 - Cold Ischemia with ice slush) and 10 without renal cooling (Group 2 - Warm Ischemia). Arterial clamping was performed without venous clamping. Renal temperature was serially measured following clamping of the main renal artery with the IRT and a digital contact thermometer (DT): immediate after clamping (T0), after 2 (T2), 5 (T5) and 10 minutes (T10). Temperature values were expressed in mean, standard deviation and range for each thermometer. We used the T student test to compare means and considered p < 0.05 to be statistically significant. Results In Group 1, mean DT surface temperature decrease was 12.6 ± 4.1°C (5-19°C) while deep DT temperature decrease was 15.8 ± 1.5°C (15-18°C). For the IRT, mean temperature decrease was 9.1 ± 3.8°C (3-14°C). There was no statistically significant difference between thermometers. In Group 2, surface temperature decrease for DT was 2.7 ± 1.8°C (0-4°C) and mean deep temperature decrease was 0.5 ± 1.0°C (0-3°C). For IRT, mean temperature decrease was 3.1 ± 1.9°C (0-6°C). No statistically significant difference between thermometers was found at any time point. conclusions IRT proved to be an accurate non-invasive precise device for renal temperature monitoring during kidney surgery. External ice slush cooling confirmed to be fast and effective at cooling the pig model. IRT = Infrared thermometer DT = Digital contact thermometer D:S = Distance-to-spot ratio

Abstract Erythema ab igne is a condition characterized by skin changes due to chronic exposure to moderate temperature. We describe a female patient with continuous use of a laptop computer on exposed legs for 6 months and consequent development of reticulated hyperpigmentation at the area. Histopathological examination revealed epidermal atrophy, collagen fragmentation, and vacuolar changes in the basal layer, among other signs. We consider this case to be a modern cause of erythema ab igne.

Fractal-like nanoparticle two-dimensional patterns forming in diffusion-limited aggregation show variant spatial patterns. However, they have invariant statistical properties in their network topologies, even though their formation is completely in self-assembled processes. One of the outputs from these topological properties is optical resonances at invariant frequencies, which is a required feature of a metamaterial alternative. Fractal-like metallic patterns studied here in both experiments and theoretical models exhibit similar resonance frequencies in the infrared-ray range, and they depend on the unit length of nanoparticles composing arbitrary fractal-like structures. The scheme of analysis applied here using complex network theory does not only reveal the topological properties of the nanoparticle network, but points out their optical and possibly other physical potentials arising from their geometrical properties.

Background/Aim. Complex regional pain syndrome type I (CRPS I) is characterized by continuous regional pain, disproportional according to duration and intensity and to the sort of trauma or other lesion it was caused by. The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare, by using thermovison, the effects of low level laser therapy and therapy with interferential current in treatment of CRPS I. Methods. The prospective randomized controlled clinical study included 45 patients with unilateral CRPS I, after a fracture of the distal end of the radius, of the tibia and/or the fibula, treated in the Clinical Centre in Nis from 2004 to 2007. The group A consisted of 20 patients treated by low level laser therapy and kinesy-therapy, while the patients in the group B (n = 25) were treated by interferential current and kinesy-therapy. The regions of interest were filmed by a thermovision camera on both sides, before and after the 20 therapeutic procedures had been applied. Afterwards, the quantitative analysis and the comparing of thermograms taken before and after the applied therapy were performed. Results. There was statistically significant decrease of the mean maximum temperature difference between the injured and the contralateral extremity after the therapy in comparison to the status before the therapy, with the patients of the group A (p < 0.001) as well as those of the group B (p < 0.001). The decrease was statistically significantly higher in the group A than in the group B (p < 0.05). Conclusions. By the use of the infrared thermovision we showed that in the treatment of CRPS I both physical medicine methods were effective, but the effectiveness of laser therapy was statistically significantly higher compared to that of the interferential current therapy.

A imagem infravermelha (IR) é um método diagnóstico inócuo e sem radiação iônica, capaz de quantificar objetivamente por imagem as reações inflamatórias locais do sistema músculo-esquelético. Para o diagnóstico diferencial, a imagem IR deve ser analisada em conjunto com o exame clínico e outros exames complementares. A imagem IR quantitativa é útil particularmente quando aplicada na monitoração do curso da atividade inflamatória e da terapia antiinflamatória local e sistêmica.Infrared thermography is unique objective imaging procedure for the quantitative assessment of local inflammatory reactions in parts of the locomotor system. For differential diagnosis the thermographic results should be evaluated in conjuction with clinical examination and other technical procedures. As a means of monitoring the course of the local inflammatory activity, however, quantitative infrared thermography is a useful tool in itself, particularly during the application of local and systemic anti-inflammatory therapy.

BACKGROUND: The ideal therapy for hemorrhoids is always debated. For early grades of the disease, many different modalities of treatment have been proposed. Some are effective but are more painful, others are less painful but their efficacy is not assured on long term. Infrared photocoagulation has emerged as a new addition to the list. In this procedure, the tissue is coagulated by infrared radiation. During treatment, mechanical pressure and radiation energy are applied simultaneously to ablate the blood supply to the hemorrhoidal mass. METHODS: In the present retrospective study, the effect of infrared coagulation on patients with early grades of hemorrhoids is described. In a separate study, a comparison is made between Infrared coagulation and rubber band ligation in terms of their effectiveness and discomfort. RESULTS: 212 patients were treated by infrared coagulation and were followed up for a period of 18 months. Only 28 patients had persistence or recurrence of bleeding. Overall ratio of comfort and patient satisfaction from pain and bleeding was quite satisfactory. The comparative study showed that though rubber band ligation is more effective, it is a more painful procedure. CONCLUSION: These studies shows that Infrared coagulation for hemorrhoids in early stages could prove to be a easy and effective alternative to conventional methods as it is quick, less painful and safe. The procedure can be repeated in case of recurrence and should be considered as the first choice in early hemorrhoids.

OBJETIVO: Determinar se a termografia infravermelha é capaz de detectar com precisão a perda de perfusão tecidual em áreas de parênquima esplênico. MÉTODOS: Cinco porcos Landrace pesando entre 12 a 15 kg, após medicação pré-anestésica intramuscular e anestesia por infusão endovenosa, foram submetidos a quatro etapas de ligaduras sequenciais, dos vasos arteriais para o pólo inferior do baço: 1-vasos do ligamento esplênico; 2-ramo da artéria esplênica para o pólo inferior; 3-ramo arterial para o pólo inferior na face visceral do órgão; 4-parênquima esplênico dividindo o órgão. As imagens foram captadas por câmera Therma CAM SC500 instalada a 50 centímetros da superfície do órgão. As temperaturas foram medidas na região proximal (vascularizada) e na região distal (isquêmica), em três áreas circulares distintas de cada região através do software SAT Report, antes e após cada etapa de ligaduras, constituindo cinco grupos de medidas: tempo 0 = antes da etapa 1; tempo 1 = após etapa 1; tempo 2 = após etapa 2; tempo 3 = após etapa 3; tempo 4 = após etapa 4. RESULTADOS: Houve manutenção da temperatura da região proximal (vascularização preservada) durante todos os tempos de desvascularização. A temperatura da região distal (desvascularizada) iniciou queda a partir da primeira ligadura e tornou-se estatisticamente menor que a da região proximal a partir da ligadura 3 (Etapa 3). Houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as temperaturas proximais e distais do órgão na medida em que foram sendo realizadas as ligaduras vasculares. CONCLUSÃO: A termografia infravermelha foi capaz de distinguir com precisão áreas de parênquima esplênico com vascularização preservada de áreas isquêmicas e pode contribuir para a avaliação da viabilidade de órgãos sólidos.