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The development of probiotic products has attracted more and more attention. Products made from goat milk powder and probiotics can combine nutrition and health care functions. In this paper, the effects of different sugars, alcohols and antioxidants on the preparation goat milk tablets containing Bifidobacterium bifidum BB01 were studied by single factor experiment. The results showed that the appropriate addition of sugars, alcohols and antioxidants were as follows: sucrose 5 %, glucose 1.5 %, xylitol 3 %, ascorbic acid 0.03 %, D-sodium ascorbate 0.09 %, sodium ascorbate 0.03 %, microcrystalline cellulose 0.5 %, D-mannitol 0.1 %. According to the formulation, goat milk tablets with high Bifidobacterium activity were developed, and had appropriate hardness, friability and good sensory quality.

A method for the reduction of aldehydes with pinacolborane catalyzed by pincer cobalt complexes based on a triazine backbone is developed in this paper. The presented methodology allows for the transformation of several aldehydes bearing a wide range of electron-withdrawing and electron-donating groups under mild conditions. The presented procedure allows for the direct one-step hydrolysis of the obtained intermediates to the corresponding primary alcohols. A plausible reaction mechanism is proposed.

Ester compounds, widely found in pharmaceutical and natural products, play a crucial role in organic synthesis, prompting the development of numerous methods for their synthesis. An important chemical approach in synthesizing esters from carboxylic acids involves the activation of the carboxyl function, requiring the conversion of the hydroxyl group into a suitable leaving group. This paper presents the findings of our investigations into an efficient method for producing esters from carboxylic acids and alcohols, using the Lewis acid titanium tetrachloride. Titanium tetrachloride has proven highly effective as a coupling reagent for the one-pot formation of esters from carboxylic acids and alcohols operating under mild and neutral conditions. Notably, the reaction eliminates the need for bases, yielding carboxylic esters in high purity and yields. The method is efficient, even with long-chain carboxylic acids, and operates well with primary alcohols in dichloromethane. Steric hindrance, potentially present in carboxylic acids, has a moderate effect on the reaction. Alcohol substrates that easily form stable carbocations require, instead, the use of non-polar solvents like hexane for the reaction.

Mandelates and their derivatives are widely used in organic synthesis, drug discovery, biodegradable polymers and other related fields. Therefore, the effective and simple synthesis of these compounds has attracted much attention. In this paper, a nickel(II)-catalyzed esterification of mandelic acids with different alcohols was realized for the synthesis of mandelic acid esters. This transformation was conducted under mild reaction conditions with yields up to 95%, and was successfully utilized in the gram-scale synthesis of medicine cyclandelate.

Considering that this paper deals with alcohols, we will point out their most important characteristics. We will follow the order known in the organic chemistry. Alcohols are divided into three large groups: - Primary alcohols, - Sterile alcohols, - Carbohydrates. Considering that we are interested in basic alcohols and the alcohols difficult to synthesize industrially, we will show simply and in the broadest terms some of the characteristics

This paper follows on from an earlier publication on high-blend-rate binary gasoline-alcohol mixtures and reports results for some equivalent ternary fuels from several investigation streams. In the present work, new findings are presented for high-load operation in a dedicated boosted multi-cylinder engine test facility, for operation in modified production engines, for knock performance in a single-cylinder test engine, and for exhaust particulate emissions at part load using both the prototype multi-cylinder engine and a separate single-cylinder engine. The wide variety of test engines employed have several differences, including their fuel delivery strategies. This range of engine specifications is considered beneficial with regard to the “drop-in fuel” conjecture, since the results presented here bear out the contention, already established in the literature, that when specified according to the known ternary blending rules, such fuels fundamentally perform identically to their binary equivalents in terms of engine performance, and outperform standard gasolines in terms of efficiency. However, in the present work, some differences in particulate emissions performance in direct-injection engines have been found at light load for the tested fuels, with a slight increase in particulate number observed with higher methanol contents than lower. A hypothesis is developed to explain this result but in general it was found that these fuels do not significantly affect PN emissions from such engines. As a result, this investigation supplies further evidence that renewable fuels can be introduced simply into the existing vehicle fleet, with the inherent backwards compatibility that this brings too.

This paper reported a potential analytical technique based on NMR spectroscopy for the determination of quality of olive oil. The model compounds with active hydrogen, including free sterols, free aliphatic alcohols, phenolics, and free fatty acids were determined by 19F NMR upon derivation with 4-fluorobenzoyl chloride. Integration of the appropriate signals of the derivatives of the compounds in the corresponding 19F NMR spectrum allows for the quantification of these compounds. 37 Samples of commercial olive oil and 5 samples of other plant oils were determined by 19F NMR. The amount of diglycerides and the ratio of 1,2-diglycerides to the total amount of diglycerides were analyzed to monitor whether extra virgin olive oil was adulterated with low price olive oil and other plant oils or not. The results showed that the total diglyceride content should not be higher than 2.5% and the ratio (D) of 1,2-diglycerides to total diglycerides should be higher than 0.35 for extra virgin olive oil. This method is an easier, simpler, safer, faster and more reliable technique for the determination of the quality of olive oil and can also be extended to monitoring the quality of ordinary edible oils.