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Tourist destinations generally offer a variety of attractions that local authorities or destination management organizations (DMOs) may incorporate into their promotional activities. This diversity of available assets has different stakeholder groups having to decide what the destination actually stands for. The present study connects existing frameworks about evolutionary dynamics and place marketing and applies them to multifaceted destinations to provide fresh insights into how these can be managed. It extends the discussion by taking the city of Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, as an in-depth case study to illustrate how multiple assets as well as multiple place identities can impact the management of a given destination. The main data source consisted of semi-structured interviews which were used to explore the (typologies of) attractions that best represent the destination and how these should be promoted according to the local institutional stakeholders. The results show that being a multifaceted destination poses significant challenges to the definition of tourism marketing strategies, even if most stakeholders agree that a shift from the traditional, beach-related elements towards more (intangible) cultural resources is necessary. The paper concludes by drawing some theoretical implications as well as practical recommendations for multiple asset destinations.

Os grandes avanços das últimas décadas, tanto nas teorias cognitivas quanto na biologia evolutiva, ainda não se fundiram totalmente. A maioria das hipóteses evolucionárias em torno da mente ainda se apóia no cognitivismo clássico, enquanto a maioria das teorias da cognição ainda busca explicações adaptativas. Acreditamos que a fusão de novas teorias cognitivas em uma explicação pluralística pode melhorar muito nossa compreensão do que é a cognição e de como ela evoluiu., The great advances of the last decades both in cognitive theories and in evolutionary biology have not yet fully merged. Most evolutionary hypotheses around the mind still rely on classical cognitivism, while most theories of cognition still look for adaptive explanations. We believe that the merging of novel cognitive theories into a pluralistic account can greatly improve our understanding of both what cognition is and how it evolved.

Os grandes avanços das últimas décadas, tanto nas teorias cognitivas quanto na biologia evolutiva, ainda não se fundiram totalmente. A maioria das hipóteses evolucionárias em torno da mente ainda se apóia no cognitivismo clássico, enquanto a maioria das teorias da cognição ainda busca explicações adaptativas. Acreditamos que a fusão de novas teorias cognitivas em uma explicação pluralística pode melhorar muito nossa compreensão do que é a cognição e de como ela evoluiu., The great advances of the last decades both in cognitive theories and in evolutionary biology have not yet fully merged. Most evolutionary hypotheses around the mind still rely on classical cognitivism, while most theories of cognition still look for adaptive explanations. We believe that the merging of novel cognitive theories into a pluralistic account can greatly improve our understanding of both what cognition is and how it evolved.

Los conceptos evolutivos pueden tener un gran atractivo al estudiar la cultura material y sus objetos diseñados. De hecho, existe una sólida tradición en el uso de analogías biológicas para comprender los diseños, como ocurre en el campo de la biónica, donde la simulación de procesos vitales aboga no solo por un enfoque de naturaleza puramente cognitiva sino, más bien, por un programa operativo permitiendo la traducción de isomorfismos entre organismos vivos y tecnología en soluciones de diseño efectivas. De manera más general, las ciencias naturales ofrecen un aparato extraordinariamente rico para aplicar analogías a los dominios de las ciencias de lo artificial. Pero, ¿cuán ampliamente aplicables son las metáforas darwinianas? ¿En qué medida los conceptos darwinianos de variación y selección proporcionan herramientas teóricas significativas en la innovación de productos? ¿Qué pueden aportar al análisis de los diseños de productos? Para ello, este estudio toma la forma de una revisión de la literatura sobre enfoques evolutivos para el análisis del cambio tecnológico, junto con una serie de interpretaciones sobre las analogías entre la evolución natural y la dinámica de generación de variedades de productos., Os conceitos evolucionários podem ter grande apelo no estudo da cultura material e seus objetos projetados. Na verdade, existe uma tradição robusta no uso de analogias biológicas para entender projetos, como ocorre no campo da biônica, onde a simulação de processos vitais preconiza não apenas uma abordagem de natureza puramente cognitiva, mas, sim, um programa operativo permitindo a tradução de isomorfismos entre organismos vivos e tecnologia em soluções de design eficazes. De maneira mais geral, as ciências naturais oferecem um aparato incomumente rico para analogias a serem aplicadas aos domínios das ciências do artificial. Mas quão amplamente aplicáveis são as metáforas darwinianas? Até que ponto os conceitos darwinianos de variação e seleção fornecem ferramentas teóricas significativas para a inovação de produtos? O que eles podem acrescentar à análise de projetos de produtos? Para tanto, este estudo assume a forma de uma revisão da literatura sobre abordagens evolutivas para a análise das mudanças tecnológicas, juntamente com uma série de interpretações sobre as analogias entre a evolução natural e a dinâmica de geração de variedades de produtos., Evolutionary concepts may have great appeal when studying material culture and its designed objects. As a matter of fact, there is robust tradition in using biological analogies to understand designs, as it occurs in the field of bionics, where the simulation of vital processes advocates not only an approach of a purely cognitive nature but, rather, an operative programme allowing the translation of isomorphisms between living organisms and technology into effective design solutions. More generally, natural sciences offer an uncommonly rich apparatus for analogies to be applied to the domains of the sciences of the artificial. But how widely applicable are Darwinian metaphors? To which extent do the Darwinian concepts of variation and selection provide meaningful theoretical tools across product innovation? What can they add to the analysis of product designs? To this end, this study takes the form of a literature review about evolutionary approaches to the analysis of technological change, along with a number of interpretations about the analogies between natural evolution and the dynamics of product variety generation.

The objective of the DUABE, is to implement a teaching proposal that promotes meaningful learning of students (Ausubel), through collaborative work (Vygotsky), considering cognitive variability, when approaching Evolutionary Biology. The main question of the research is: How does the implementation of a teaching proposal based on the Universal Design for Evolutionary Biology Learning (DUABE in Spanish) affect the performance, meaningful learning, degree of satisfaction and school attitude of the students? The research is solved by means of a mixed qualitative-quantitative, experimental (pre-experiment) methodology for performance and learning, and a non-experimental (ex post facto) methodology for the variables the degree of satisfaction and school attitude of students in the first year of high school in a mixed municipal high school in Santiago, Chile. Essay tests, conceptual mapping, discourse analysis of individual interviews, surveys of appreciation of school attitude and degree of satisfaction are applied. As results, students achieve 45% progress in academic performance between the initial and final stages, and 70% of them achieve significant learning. DUABE is highly accepted by students over 80% in its three categories: academic experience, didactic and teaching practice, and against school attitude an achievement over 70%., El objetivo del DUABE, es implementar una propuesta de enseñanza que propenda al aprendizaje significativo de los estudiantes (Ausubel), mediante trabajo colaborativo (Vygotsky), considerando variabilidad cognitiva, al abordar la Biología Evolutiva. La investigación tiene como pregunta central: ¿Cómo afecta en el rendimiento, aprendizaje significativo, grado de satisfacción y actitud escolar de los estudiantes, la implementación de una propuesta de enseñanza basada en el Diseño Universal para el Aprendizaje de la Biología Evolutiva (DUABE)? La investigación se resuelve mediante metodología mixta cualitativa-cuantitativa, experimental (pre experimento) para rendimiento y aprendizaje, y una metodología no experimental (ex post facto) para las variables el grado de satisfacción y actitud escolar de estudiantes de primer año de enseñanza media de un liceo municipal mixto de Santiago, Chile. Se aplican prueba de ensayo, confección de mapa conceptual, análisis de discurso de entrevistas individuales, encuestas de apreciación sobre actitud escolar y grado de satisfacción. Como resultados los estudiantes logran avanzar en un 45% en el rendimiento académico entre el estado inicial y final y un 70% de ellos logrando aprendizaje significativo. DUABE es altamente aceptado por los estudiantes superior al 80% en sus tres categorías: experiencia académica, didáctica y práctica docente, y frente a la actitud escolar un logro sobre el 70%.

Direct tests of the random or non-random distribution of nucleotides on genomes have been devised to test the hypothesis of neutral, nearly-neutral or selective evolution. These tests are based on the direct base distribution and are independent of the functional (coding or non-coding) or structural (repeated or unique sequences) properties of the DNA. The first approach described the longitudinal distribution of bases in tandem repeats under the Bose–Einstein statistics. A huge deviation from randomness was found. A second approach was the study of the base distribution within dinucleotides whose bases were separated by 0, 1, 2… K nucleotides. Again an enormous difference from the random distribution was found with significances out of tables and programs. These test values were periodical and included the 16 dinucleotides. For example a high “positive” (more observed than expected dinucleotides) value, found in dinucleotides whose bases were separated by (3K + 2) sites, was preceded by two smaller “negative” (less observed than expected dinucleotides) values, whose bases were separated by (3K) or (3K + 1) sites. We examined mtDNAs, prokaryote genomes and some eukaryote chromosomes and found that the significant non-random interactions and periodicities were present up to 1000 or more sites of base separation and in human chromosome 21 until separations of more than 10 millions sites. Each nucleotide has its own significant value of its distance to neutrality; this yields 16 hierarchical significances. A three dimensional table with the number of sites of separation between the bases and the 16 significances (the third dimension is the dinucleotide, individual or taxon involved) gives directly an evolutionary state of the analyzed genome that can be used to obtain phylogenies. An example is provided.

La obra científica de Thorndike se desarrolla durante un período de grandes cambios institucionales y profesionales en la psicología norteamericana. En el seno de estos cambios, la obra de este autor sobresale como uno de los referentes más claros, permanentes y respetados. Probablemente, ello se deba a que en su trabajo destacan como características más básicas el uso de métodos experimentales, la simplicidad conceptual, el rigor y la consistencia interna. Rasgos que se encuentran ya en su tesis doctoral, una de las pocas que se han convertido en un clásico., Thorndike’ scientific works developed within an epoch in which North American Psychology underwent deep institutional and professional changes. During those changes, his work was one of the most enduring, respected and clearer standard. Probably, as a result of its main features: experimental methods, conceptual simplicity, meticulousness and internal consistency. All these features can be found in his thesis, one of the few one that has become a classic.

La obra científica de Thorndike se desarrolla durante un período de grandes cambios institucionales y profesionales en la psicología norteamericana. En el seno de estos cambios, la obra de este autor sobresale como uno de los referentes más claros, permanentes y respetados. Probablemente, ello se deba a que en su trabajo destacan como características más básicas el uso de métodos experimentales, la simplicidad conceptual, el rigor y la consistencia interna. Rasgos que se encuentran ya en su tesis doctoral, una de las pocas que se han convertido en un clásico., Thorndike’ scientific works developed within an epoch in which North American Psychology underwent deep institutional and professional changes. During those changes, his work was one of the most enduring, respected and clearer standard. Probably, as a result of its main features: experimental methods, conceptual simplicity, meticulousness and internal consistency. All these features can be found in his thesis, one of the few one that has become a classic.

La obra científica de Thorndike se desarrolla durante un período de grandes cambios institucionales y profesionales en la psicología norteamericana. En el seno de estos cambios, la obra de este autor sobresale como uno de los referentes más claros, permanentes y respetados. Probablemente, ello se deba a que en su trabajo destacan como características más básicas el uso de métodos experimentales, la simplicidad conceptual, el rigor y la consistencia interna. Rasgos que se encuentran ya en su tesis doctoral, una de las pocas que se han convertido en un clásico., Thorndike’ scientific works developed within an epoch in which North American Psychology underwent deep institutional and professional changes. During those changes, his work was one of the most enduring, respected and clearer standard. Probably, as a result of its main features: experimental methods, conceptual simplicity, meticulousness and internal consistency. All these features can be found in his thesis, one of the few one that has become a classic.

La obra científica de Thorndike se desarrolla durante un período de grandes cambios institucionales y profesionales en la psicología norteamericana. En el seno de estos cambios, la obra de este autor sobresale como uno de los referentes más claros, permanentes y respetados. Probablemente, ello se deba a que en su trabajo destacan como características más básicas el uso de métodos experimentales, la simplicidad conceptual, el rigor y la consistencia interna. Rasgos que se encuentran ya en su tesis doctoral, una de las pocas que se han convertido en un clásico., Thorndike’ scientific works developed within an epoch in which North American Psychology underwent deep institutional and professional changes. During those changes, his work was one of the most enduring, respected and clearer standard. Probably, as a result of its main features: experimental methods, conceptual simplicity, meticulousness and internal consistency. All these features can be found in his thesis, one of the few one that has become a classic.

La obra científica de Thorndike se desarrolla durante un período de grandes cambios institucionales y profesionales en la psicología norteamericana. En el seno de estos cambios, la obra de este autor sobresale como uno de los referentes más claros, permanentes y respetados. Probablemente, ello se deba a que en su trabajo destacan como características más básicas el uso de métodos experimentales, la simplicidad conceptual, el rigor y la consistencia interna. Rasgos que se encuentran ya en su tesis doctoral, una de las pocas que se han convertido en un clásico., Thorndike’ scientific works developed within an epoch in which North American Psychology underwent deep institutional and professional changes. During those changes, his work was one of the most enduring, respected and clearer standard. Probably, as a result of its main features: experimental methods, conceptual simplicity, meticulousness and internal consistency. All these features can be found in his thesis, one of the few one that has become a classic.

La obra científica de Thorndike se desarrolla durante un período de grandes cambios institucionales y profesionales en la psicología norteamericana. En el seno de estos cambios, la obra de este autor sobresale como uno de los referentes más claros, permanentes y respetados. Probablemente, ello se deba a que en su trabajo destacan como características más básicas el uso de métodos experimentales, la simplicidad conceptual, el rigor y la consistencia interna. Rasgos que se encuentran ya en su tesis doctoral, una de las pocas que se han convertido en un clásico., Thorndike’ scientific works developed within an epoch in which North American Psychology underwent deep institutional and professional changes. During those changes, his work was one of the most enduring, respected and clearer standard. Probably, as a result of its main features: experimental methods, conceptual simplicity, meticulousness and internal consistency. All these features can be found in his thesis, one of the few one that has become a classic.

La obra científica de Thorndike se desarrolla durante un período de grandes cambios institucionales y profesionales en la psicología norteamericana. En el seno de estos cambios, la obra de este autor sobresale como uno de los referentes más claros, permanentes y respetados. Probablemente, ello se deba a que en su trabajo destacan como características más básicas el uso de métodos experimentales, la simplicidad conceptual, el rigor y la consistencia interna. Rasgos que se encuentran ya en su tesis doctoral, una de las pocas que se han convertido en un clásico., Thorndike’ scientific works developed within an epoch in which North American Psychology underwent deep institutional and professional changes. During those changes, his work was one of the most enduring, respected and clearer standard. Probably, as a result of its main features: experimental methods, conceptual simplicity, meticulousness and internal consistency. All these features can be found in his thesis, one of the few one that has become a classic.

La obra científica de Thorndike se desarrolla durante un período de grandes cambios institucionales y profesionales en la psicología norteamericana. En el seno de estos cambios, la obra de este autor sobresale como uno de los referentes más claros, permanentes y respetados. Probablemente, ello se deba a que en su trabajo destacan como características más básicas el uso de métodos experimentales, la simplicidad conceptual, el rigor y la consistencia interna. Rasgos que se encuentran ya en su tesis doctoral, una de las pocas que se han convertido en un clásico., Thorndike’ scientific works developed within an epoch in which North American Psychology underwent deep institutional and professional changes. During those changes, his work was one of the most enduring, respected and clearer standard. Probably, as a result of its main features: experimental methods, conceptual simplicity, meticulousness and internal consistency. All these features can be found in his thesis, one of the few one that has become a classic.

This review is an exploration of evolutionary theories with the aim to investigate emotional states, well-being and ill-being from an evolutionary perspective. Functional evolutionary theories of emotional states, posit that emotions have evolved as behavior modifiers responding to specific situations that provided fitness benefits in our ancestral past. Exploring this theory gradually uncover clues towards practical, hands-on suggestions as to how to increase life satisfaction and quality of life. Specifically, these suggestions include interacting with kin, reaping stress-reducing and health effects from letting nature be a part of your life, developing deep friendships, and not comparing yourself with the best or most successful individuals in the world.

This review is an exploration of evolutionary theories with the aim to investigate emotional states, well-being and ill-being from an evolutionary perspective. Functional evolutionary theories of emotional states, posit that emotions have evolved as behavior modifiers responding to specific situations that provided fitness benefits in our ancestral past. Exploring this theory gradually uncover clues towards practical, hands-on suggestions as to how to increase life satisfaction and quality of life. Specifically, these suggestions include interacting with kin, reaping stress-reducing and health effects from letting nature be a part of your life, developing deep friendships, and not comparing yourself with the best or most successful individuals in the world.

Ecological-evolutionary theory offers a distinctive perspective on societal change, ie, it draws attention to the enormous & revolutionary power of technological innovations as a source of change. In this light, some implications for European postcommunist societies in the context of transformation are considered. Ecological-evolutionary theory also offers a distinctive perspective on human nature; implications of this are discussed.

Strong reciprocity and other forms of cooperation with non-kin in large groups and in one-time social interactions is difficult to explain with traditional economic or with simple evolutionary accounts. Reciprocity can be costly, while in many instances earning little or no benefit to the individual or its kin. In Ultimatum Games, for example. humans tend in one-shot anonymous interactions towards equal distributions of goods at high individual cost, often encouraged through retributive actions that result in significant personal cost. In this research, an agent-based genetic algorithm model is used to show that in a game similar to the Ultimatum Game, and of which an Ultimatum Game could be interpreted as a subgame, but where the past history of an agent's retributive actions is visible to other agents, strategies exhibiting strong reciprocity can evolve. This model is notable for its conservatism; it presupposes no special features in the structure of the population, relies solely upon potential benefits to kin and offspring, and requires only punishment (and not also reward) as an explanation of the behavior. The model also is consistent with a number of findings on the nature of emotions and related forms of motivation.

Does the Internet's World Wide Web (the web) represent an opportunity or threat to the small firms of the world? In line with recent calls for entrepreneurship research to adopt a more evolutionary approach, this article considers the context, process, and possible outcomes of small place-based firms operating in a web-impacted environment. Despite initial optimism that the web would provide a level-playing field for firms of all sizes, little evidence exist to support such a notion. When the learning abilities deemed necessary to exploit the web are considered, it would seem that only the most entrepreneurial of small firms would likely adapt to web-impacted environments. It is concluded that the present rate of web-based change represents a unique and valuable research opportunity for entrepreneurship researchers.