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External and internal architecture is distinguished from all arts in that it deals with the basic three dimensions "length, width, and height" as well as the fourth dimension, which is time. In the art of photography, for example, man deals with two dimensions in addition to the dimension of time, but the person remains outside all these works, looking at and watching them. As for architecture, it represents a huge structural sculptural piece that a person approaches, enters, and walks in enjoying, examining it at all levels in a chronological sequence and within a certain schematic scale. The design thought shows the possibility of implementing paper folding designs with alternative industrial materials, such as: paper, cardboard, rubber, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, polyethylene, fabrics, and natural materials, such as: leather, copper, aluminum, plywood, which led to an expansion Scope of using paper folding technology to form larger, thicker and more intense models. The design process relied on this approach, which was represented in achieving the values of the creative thought of interior design derived from the folding technique, and how to deal with interior design vocabulary dynamically so that it was possible to solve interior design problems inspired by the art of folding through a global perspective consistent with the principles of contemporary thought. Spectral process means the physics of adaptation in the theory of chaos or disasters, while in architecture, the concept of folding expresses a technique of origami art, which is the process of bending one layer upon another layer, and while the folding process appears as if in its content a process of repetition of the form, it is theoretically considered a subjective process As it does not delete or add any elements that make up the shape, and it is considered a precise process that addresses one of the most quality characteristics of the shape, which is the transition from one dimension to another (the second dimension to the third dimension), and it is also a process that involves changes that expand the geometric qualities of the element while maintaining with its topology.

This paper focuses on the issue of the circular economy in the context of SDG-11 Sustainable Cities & Communities as one of the main goals of today's society. Introducing smart cities, considering the sustainability challenges that cities will face shortly and the recent technological developments that will enable them to become "smart". Under the general context of sustainable development, the circular economy is becoming an important part of providing resources to future generations, based on intra-generational and inter-generational solidarity. A smart city can be understood as a sustainable city, a city that performs well economically, administratively, environmentally, and housing-wise. This paper aims to identify some important measures that are recommended to advance this vision. It also aims to highlight the potential social and economic benefits and challenges of urban circular development; it also supplies initial evidence of the synergistic benefits created through combining the design and economic development and linking the two approaches together rather than applying them separately.

This paper deals with studying a rare dirham in the name of Ya’la b. Ahmed Al-Yafirny. As this dirham has never been studied before and its being studied for the first time through this paper. This dirham has not bearing date or mint, Ya’la bin Ahmed is one of the men of the Banu Ifran tribe, Banu Ifran an important tribe of Berber dynasty,which is one of the Zenata tribal complex that settled in Morocco and Algeria.That tribe appeared on the scene of events before Islam until the middle of the fifth century AH / eleventh century AD. It is one of the most powerful barbarian tribes that occupied a great position in the Morocco during the Middle Ages, and the tribe of Banu Ifran is attributed to Ifran b. Yaslatin b. Misra b. Zakia b. Warsik b. Al-Dirt b. Jana b. Zenata, and their homeland was initially in Ifriqiya and then spread to many other regions Like the area between Tlemcen and Tiaret, and a large part of them stayed in AL- Andalus. The study of this dirham is very importance, represented in foccus on that historical era of the history of Muslims in North Africa, as well as identifying the relationship of Prince Ya’la b. Ahmed al-Yafirny with the Fatimid Caliphate and the extent of his loyalty to them, and an analytical study of the content of the writings recorded on it, in order to identify some important historical aspects that can only be reached through coinage, to be a new addition to the Islamic coinage that was struck in North Africa, specifically in Morocco.

Abstract: Architecture was initially defined as the functional art specialized in the concept of shelter. However, over time, deeper ideas emerged emphasizing the importance of producing creative and distinctive architecture that possesses beauty and humanity. Architecture became the material embodiment of a manifested message. With the advent of the digital revolution, a new thought and philosophy known as digital forms emerged, spreading widely across various fields, aligning with the requirements of the present era and its evolving trends. The research problem revolves around the insufficient awareness of different patterns in architecture and their relationship with architectural form. The paper aims to enhance this relationship by integrating digital architectural mechanisms into the design process, utilizing this connection to creatively produce architectural forms. The research assumes that establishing a relationship between pattern, form, and digital architectural mechanisms, harnessing them to generate architectural shapes in different ways, may contribute to creating innovative architecture. The research paper is grounded in the primary goal of identifying methods for deducing architectural form and its relationship with architectural references. This is achieved by presenting various patterns and mechanisms used in deducing form and their impact on creating distinctive architecture. The descriptive-analytical approach was employed, exploring different concepts and analytical examples to reach results and recommendations. One of the key recommendations is the necessity of revisiting the essence of architecture as a cognitive source containing a vast amount of principles adaptable to the era's variables. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of addressing the concept of pattern and its relationship with other architectural elements to enrich architectural thought and produce more distinguished architecture. The utilization of digital methods in producing architectural forms is highlighted as a means to achieve more distinctive shapes. الملخص كانت تعرف العمارة على أنها الفن الوظيفي الذى يختص بفكرة المأوى فقط ولكن بمرور الوقت ظهرت بعض الأفكار التي تعمق فكرة أهمية انتاج عمارة مبدعةومميزة بها قدر من الجمال والانسانية ؛فأصبحت العمارة هي تلك الرسالة المجسدة ماديا ؛ ومع ظهور الثورة الرقمية تم افراز فكر وفلسفة ما يعرف الان بالأشكال الرقمية والتي انتشرت بشكل واسع في شتى المجالات والتي تتجاوب مع مقتضيات هذا العصر بكل ما فيه من توجهات متجددة ؛ وتتلخص المشكلة البحثية في عدم الأدراك الكافي للأنماط المختلفة في العمارة وعلاقتها بالشكل المعماري واثراء هذه العلاقة من خلال دمج آليات العمارة الرقمية في العملية التصميمية والاستفادة من هذه العلاقة في انتاج الشكل المعماري بطريقة مبدعة ؛ وتفترض الورقة البحثية أنه بإيجاد علاقة ما بين النمط والشكل وأليات العمارة الرقمية وتسخيرها لتوليد واستنتاج الاشكال المعمارية بطرق مختلفة قد يساعد في خلق عمارة مبدعة ؛ لذلك تستند الورقة البحثية على هدف أساسي وهو تحديد طرق استنتاج الشكل المعماري وعلاقته بالمراجع المعمارية من خلال عرض الأنماط المختلفة والاليات المستخدمة في استنتاج الشكل وأثر ذلك في خلق عمارة مميزة ؛ وقد تم عرض الاهداف والوصول لحل المشكلة البحثية من خلال المنهج الوصفي التحليلي من خلال المفاهيم المختلفة والأمثلة التحليلية وتم الوصول الى مجموعة من النتائج والتوصيات أهمها ضرورة الرجوع إلى جوهر العمارة بوصفها منبعاً فكریاً حاویاً على كم هائل من المبادئ القادرة على التكیف مع متغيرات العصر، وكذلك ضرورة التطرق الى فكرة النمط وعلاقتها بباقي العناصر المكونة للعمارة وذلك لإثراء الفكر المعماري وانتاج عمارة أكثر تميزا مستعينا في ذلك بالأساليب الرقمية في انتاج الأشكال المعمارية وذلك لإنتاج أشكال أكثر تميزا

As the global community strives to address the pressing challenges of environmental degradation and social inequality, the role of architecture in promoting sustainable development has gained unprecedented significance. This paper explores the intrinsic connection between architecture and sustainable development, focusing on Egypt as a case study. The research follows theoretical and practical application methodology, where case studies and solutions are applied. Egypt, with its rich historical heritage and rapidly urbanizing cities, presents a unique context to investigate how the built environment can contribute to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) outlined by the United Nations. This study adopts a multidisciplinary approach, integrating architectural analysis, urban planning principles, environmental science, and social studies to examine the various ways in which architecture influences and interacts with sustainability goals. Case Studies include two locations in Egypt as future concepts to solve problems: Downtown Cairo and Nubia-Aswan, where ideas were introduced towards a better quality of life. The findings of this research underscore the importance of collaboration between various stakeholders, such as government bodies, non-governmental organizations, architects, and the public, to create a holistic approach to sustainable architectural design and urban planning towards resilient communities. The paper also emphasizes the need for education and awareness campaigns to foster a culture of sustainability within the architectural and construction sectors. Proposed projects were introduced in the International Union of Architects (UIA) World Congress of Architects in Copenhagen 2023 and published in UIA Guidebook 2030.

With the advent of COVID-19 pandemic, the whole world is overwhelmed with a mood of fear, anxiety, depression and psychological discomfort. The Coronavirus has wrapped all aspects of life with a new mode so that the authorities concerned have imposed stay-at-home orders, curfews and restrictions on mass mobility and daily activities. These restrictions have given rise to unprecedented practices rarely available in pre-Coronavirus era. Consequently, the normal course of life has greatly changed and a new daily routine has been established during the COVID-19 pandemic whose impact on all life activities is characterized by being extensive and having far-reaching consequences. This paper investigates the COVID-19 repercussions in some purposively selected cartoons and comics from different websites. The selected cartoons and comics attempt to establish what may be called covidity, a neologism that requires collective and wide-spread response to the COVID-19 pandemic. It analyzes negative pandemic-related aspects that have bearing especially on travel, religious and sport activities. The study draws upon Kress and Leeuwen’s approach of Visual Grammar (2006) within the framework of social semiotics. The study probes Multimodal Discourse Analysis (MDA), which is mainly applied and opted for deeper examination of visual discourse maintained in the data under discussion. Multimodality is a concept that accounts for different semiotic resources in communication to express certain meanings or ideologies. The paper demonstrates how coping strategies help to alleviate the grim mood created by the pandemic and to get adapted to new circumstances. مع ظهور جائحة كوفيد-19، ساد العالم أجمع حالة من الخوف والقلق والانزعاج النفسي. لقد أضفى فيروس كورونا نمطا جديدا على كافة مناحي الحياة، مما دفع السلطات المعنية لإصدار تعليمات البقاء بالمنازل وحظر التجول والقيود على التنقل الجماعي والأنشطة اليومية. وقد أدت هذه القيود إلى ظهور ممارسات غير مسبوقة قلما تواجدت في فترة ما قبل فيروس كورونا. وبالتالي، تغير المسار الطبيعي للحياة بشكل كبير وظهر روتين يومي جديد خلال جائحة كوفيد-19 والذي كان له تأثير بالغ المدى على جميع أنشطة الحياة. تبحث هذه الدراسة تداعيات كوفيد-19 في بعض الرسوم الكرتونية والرسوم المضحكة المختارة من مواقع الكترونية مختلفة. تهدف البيانات المختارة إلى إرساء ما يمكن تسميته "بالكوفيدية"، وهو مصطلح جديد يتطلب استجابة جماعية وواسعة النطاق لجائحة كوفيد-19، ويحلل الجوانب السلبية المتعلقة بالوباء وتأثيرها لا سيما على السفر والأنشطة الدينية والرياضية. تعتمد الدراسة على منهج كريس وليوين في القواعد النحوية المرئية (2006) في إطار نظرية السيمائية الاجتماعية. كما تبحث الدراسة في تحليل الخطاب المتعدد الوسائط والذي يتم تطبيقه بشكل أساسي في تحليل الخطاب المرئي بصورة أشمل للبينات قيد الدراسة. إن تعدد الوسائط مفهوماً يفسر الوسائل السيمائية المختلفة في التواصل للتعبير عن معاني أو أيدولوجيات معينة. وتكشف الدراسة عن مدى مساهمة تلك الاستراتيجيات في التخفيف من حالة التجهم التي خلّفها الوباء والتأقلم مع الواقع الجديد.

This article aims to activate the role of university students in confronting extremist ideas through social media platforms. This manuscript is deemed as a contribution to the theoretical studies within the field of educational sciences. The paper includes the problem statement, the significance, the objectives, the definition of terms, and then the theoretical framework of social media networks. It explores the positive and the negative impacts of social media sites, shedding light on the concept of terrorism, the psychological reasons that cause terrorism, extremism, and the significant damage it causes across various aspects of societal life. The paper also addresses the educational reasons for extremism, leading to proposals and recommendations.

Gentrification, as a new domain for research and analysis, is a theoretical process which has debatable impacts. Many researchers may study gentrification process within international cities; however, there are few attempts to identify gentrification indicators. The main goal of the paper is to clarify and identify what is happening in Downtown Cairo nowadays; and to address the complex issue of the gentrification of existing buildings towards their conversion to a modern contemporary use. It focuses as well on the current and former applications in the local Egyptian case on the basis of its particularity. In order to attain this goal, the paper examines the relevance of the gentrification indicators developed by Phillip Clay in 1979, Peter Moskowitz in 2017, and others trying to implement it on Downtown Cairo, in order to recognize the ongoing gentrification procedure, then to consider the possible precautions to control gentrification development, and avert its negative impact while using its positive ones to upgrade the gentrified urban zones. This paper starts by introducing the history of the term gentrification, its advantages and disadvantages; then it also reviews different theoretical approaches outlining its stages. Next, the paper inspects the Egyptian legislations related to conservation, followed by analysis of the Downtown Cairo’s case study firstly through the Egyptian Government ’s project to develop Khedivial Cairo, secondly through the private sector initiatives. This paper ends with an indicator tool which could be applied in Downtown Cairo and heritage zones areas to anticipate in which stage it is gentrified. إن التحسين، يعتبر مجال جديد للبحث والتحليل، وهو عملية نظرية لها تأثيرات نقاش جدالية. قد تم دراسة العديد من الابحاث لعملية التحسين داخل المدن العالمية؛ ومع ذلك، هناك محاولات قليلة لتحديد مؤشرات التحسين. الهدف الرئيسي من هذا البحث هو توضيح والتعرف على ما يحدث في منطقة وسط المدينة في الوقت الحاضر؛ ومعالجة القضية المعقدة المتمثلة في تحسين المباني القائمة وتحويلها إلى استخدام حديث معاصر. ويركز أيضًا على التطبيقات الحالية والسابقة في الحالة المصرية المحلية انطلاقًا من خصوصيتها. ولتحقيق هذا الهدف، تبشير الورقة البحثية الي مدى أهمية مؤشرات التحسين التي وضعها فيليب كلاي عام 1979، وبيتر موسكوفيتش عام 2017، وآخرين يحاولون تنفيذها في وسط القاهرة، من أجل التعرف على إجراء التحسين المستمر، ثم النظر في الاحتياطات الممكنة للسيطرة على تنمية التحسين، وتجنب آثارها السلبية مع استخدام الإيجابيات للارتقاء الاجتماعي في المناطق الحضرية المرموقة. يبدأ هذا البحث بالتعريف بتاريخ مصطلح التحسين، مزاياه وعيوبه؛ ثم يستعرض أيضًا مناهج الحفاظ النظرية المختلفة التي تحدد مراحله. ثم تتناول الورقة التشريعات المصرية المتعلقة بالترميم، يليها تحليل دراسة حالة وسط مدينة القاهرة، أولاً من خلال مشروعات الحكومة المصرية لتطوير القاهرة الخديوية، وثانيًا من خلال مبادرات القطاع الخاص. وتنتهي هذه الورقة بتحديد أداة مؤشريه يمكن تطبيقها في مناطق وسط القاهرة والمناطق التراثية لتوقع المرحلة التي سيتم فيها الارتقاء بها

Appropriation was undertaken for the imported architectural styles related to the Modern Movement when it was applied in its new urban Egyptian context. The mid 1920’s saw the rise of international Modern ideals, whereby the Pre-Modern period developed into full-flush Modernism, and lasted up till the 1960’s. Modernism, when introduced to the Egyptian context, was remodeled and appropriated to create a new identity. This paper aims at comparing Egyptian Modern pioneering examples to their Western counterpart, in order to define and point out local efforts to interpret and apply the Egyptian Modern early-examples, and to assess whether it was appropriation or otherwise. In order to attain these objectives, the paper firstly reviews at a glance the international Modern Movement; followed by the analysis of the Egyptian Modernism, displaying how local and global currents intersect. The case study in Egypt is formulated into two parts: on the urban level, by discussing the Nasr City historical development as the first urban decentralization attempt; second on the architectural level by studying the opposing polarity between local and global aspects of the Modernism development, and analysis of selected Modern Egyptian buildings. Upon examining Egyptian Modern architecture and its applications in its homeland, many differences and hence appropriation(s) could be traced and pointed out on a local level. Those could be due to the difference between the Western and Egyptian setting in terms of local and available materials, construction methods and skills, climatic conditions, culture pressures and needs. تم توفيق الأساليب المعمارية الاجنبية المتعلقة بحركة الحداثة بتطبيقها في سياقها الحضري المصري الجديد. شهدت فترة العشرينيات في القرن العشرين صعود المُثُل العالمية الحديثة، حيث تطورت فترة ما قبل الحداثة إلى حداثة صريحة، والتي استمرت حتى الستينيات. وعندما تم تقديم الحداثة إلى السياق المصري، تم إعادة تشكيلها وصياغتها لخلق هوية جديدة. يهدف هذا البحث إلى مقارنة الأمثلة المصرية الحديثة الرائدة مع نظيرتها الغربية، من أجل تحديد وإلاشارة إلى الجهود المحلية لتفسير وتطبيق الأمثلة المصرية الحديثة المبكرة، وتقييم ما إذا كان ذلك توفيق أم غير ذلك. ومن أجل تحقيق هذه الأهداف، يستعرض البحث أولاً لمحة سريعة عن الحركة العالمية الحديثة؛ يليه تحليل الحداثة المصرية، موضحًا كيفية تداخل التيارات المحلية والعالمية. تنقسم دراسة الحالة المصرية إلى قسمين: على المستوى الحضري، من خلال مناقشة التطور التاريخي لمدينة نصر كأول محاولة لتحقيق اللامركزية الحضرية؛ والثاني على المستوى المعماري من خلال دراسة التناقض بين الجوانب المحلية والعالمية لتطور الحداثة، وتحليل مباني مصرية حديثة مختارة. عند دراسة العمارة المصرية الحديثة وتطبيقاتها في وطنها، يمكن تتبع العديد من الاختلافات وبالتالي التخصيصات والإشارة إليها على المستوى المحلي. وقد يكون ذلك بسبب الاختلاف بين البيئة الغربية والمصرية من حيث المواد المحلية والمتاحة، وطرق ومهارات البناء، والظروف المناخية، والضغوط الثقافية والاحتياجات.

The present paper introduces the analysis and design of a near-field RFID tag for IoT in the sub-six GHz 5G frequency band, the proposed radio frequency identification technique is based on the near-field interaction between the RFID tag and a wideband antenna reader. This near-field interaction adjusts the resonances of the wideband antenna according to the used RFID tag. In addition, the far field RCS of the RFID tag is also investigated to study the relationship between the near field and the far field responses of the proposed RFID tag. The proposed RFID tag is characterized by adjustable six resonances based on concentric square rings printed on a dielectric slab. For manufacturing and experimental verification, the dielectric slab is assumed to be FR-4. However, the proposed structure can be generalized to other thin and flexible substrates like paper, plastic, and textile.