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Taking the Paleozoic of the Sichuan and Tarim basins in China as example, the controlling effects of the Earth system evolution and multi-spherical interactions on the formation and enrichment of marine ultra-deep petroleum in China have been elaborated. By discussing the development of "source-reservoir-seal" controlled by the breakup and assembly of supercontinents and regional tectonic movements, and the mechanisms of petroleum generation and accumulation controlled by temperature-pressure system and fault conduit system, Both the South China and Tarim blocks passed through the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) of the low-latitude Hadley Cell twice during their drifts, and formed hydrocarbon source rocks with high quality. It is proposed that deep tectonic activities and surface climate evolution jointly controlled the types and stratigraphic positions of ultra-deep hydrocarbon source rocks, reservoirs, and seals in the Sichuan and Tarim basins, forming multiple petroleum systems in the Ediacaran--Cambrian, Cambrian--Ordovician, Cambrian--Permian and Permian--Triassic strata. The matching degree of source-reservoir-seal, the type of organic matter in source rocks, the deep thermal regime of basin, and the burial-uplift process across tectonic periods collectively control the entire process from the generation to the accumulation of oil and gas. Three types of oil and gas enrichment models are formed, including near-source accumulation in platform marginal zones, distant-source accumulation in high-energy beaches through faults, and three-dimensional accumulation in strike-slip fault zones, which ultimately result in the multi-layered natural gas enrichment in ultra-deep layers of the Sichuan Basin and co-enrichment of oil and gas in the ultra-deep layers of the Tarim Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The urban cemetery is the material carrier of citizens' view of life and death, and it also evolves with time as a special part of the urban form. Since the reform of the housing system in the 1990s, China has entered a period of rapid urbanization, and the urban cemeteries has entered a cycle of shock and accelerated transformation. The cemeteries originally located on the urban fringe were gradually surrounded by new built-up areas as the city sprawled, and then most of them inevitably migrated outward under the pressure of urban population explosion and land shortage. Taking Nanjing as an example, this paper presents the morphological evolution of Nanjing's urban cemetery since the early 20th century, discusses the relationship between the evolution of the cemetery and the urban fringe belt, and analyzes the reasons for its evolution. The different types of morphological evolution of Nanjing cemetery are further summarized, revealing the general law and its Chinese particularity. The article concludes with a discussion of the value and significance of morphological research on urban cemeteries in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Expressed subtype of paralogous genes in functionally homologous cells sometimes show differences across species, the reasons for which have not been explained. The present study examined hypophysiotropic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons in vertebrates to investigate this mechanism. These neurons express either gnrh1 or gnrh3 paralogs, depending on the species, and apparent switching of the expressed paralogs in them occurred at least four times in vertebrate evolution. First, we found redundant expression of gnrh1 and gnrh3 in a single neuron in piranha and hypothesized that it may represent an ancestral GnRH system. Moreover, the gnrh1/gnrh3 enhancer of piranha induced reporter RFP/GFP co-expression in a single hypophysiotropic GnRH neuron in both zebrafish and medaka, whose GnRH neurons only express either gnrh3 or gnrh1. Thus, we propose that redundant expression of gnrh1/3 of relatively recent common ancestors may be the key to apparent switching of the paralog usage among present-day species.

The present paper attempts a comprehensive approach to the biological, cognitive, as well as cultural foundations of theory of mind development. A critical analysis and synthesis of contemporary research findings serves as a basis for revisiting key theoretical accounts regarding the nature and development of this valuable sociocognitive faculty. Are the findings best interpreted within frameworks which consider developmental change and individual differences in the domain-general cognitive abilities (executive functions) that may underlie performance on theory of mind tasks (processing account)? Or is it more fruitful to discuss the development of theory of mind based on domain-specific mechanisms or capacities: an innate, modular mechanism that is underpinned by neurological maturation (modularity theories), or an inborn capacity to form naïve, intuitive theories about the mind, which are then subject to conceptual change as a function of experience (theory theory account), or a mechanism that serves simulations of mental states and related attributions (simulation theories)? Where possible, biological and neurocognitive processes, and experiential influences are discussed in combination. A disentanglement of general cultural influences from more proximal, social or familial effects on theory of mind development is also attempted. The aim is to highlight the value of an integrative, interdisciplinary approach to its study: a biocultural perspective could essentially serve this purpose by shifting attention to the interplay of biological, cognitive, and environmental forces shaping the lifespan dynamics of human theory of mind.

Bipolar affective illness (bipolar disorder - BD), also known as manic-depressive illness, is characterized by periodic opposite states of mood, activity, and motivation (mania and depression), sometimes of extreme intensity. The development and maintenance of such states in evolution can betoken a possibility of their adaptive character, enabling adaptation to an unfavorable external situation (depression) and a mobilization to using resources when available (mania). In the article, the main focus is put on the evolutionary aspect of "bipolarity" and manic/hypomanic states. Molecular-genetic studies show that in evolution, the genes connected with a predisposition to BD have been conserved. In the paper, the evolutionary adaptive concepts connected with the functioning of Homo sapiens during the middle and late Pleistocene periods were discussed as well as the "mismatch" theories associated with not befitting brain functioning to contemporary conditions. The benefits of mania and hypomania, also in the context of their link to depression were delineated, indicating their relationship to the increase in reproductive success. They result from such features of mania/hypomania as increased exploratory, psychomotor and sexual activity, and prompt risk-taking. The reproductive success can be connected with hyperthymic and cyclothymic temperaments, most frequently occurring in subjects with BD. The hyperthymic temperament often leads to increased social status and a tendency to leadership, and the cyclothymic temperament can increase creativity. Examples of the relationship between manic/hypomanic states and the phenomenon of emigration as well as the advancement of American society are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Species diversity can vary dramatically across lineages due to differences in speciation and extinction rates. Here, we explore the effects of several plant traits on diversification, finding that most traits have opposing effects on diversification. For example, outcrossing may increase the efficacy of selection and adaptation but also decrease mate availability, two processes with contrasting effects on lineage persistence. Such opposing trait effects can manifest as differences in diversification rates that depend on ecological context, spatiotemporal scale, and associations with other traits. The complexity of pathways linking traits to diversification suggests that the mechanistic underpinnings behind their correlations may be difficult to interpret with any certainty, and context dependence means that the effects of specific traits on diversification are likely to differ across multiple lineages and timescales. This calls for taxonomically and context-controlled approaches to studies that correlate traits and diversification.

The majority of the existing self-management literature is devoted to medical definitions of selfmanagement. In fact, self-management has a much broader concept than we might think. Everyone on the planet must determine what their life's main purpose is, as well as what their most important goals and objectives have always been. It is the most important aspect of self-management because it is the behavior that must be accepted in order for desired changes to occur in one's life and workplace. It could be mentioned, that it is very important for personal career development. This should become a habit, which can be accomplished through extensive selfimprovement, resilience development, and the ability to think rationally. There are numerous management styles, but we must start with ourselves, with an understanding and knowledge of self-management. Today's emphasis on teamwork, new opportunities, and self-governing working groups, and also self-management, provides people with the advantage of being able to take care of themselves at work and in general. Personnel self-government and self-development are becoming important factors in the survival of the economy in market conditions, strengthening the position of management in various countries. In different nations, self-government and personnel development are becoming important factors in the economy's survival in market conditions, strengthening management positions. The purpose of the article is to investigate various research studies in order to demonstrate the importance of self-management. The paper investigates the characteristics and essence of various approaches to self-management, emphasizing their importance in the workplace and in daily life in order to assist potential employees in achieving their goals. It enables you to assess ethics, social responsibility, and emotions in relation to self-management development. The research relied on theoretical data gathered from international scientists as well as online resources. Several scientific research methods were used in the study, such as literature analysis and synthesis, the monographic method, and content analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ideas y Valores is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this paper is to provide a helicopter view of the Metaverse services launch by Meta, formerly known as Facebook, from a societal, legal and communicational perspective. We will be analyzing the probable consequences of this technological shift in an evolutionary sense, as well as predict the possible negative effects this technology will bring about. Our goal will be neither to acclaim the Metaverse philosophy, nor to condemn the possible consequences, but rather to acknowledge this scientific progress in a multi-faceted way, while remaining positively neutral towards our future living in an increasingly immersive digitalized world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Drug resistance and metastasis—the major complications in cancer—both entail adaptation of cancer cells to stress, whether a drug or a lethal new environment. Intriguingly, these adaptive processes share similar features that cannot be explained by a pure Darwinian scheme, including dormancy, increased heterogeneity, and stress-induced plasticity. Here, we propose that learning theory offers a framework to explain these features and may shed light on these two intricate processes. In this framework, learning is performed at the single-cell level, by stress-driven exploratory trial-and-error. Such a process is not contingent on pre-existing pathways but on a random search for a state that diminishes the stress. We review underlying mechanisms that may support this search, and show by using a learning model that such exploratory learning is feasible in a high-dimensional system as the cell. At the population level, we view the tissue as a network of exploring agents that communicate, restraining cancer formation in health. In this view, disease results from the breakdown of homeostasis between cellular exploratory drive and tissue homeostasis.

The life of the legal writing professor in today's law schools is a challenging yet rewarding one. Out of necessity, over the last thirty years the pedagogy of legal writing has expanded to include much more than just writing skills--it has become every law student's introduction to a broad set of basic lawyering skills and is more appropriately styled the Lawyering Process (LP). The increasing gravity and responsibility of the Lawyering Process course has led to expansion of credits given to the course and gradually to greater status and equity to the faculty who teach it, although most of us still lag the benefits and privileges of our tenured colleagues. Because of the dramatic evolution of the course and in the professionalism of the faculty who teach it, many traditional tenure-track faculty members do not really know or understand what we do now. This Article seeks to fill that gap -- to bring our colleagues up to date on what we teach and how. It also seeks to help our colleagues understand what sort of support we want and need to be even better and more effective at teaching this critical course in law school. Finally, it is hoped that this Article will be helpful to faculty new to the task of teaching the Lawyering Process course so they will have a more complete understanding of the joys and challenges that await. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The persistence of the coat color polymorphism melanism has been reported for several tropical felids, but its evolutionary advantages remain an active area of research. Few publications have explored melanism in the elusive species, oncilla (Leopardus tigrinus) within the Neotropical part of their range in Costa Rica. Herein, I present the first record of a melanistic oncilla within the montane cloud forest of Monteverde, Costa Rica. Recent studies have found support for theories (e.g. Temporal Segregation Hypothesis and Gloger's Rule) explaining the ecological advantages driving melanism in oncilla and tropical felid populations. However, it is unclear what is driving melanism in this Monteverde oncilla population due to the singular observation. Further research investigating whether melanism is occurring at a higher frequency in other individuals in the region is critical to better understanding the occurrence of melanism in local populations of this cryptic species. The montane cloud forest in Monteverde provides critical habitat to this vulnerable species within the small Neotropical part of their range. Melanistic individuals may be particularly threatened by land-use change and increasing human pressure if theories for the evolutionary advantages and ecological conditions motivating melanism are supported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few papers have dealt with disruptive technology from a technological evolutionary perspective. This article analyses disruptive innovation activities in terms of the new concept of technological DNA (TDNA). To pursue the research aim, evolution theories and a case methodology were utilised. We find that evolutions in technology are due to changes in environmental conditions. Parallels may be drawn between technology discontinuity and the punctuated equilibrium theory in evolution. When seen from that perspective, TDNA has not been disrupted but has evolved within the new market environment, and technological evolution gives birth to a new industry. New products or services are created through the changing or reconfiguring of TDNA. Over time, technology evolves, but its inherent nature remains. For that reason, TDNA is not disrupted even if disruptive innovation occurs. Rather, through the process of disruptive innovation, new functions are created by the substitution or replacement of the architecture surrounding the technology which determines how it actually functions. Thus we may refer to this phenomenon as a 'Multiplier innovation' rather than a disruptive innovation in that it involves the birthing of new products. This article seeks to contribute to innovation studies in expanding its methodological framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People vary widely in their attitudes towards how much their government should redistribute wealth. Evolutionary theory may shed light on why this variation occurs. Numerous studies have established an association between upper body strength and attitudes towards equality and wealth redistribution in males, showing that physically stronger men are more likely to hold self-serving beliefs on these issues. This effect is typically weaker or absent in women. A question that has received little attention is whether there are similar associations between other aspects of formidability and attitudes towards wealth redistribution. One such aspect is height. I tested this prediction using data from the European Social Survey, in a sample of 27031 people from 20 European countries. Results show that taller people are more likely to have self-serving attitudes towards government redistribution of wealth. The result was robust to numerous control variables and alternative model specifications, but the direct effects of height were small. Taller individuals were less supportive of government wealth redistribution overall, but were especially averse if they were also wealthier. Post-hoc analyses suggested that for lower income deciles, the association was reversed. For these people, there was a positive association between height and support for wealth redistribution. However, effects were equally strong in males and females, and so are not fully consistent with current evolutionary psychological theories of resource distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The great advances of the last decades both in cognitive theories and in evolutionary biology have not yet fully merged. Most evolutionary hypotheses around the mind still rely on classical cognitivism, while most theories of cognition still look for adaptive explanations. We believe that the merging of novel cognitive theories into a pluralistic account can greatly improve our understanding of both what cognition is and how it evolved.

Evolutionary game theory is applied in a variety of settings, ranging from economics to socio-technical networks. The core concept in evolutionary game theory is evolutionary dynamics, which determines the composition of strategies in the population at steady state. Most evolutionary dynamics are modeled to descriptively showcase the utility derived from interactions between random pairs of players in well-mixed populations, or random pairs of neighbors in structured populations. In real-life social and socio-technical networks, it is more appropriate to evaluate a player's utility as a collection of interactions with its neighbors. To understand this; in practice, people form opinions by means of observation and imitation, by not just one friend, but a collection of friends. This paper displays a variation of the pairwise imitation dynamics where players imitate the most well-off neighbor. This process is memory-less i.e., players only use the outcome of the current game to determine their strategies in subsequent games. Empirical results demonstrate that in real-life social networks, this imitation dynamic leads to a polarized population with games that have multiple pure strategy Nash equilibria such as the Stag-Hunt game and anti-coordination games like Hawk-Dove, where an "undecided" population indefinitely swings between two strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Cancers are the result of eco-evolutionary processes fueled by heritable phenotypic diversification and driven by environmentally dependent selection. Space represents a key growth-limiting ecological resource, the ability to explore this resource is likely under strong selection. Using agent-based modeling, we explored the interplay between phenotypic strategies centered on gaining access to new space through cell-extrinsic degradation of extracellular matrix barriers and the exploitation of this resource through maximizing cell proliferation. While cell proliferation is a cell-intrinsic property, newly accessed space represents a public good, which can benefit both producers and non-producers. We found that this interplay results in ecological succession, enabling emergence of large, heterogeneous, and highly proliferative populations. Even though in our simulations both remodeling and proliferation strategies were under strong positive selection, their interplay led to sub-clonal architecture that could be interpreted as evidence for neutral evolution, warranting cautious interpretation of inferences from sequencing of cancer genomes.

A deep recognition of interdependence can become a foundation for what Buddhist scholar David Loy calls "bodhisattva activism"-wherein each new situation presents an opportunity to re-orient from individual separateness toward a shared identity. Our mainstream culture, forged in medieval Europe and rationalized by reductionist science from the seventeenth century onward, tells us to find our identity in separation, just like the Christian soul. "I am life that wills to live in the midst of life that wills to live" - Albert Schweitzer There was a debate that fascinated theologians in Christian Europe for a millennium or so, engaging them as recently as the nineteenth century. [Extracted from the article]

The goal of this paper is to defend the theory of generalized evolution (GE) against criticisms by laying down its theoretical principles and their applications in a unified way. Section 2 develops GE theory and its realization in biological evolution (BE) and cultural evolution (CE). The core of GE theory consists of the three Darwinian principles together with the models of population dynamics (PD). Section 3 reconstructs the most important differences between BE and CE. While BE is predominantly based on the replication of genes, CE is based on the reproduction of memes. Memes are understood as the informational "software" of human brains transmitted through social learning processes. The ontology of memes and the concept of cultural fitness is carved out and refined. Finally, section 4 articulates the minimal ontological assumptions of GE theory and the quantitative principles of generalized PD that unify biological PD and evolutionary game theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of fitness is central to evolutionary biology. Models of evolutionary change typically use some quantity called "fitness" which measures an organism's reproductive success. But what exactly does it mean that fitness is such a measure? In what follows, we look at the interplay between abstract evolutionary models and quantitative measures of fitness and develop a measurement-theoretic perspective on fitness in order to explore what makes certain measures of fitness significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ever since proposals for generalizing the theory of natural evolution have been put forward, the aims and ambitions of both proponents and critics have differed widely. Some consider such proposals as merely metaphors, some as analogies, some aim at a real generalization and unification, and some have even proposed to work out full reductions. In this paper it is argued that these different forms of generalizing the theory of evolution can be systematically re-framed as different approaches for transferring justification from the natural to the cultural realm, and that their differences are basically a matter of degree. With the help of such a classification it should become clearer what to expect, but also what not to expect from the different approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many scholars have rejected cultural evolutionary theory on the grounds that cultural variation is directed and intentionally created, rather than incremental and blind with respect to function, as is the case for novel genetic variation in genetic evolution. Meanwhile, some cultural evolution researchers insist that cultural variation is blind and undirected, and the only directional force is selection of randomly-generated variants. Here I argue that neither of these positions are tenable. Cultural variation is directed in various ways. While this does not invalidate cultural evolution, more attention should be paid to the different sources of non-randomness in culturally evolving systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Essay postulates, using scientific references from some of the world's leading neurologists, the organic location of 'subconsciousness'. It also postulates, upon the same basis, an original theory on the evolution of language. In doing so, the Essay uncloaks the most fundamental, yet most forgotten component of the human brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a novel grey decision-differential evolution (GD-DE) optimized internal model controller is proposed for the control of nonlinear aeroelastic blade system (ABS) under time-varying uncertainties and control saturations. Two-port internal model control structure is presented for saturation compensation. The filter parameter of the controller is optimally tuned by proposed GD-DE algorithm, which is designed based on the grey decision incidence theory and differential evolution algorithm. The superiority of GD-DE optimized tuning technique is verified, compared to conventional IMC tuning method and other evolutionary algorithm based techniques. The robustness is analysed by comprehensive simulations from time-invariant uncertainties to large periodic or random time-varying uncertainties. The realistic condition with input/output disturbances is also involved. Simulation results show that the proposed controller outperforms existing adaptive IMC controller and other advanced controllers with greatly improved dynamic performance, stronger robustness and better saturation compensation on various conditions. • Nonlinear aeroelastic blade system with large periodic/random time-varying uncertainties. • Design of grey decision modified differential evolution (GD-DE) algorithm. • GD-DE optimized two-port IMC vibration controller is proposed. • A comparative performance analysis with conventional adaptive IMC controller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study used a sequential exploratory mixed method to examine the effectiveness of using an electronic portfolio to assess the scientific literacy of evolution theory. As much as 135 university students majoring in biology education were involved as research participants. They were asked to create the electronic portfolio by using any learning artifacts produced during the classroom activities including direct and virtual practicums, reading activities, direct and online discussions, quizzes, and formative examinations. Evolutionary Scientific Literacy by electronic portfolio consists of Scientific Literacy skills namely Nominal, Functional, Conceptual, Multidimensional levels, and electronic portfolios skills namely beginner, intermediate, proficient and advanced level. The results depicted that the Evolutionary Scientific Literacy skills of students were at the beginner-nominal level (71.4%) and the advancedmultidimensional level (9.5%). Another finding disclosed was that students showed a positive response to the electronic portfolio creation. This study suggests that an electronic portfolio can be used as an assessment tool of the scientific literacy of evolution theory relevant to industrial revolution 4.0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Criticism of Au Bonheur des Dames has traditionally framed the novel's Darwinian dynamics in terms of socioeconomic natural selection. We explore another facet of Darwinism in the novel: sexual selection. The urban modernity of Au Bonheur des Dames belies Zola's concern with deep time. We consider courtship and seduction in the novel in the context of nineteenth-century theories of evolution. Darwin's The Descent of Man revised the theory of natural selection to account for aesthetics in mate selection. With its focus on fashion and mating, Au Bonheur is a laboratory for Zola's ideas about competition and display in human coupling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Viruses, including the SARS-CoV-2 virus responsible for the current COVID-19 epidemic, are a key to the understanding of life and evolution. Cells may have arisen from aqueous sequestration inside a lipid envelope studded with chromophores capable of capturing solar photons. Nitrogen incorporation in the primordial cell chemistry allowed synthesis of amino acids and nucleic acids, a prelude to RNA and subsequently DNA. Metagenomics provides access to nucleoprotein sediments synthesised by a googol of metabolically differentiated cells that have marked the evolution of life. Replication of a virus, a nucleoprotein particle, occurs passively in competent cells. Viruses are only identified in the context of the epidemic that they induce as a result of transmission from one host to another. By breaking down the viral particle, the host cell appears to resurrect the metabolic function of the nucleic acid, which synthesises its components without any form of control. Viral products undergo self-assembly and are exported by either exocytosis or cytolysis. In the absence of cells, viruses appear to be inert. However, intracellular contamination of a virus does not always result in replication: the viral genome can disappear, remain latent, wake up, remain embedded in the cellular genome, become an oncogene or induce auto-immunity. The presence of endogenous retroviruses in eukaryotic cells raises the question of their possible role in evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many researchers have turned to evolutionary theory to better understand diversity in leadership. Evolutionary theories of leadership, in turn, draw on ethnographic cases of societies thought to more closely resemble the smaller-scale, face-to-face communities in which humans evolved. Currently, though, there is limited systematic data on the nature of leadership in such societies. We coded 109 dimensions of leadership, including costs and benefits relevant to evolutionary models, in 1212 ethnographic texts from 59 mostly nonindustrial populations in Human Relations Area Files (HRAF). We discovered evidence for both cultural universals in leadership, as well as important variation by continental region, subsistence strategy, group context, and leader sex. Candidate universals included that leaders were intelligent and knowledgeable, resolved conflicts, and received material and social benefits. Evidence for other leader dimensions varied by group context (e.g., there was more evidence that leaders of kin groups were older and tended to provide counsel and direction), subsistence (e.g., hunter-gatherers tended to lack leaders with coercive authority), and sex (e.g., female leaders tended to be associated with family contexts). There was generally more evidence of benefits than costs for both leaders and followers, with material, social, and mating benefits being particularly important for leaders, and material and other benefits important for followers. Shamans emerged as an important category of leaders who did not clearly conform to influential models that emphasize two leader strategies: using knowledge and expertise to provide benefits to followers vs. using physical formidability to impose costs. Instead, shamans and other leaders with supernatural abilities used their knowledge to both provide benefits and impose costs on others. We therefore propose a modified scheme in which leaders deploy their cognitive, social, material, and somatic capital to provide benefits and/or impose costs on others. • Comprehensive cross-cultural assessment of leadership traits • Universals include that leaders are knowledgeable, intelligent, and resolve conflicts. • Leaders receive important material, social, and reproductive benefits. • Shaman leaders use knowledge to provide benefits and impose costs. • The importance of shaman leaders highlights value of evidence from non-WEIRD cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinicians in Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic (WEIRD) societies are rethinking whether Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is caused solely by exposure to life-threatening experiences, or also by moral injury—witnessing or participating in acts that violate moral beliefs. However, while there are evolutionary hypotheses explaining PTSD as a response to physical danger, the evolutionary roots of moral injury lack an explanation. We posit that a subset of symptoms of combat-related PTSD is associated with moral injury and that these symptoms evolved in tandem with human's norm-psychology. We can examine this hypothesis by comparing societies with different moral beliefs about warfare, norm enforcement mechanisms, and spheres of moral concern. To illustrate the utility of this framework, we describe combat trauma, war norms, and norm enforcement among Turkana pastoralist warriors in Kenya who participate in highly lethal raids of neighboring ethnic groups. We previously showed that depressive PTSD symptoms in Turkana warriors are more strongly associated with experiencing moral violations in combat, and that Turkana warriors with comparably high overall PTSD symptom-severity experience lower rates of depressive symptoms than US combat veterans. Here we detail aspects of Turkana warfare, moral beliefs, and post-battle rituals that differ from WEIRD societies, and that may ameliorate the symptoms of moral injury in Turkana warriors. Our findings highlight how further studies of combat trauma outside of WEIRD militaries can help evaluate this theory and illustrate the importance of cross-cultural research for identifying the evolutionary roots of combat stress and best practices for prevention and recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decades of research conducted in Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, & Democratic (WEIRD) societies have led many scholars to conclude that the use of mental states in moral judgment is a human cognitive universal, perhaps an adaptive strategy for selecting optimal social partners from a large pool of candidates. However, recent work from a more diverse array of societies suggests there may be important variation in how much people rely on mental states, with people in some societies judging accidental harms just as harshly as intentional ones. To explain this variation, we develop and test a novel cultural evolutionary theory proposing that the intensity of kin-based institutions will favor less attention to mental states when judging moral violations. First, to better illuminate the historical distribution of the use of intentions in moral judgment, we code and analyze anthropological observations from the Human Area Relations Files. This analysis shows that notions of strict liability—wherein the role for mental states is reduced—were common across diverse societies around the globe. Then, by expanding an existing vignette-based experimental dataset containing observations from 321 people in a diverse sample of 10 societies, we show that the intensity of a society's kin-based institutions can explain a substantial portion of the population-level variation in people's reliance on intentions in three different kinds of moral judgments. Together, these lines of evidence suggest that people's use of mental states has coevolved culturally to fit their local kin-based institutions. We suggest that although reliance on mental states has likely been a feature of moral judgment in human communities over historical and evolutionary time, the relational fluidity and weak kin ties of today's WEIRD societies position these populations' psychology at the extreme end of the global and historical spectrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ken Wilber has argued for a spiritual view of evolution. To make his case he has defended three knowledge claims: (1) current science fails to explain major transformations in evolution, (2) some scientific views seem to support his view that the cosmos is inherently creative, and (3) his own theory of evolution is "the only theory that can actually explain the mysteries of evolution." The validity of these three claims is questioned by the argument that a more believable integration of evolutionary theory within integral theory is called for. This requires both an openness to criticism and more solid expertise in this specific field of science. Thus far, both of these features have been lacking within both Wilber&'s writings and the integral community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper is to critically analyse one of the many attempts to explain the origin of our morality using evolutionary theory. Specifically, this paper deals with an anthropological theory presented by Curry, Mullins and Whitehouse in which they predict existence of seven universal moral patterns. They assume that these patterns and morality as such are a biological and cultural response to a need to establish cooperation in human societies. Several weaknesses of their moral theory are pointed out with the conclusion that their theory may be able to explain why it is advantageous with respect to natural selection to prefer certain behaviour, but not why we attribute moral evaluations to a given behaviour. Therefore, their theory does not provide a reason to regard moral elements analysed in the paper as evolutionarily acquired adaptations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

P. Bourdieu's contributions to disciplinary fields constitute the theoretical framework to understand the operational processes within the production of knowledge. Anthropology--in particular Archeology--posits an interesting case as it has been influenced by evolutionary theory and several traditions from the social and natural sciences. Its context has been abundant in diverse philosophical ideas on humankind, from God´s creature to a biological and cultural being, one that results from material evolution and assigned as subject and object to an epistemological dimension. The questions surrounding the development of this discipline are briefly reconstructed, starting with the methodologies that trace its logic and traditions. Also analyzed are those tensions emerging from the limits of material evidence in inferences concerning cultural patterns, where we assess the pros and cons of 'medium range theories' as a resource to interpret evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The initial application of evolutionary theory to the universal practice of music-making in humans was at best marginal and at worst dismissive of non-Western musics. Darwin's biography defines an agenda for musicality in the emergence of human culture that is receiving considerable attention in several disciplines, presenting a robust case for the contribution which collective and individual musical experience makes to the education of the young, and to the lifelong capacity for musical participation. Natural Selection conveys how the anatomical prerequisites for musicality may have evolved. These conferred a voice that is fundamentally musical in its capacity for the meaningful control of pitch, duration, volume and timbre. This can be attributed to upright posture and bipedal locomotion, their consequences for rhythmic co-ordination, and the independent role in music-making of the feet and hands. Sexual Selection illustrates the means by which musical response and participation pass from parent to child, allied to the clear difference in range between women's and men's voices, a further aspect of the musical landscape prefigured in Darwin's work. This paper presents accumulating evidence in setting out an agenda for the proper role of music in schools. If music was, in Cross's words 'The most important thing we ever did' (1999), the communicative achievement that forms the basis for the subsequent development of language, then it should not remain a luxury available only to those students we select as gifted. Rather, it must take its place as the developmental basis for social organisation, mental integration, and rational thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hundreds of studies demonstrate human cognitive biases that are both inconsistent with "rational" decision-making and puzzlingly patterned. One such bias, the "endowment effect" (also known as "reluctance to trade"), occurs when people instantly value an item they have just acquired at a much higher price than the maximum they would have paid to acquire it. This bias impedes a vast range of real-world transactions, making it important to understand. Prior studies have documented items that do or do not generate endowment effects, and have noted that the effects vary in magnitude. But none has predicted any of the substantial between-item variation in those magnitudes across a large and novel set of items. Working from evolutionary theory, we derived six factors that predicted 52% of the between-item variation in magnitudes for a novel set of 24 items. These results deepen understanding of both the causes of and patterns in endowment effects. More broadly, they suggest that many other cognitive biases may be similarly approached, and potentially linked by a common theoretical framework. • Presence and magnitude of the endowment effect varies substantially across items. • No theory has predicted variations in those magnitudes across many novel items. • Evolutionary theory links evolutionary salience to endowment effect magnitudes. • Evolutionary salience predicted 52% of variation in endowment effect magnitudes. • This suggests some other cognitive biases may also reflect evolved adaptations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evolutionary theories suggest that humans prefer sexual dimorphism in faces because masculinity in men and femininity in women may be an indicator of immune function during development. In particular, the immunocompetence handicap hypothesis proposes that sexual dimorphism indicates good immune function during development because the sex hormones, particularly testosterone in men, required for the development of sexually dimorphic facial features also taxes the immune system. Therefore, only healthy males can afford the high level of testosterone for the development of sexually dimorphic traits without compromising their survival. Researchers have suggested that a similar mechanism via the effects of oestrogen might also explain male preferences for female femininity. Despite the prominence of the immunocompetence handicap hypothesis, no studies have tested whether immune function during development predicts adult facial sexual dimorphism. Here, using data from a longitudinal public health dataset, the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study (Generation 2), we show that some aspects of immune function during early adolescence (14 years) positively predict sexually dimorphic 3D face shape in both men and women. Our results support a fundamental assumption that facial sexual dimorphism is an indicator of immune function during the development of facial sexual dimorphism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to Michael Polanyi's theory of emergent evolution, the Darwinian mechanism of natural selection is not the fundamental driving force of evolution, merely its primary lower-level condition. It follows that Polanyi does not reject Darwin's theory at all, it is part of his theory of emergent evolution too, he merely rejects the neo-Darwinian theory which denies even the possibility of higher-level principles in evolution. In Polanyi's view, according to the logic of emergence, both lower-level conditions (natural selection) and higher-level principles (mainly the ordering principle of life and evolution) determines the process of evolution, but the fundamental driving force of evolution is the living beings themselves that realize the ascending evolutionary achievements. This means that the essence of evolutionary emergence is nothing more but the emergence of (tacit) knowledge through the successive generations of living beings. If Polanyians do not accept his theory of emergent evolution and reject neo-Darwinism, which, unfortunately, they usually do not do, then his theory of tacit and personal knowledge will lose its meaning utterly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this work I propose a theory of evolution as a process of unfolding. This theory is based on four logically concatenated principles. The principle of evolutionary order establishes that the more complex cannot be generated from the simpler. The principle of origin establishes that there must be a maximum complexity that originates the others by logical deduction. Finally, the principle of unfolding and the principle of actualization guarantee the development of the evolutionary process from the simplest to the most complex. These logical principles determine the existence of a virtual ideological matrix that contains the sequence of the preformed and folded morphogenetic fields. In this manner, the evolutionary process consists of the sequential unfolding and actualization of these fields, which is motorized by a process of teleologization carried out by the opening consciousness of the forms included in the fields of the ideological matrix. This theory leads to a radical change of perspective regarding the materialist worldview, and places life at the center of the evolutionary process as an activity carried out by a consciousness that seeks to fulfill a purpose by actualizing its own potentialities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper mainly explores the decision-making of enterprises on information sharing (IS) in forest product supply chain (FPSC). Firstly, several influencing factors of the IS between FPSC enterprises were identified according to the relevant literature, namely, the IS degree, information absorption capacity, the IS cost, incentive coefficient, penalty coefficient, risk coefficient and synergy coefficient. Based on these factors, the author constructed an evolutionary game model for the decision-making of the IS. Then, the dynamic evolution of the IS between FPSC enterprises was simulated on the Matlab, followed by the discussion on the impact of each factor on the IS decisions of each side. The results show that the IS between FPSC enterprises is promoted by the IS degree, information absorption capacity, incentive coefficient, penalty coefficient and synergy coefficient, but suppressed by the IS cost and risk coefficient. Finally, four countermeasures were suggested to enhance the IS between FPSC enterprises, including raising the IS awareness, enhancing information absorption capacity, creating an IS mechanism, and strengthening IS coordination. The research findings provide a reference for improving the IS between FPSC enterprises and enhancing the performance of the FPSC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate by questionnaire the feelings and the expectations of the different members of the operating room (OR) team in terms of communication during a robotic surgery with remote operator immersion. A total of 130 questionnaires were sent to several surgical units equipped for robotic surgery and addressed to operators (O), operative assistants (OA) and scrub nurses (SN). It included 32 questions addressing the following themes: function, experience, previous training, impressions about communication (difficulties, the place of verbal interactions, evolution with experience and role of each team member in communication). Only 17.4% of responses reported the use of communication protocols. The need for systematic description by the OA/SN of the difficulties in performing an action outside the operator's visual field was perceived as "essential" by 59%, 44.4% and 73.7%, "useful" by 35.9%, 55.6% and 21.1% of the SN, OA and O, respectively. Impaired communication was experienced during the learning phase by 60%, 80% and 57.9% of the SN, OA and O, respectively. During the apprenticeship phase, > 92% of the OR team members felt that a systematic mode of verbal control was particularly useful. With the acquisition of experience, 82.1%, 80% and 73.7% of the SN, OA and O, respectively, thought it was necessary to continue a systematic mode of communication. With immersion, the surgeon unconsciously loses non-verbal exchange and becomes cut off from his surgical environment. The assistant is the one who perceives feelings of isolation most acutely. Therefore, interaction and communication must be verbal, systematic and safe. Systematic verbal communication should be reinforced during the training phase and continued thereafter although it could become more relaxed as experience increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Matthew Rampley´s The Seductions of Darwin. Art, Evolution, Neuroscience presents a strong critique of evolutionary and neuroscientific approaches to art. The review critically analyses author´s positions, arguments and rhetoric, concluding that the book fails in its objective to examine the value of biological approaches for art history and thus contribute to bridging the divide between science and art.

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