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When sharing information and opinions about products, services, and experiences, communicators often use either past or present tense (e.g. "That restaurant was great" or "That restaurant is great"). Might such differences in verb tense shape communication's impact, and if so, how? A multimethod investigation, including eight studies conducted in the field and lab, demonstrates that using present (vs. past) tense can increase persuasion. Natural language processing of over 500,000 online reviews in multiple product and service domains, for example, illustrates that reviews that use more present tense are seen as more helpful and useful. Follow-up experiments demonstrate that shifting from past to present tense increases persuasion and illustrate the underlying process through both mediation and moderation. When communicators use present (rather than past) tense to express their opinions and experiences, it suggests that they are more certain about what they are saying, which increases persuasion. These findings shed light on how language impacts consumer behavior, highlight how a subtle, yet central linguistic feature shapes communication, and have clear implications for persuasion across a range of situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the German and Hungarian present and future tenses and the Hungarian present+majd construction in the function of future time reference. Using a corpus of press reports of business, network and weather, a contrastive analysis is made of which factors determine the use of the grammatical means of expressing the future time and how. In particular, frequency, co-occurrence with temporal and modal adverbials, the semantic properties of full verb lexemes and use in subordinate clauses after communicative verbs are analysed. The linguistic data and tendencies are compared with the results of corpus analysis for language of immediacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research draws on the pragmatic approach to ELF initiated by Kecskes (2019), who proposes that temporary norms and routines are created during intercultural encounters and interactions. Based on the qualitative and quantitative analysis of collocate tokens that are strongly associated with the verb phrases of see, look, hear, listen, watch, and feel, retrieved from Asian and European ELF corpora, this study demonstrates the tendency to use similar lexical associative patterns among ELF interlocutors despite their distinct linguacultural backgrounds. An analysis of the lexical associations of the verb phrases in ELF and English Native Language (ENL) corpora further confirms that ELF speakers do not conform to ENL conventions; instead, they start to develop their own norms that are characterized by specific lexical associations and formulaic expressions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the innovations that have arisen during the last several centuries in three pluralizing morphemes in the Basque dialect of Labourd (continental Basque Country). First, I will present the characteristics of Basque auxiliary and synthetic verbs so that we may better understand the three developments that I will then address and analyze: 1) a pluralizer used with transitive verbs that has moved to present tense intransitive verbs by analogy with its occurrence in past tense forms, driven by phonetic similarity; 2) a pluralizer that shows a complex development in its grammar, time and geography, and that we find in the continental Basque Country, but also in the peninsular Basque Country; and 3) a pluralizer that arose in verbs with dative and that came to be used in the transitive verb without dative jakin 'to know' only in Labourd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A substantial body of research has investigated null arguments in L2 Chinese, showing that they can be native-like. However, recent linguistic research has demonstrated convincingly that some 'missing' arguments in Chinese should be viewed not as 'null' arguments but as a result of movement and ellipsis. These advances necessitate a revaluation of the issue of 'null' arguments in previous L2 studies which largely overlooked the role of ellipsis in accounting for missing arguments in L2 Chinese. To fill the lacuna, this study recognises the above recent advances and examines whether missing objects in English speakers' L2 Chinese parallel sentences are a result of verb raising and VP ellipsis and are genuinely native-like. Results of a picture-description task and an acceptability judgement task suggest that although L2ers, like native Chinese speakers, can accept and produce missing objects in Chinese, their native-like performance is driven by mechanisms different from those of native Chinese speakers (i.e., the missing objects are erroneously used as null objects in L2 Chinese). The findings advance our understanding of L1 vs. L2 different mechanisms for phonetically unrealised objects in Chinese, suggesting that what looks native-like in L2 may not necessarily be native-like. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This diachronic, corpus-based study examines Spanish constructions formed with the verb tomar 'take' and nouns of 'emotion', including endogenous nouns with a target participant (e.g. cariño 'affection'), exogenous nouns with a source or cause participant (e.g. tristeza 'sadness'), and hybrid nouns allowing both options (e.g. miedo 'fear'). Such constructions involve three different inchoative ('begin to feel') subschemas. The first one, the Prepositional-Stimulus subschema (e.g. tomar tristeza de algo 'grow sad over something'), included exogenous and hybrid nouns and predominated in the Middle Ages, but disappeared by the 1800s. The other two subschemas, formed with endogenous and hybrid nouns, have survived until today. They include the Prepositional-Goal subschema (e.g. tomar cariño por alguien 'grow fond of someone'), the most frequent of the two in the Middle Ages, and the Dative-Goal subschema (e.g. tomarle cariño a alguien 'grow fond of someone', lit. 'take fondness to someone'), which presumably arose through analogy in the 1400s and subsequently marginalized its prepositional counterpart, becoming the default realization in present-day Spanish. Using the framework of Diachronic Construction Grammar, these changes are analyzed as involving the reconfiguration of a broader network of inchoative light verb constructions with nouns of emotion in Spanish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Andi (East Caucasian) features a verb form that marks an event that is (still) not happening, contrary to the speaker's expectation (i.e. 'Still Not' Present). This form is unusual for several reasons. First, forms of this kind are not typical for the language family. Second, while it conveys negative semantics, the form does not contain negation marking, even though segmentally it is rather heavy in comparison to other synthetic tenses. Third, to our knowledge grammatical 'still not' expressions are typologically uncommon. The paper describes the semantics and morphosyntactic properties of the 'Still Not' Present and suggests a plausible grammaticalization source by comparing dialects and closely related languages. We also try to match the data to typological categories like phasal polarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the diachrony of Latin P-labile verbs (verbs that can be used transitively and intransitively with the preservation of the Patient and without a formal change), availing itself from evidence in medical and veterinary texts from the first to seventh century AD. The first part of the analysis discusses the influence of verbal semantics on the domain of lability in these texts and how lability developed as a diathetic strategy for the anticausative, the causative and the passive in Latin. Special attention is paid to the increase of P-lability as an anticausative strategy and its relation to the mediopassive and reflexive anticausative strategies in Late Latin. The second part of the analysis proposes a new explanation for the increase of P-lability in Latin and discusses the consequences of the development of a semantic-based alignment in Late Latin (the extended accusative) on the syntax and development of P-labile verbs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the vast body of literature on the historical development of the theme-recipient alternation (also known as the "dative" alternation) in Chinese, most studies that have been conducted so far are limited to philological recounts of the binary choice between the prepositional dative and the ditransitive dative across dynasties, which usually spanned centuries. Against this backdrop, we conduct a state-of-the-art variationist analysis of the four variants, utilizing a large and richly annotated diachronic dataset based on a corpus of Chinese texts (1300s–1900s). Using conditional inference trees and conditional random forest analysis, we demonstrate that end-weight effects are the most stable linguistic constraint on variation, while definiteness and animacy of the theme constituent tend to be more fluid. Supplementary distinctive collexeme analysis reveals a strong collostructional interplay between verbs and the variants, including changes involving the prototypical verb of GIVING 给gĕi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is substantial evidence that children's apparent omission of grammatical morphemes in utterances such as "She play tennis" and "Mummy eating" is in fact errors of commission in which contextually licensed unmarked forms encountered in the input are reproduced in a context‐blind fashion. So how do children stop making such errors? In this study, we test the assumption that children's ability to recover from error is related to their developing sensitivity to longer‐range dependencies. We use a pre‐registered corpus analysis to explore the predictive value of different cues with regards to children's verb‐marking errors and observe a developmental pattern consistent with this account. We look at context‐independent cues (the identity of the specific verb being used) and at the relative value of context‐dependent cues (the identity of the specific subject+verb sequence being used). We find that the only consistent effect across a group of 2‐ to 3‐year‐olds and a group of 3‐ to 4‐year‐olds is the relative frequency of unmarked forms of specific subject+verb sequences being used. The relative frequency of unmarked forms of the verb alone is predictive only in the younger age group. This is consistent with an account in which children recover from making errors by becoming progressively more sensitive to context, at first the immediately preceding lexical contexts (e.g., the subject that precedes the verb) and eventually more distant grammatical markers (e.g., the fronted auxiliary that precedes the subject in questions). Research Highlights: We provide a corpus analysis investigating input effects on young children's verb‐marking errors (e.g., Mummy go) across development (between 2 and 4 years of age).We find evidence that these apparent errors of omission are in fact input‐driven errors of commission that persist into the third year of life.We compare the relative effect on error rates of context‐independent (e.g., verb) and context‐dependent (e.g., subject+verb sequence) cues across developmental time.Our findings support the proposal that children recover from making verb‐marking errors by becoming progressively more sensitive to preceding context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the grammaticalization of the verb ʔadʒa 'come' in Jordanian Arabic. The study argues that the verb has been grammaticalized into three meanings that constitute three levels on the grammaticalization pathway. These three meanings coexist i.e. are not considered three diachronic stages. The first meaning is to introduce a purpose clause; it is the least grammaticalized since the core lexical meaning of the verb is still apparent. The second meaning that the verb 'come' is grammaticalized into is intention; it is more advanced since the core lexical meaning is completely absent. The third meaning the verb come is grammaticalized into is prediction. It can be considered the most advanced since the verb come is used as a preposition meaning 'around'. Finally, the paper provides several tests to differentiate the lexical verb from the grammaticalized forms including: the types of complements the lexical verb and gramaticalized forms require, the logical completions of the sentences, negation, and elliptical answers for yes/no questions. All of these tests show that the lexical verb and the grammaticalized forms do not require the same complements, are negated differently, and are asked about in yes/ no questions in a different manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grounded Situation Recognition (GSR) aims to generate structured image descriptions. For a given image, GSR needs to identify the key verb, the nouns corresponding to roles, and their bounding-box groundings. However, current GSR research demands numerous meticulously labeled images, which are labor-intensive and time-consuming, making it costly to expand detection categories. Our study enhances model accuracy in detecting and localizing under data scarcity, reducing dependency on large datasets and paving the way for broader detection capabilities. In this paper, we propose the Grounded Situation Recognition under Data Scarcity (GSRDS) model, which uses the CoFormer model as the baseline and optimizes three subtasks: image feature extraction, verb classification, and bounding-box localization, to better adapt to data-scarce scenarios. Specifically, we replace ResNet50 with EfficientNetV2-M for advanced image feature extraction. Additionally, we introduce the Transformer Combined with CLIP for Verb Classification (TCCV) module, utilizing features extracted by CLIP's image encoder to enhance verb classification accuracy. Furthermore, we design the Multi-source Verb-Role Queries (Multi-VR Queries) and the Dual Parallel Decoders (DPD) modules to improve the accuracy of bounding-box localization. Through extensive comparative experiments and ablation studies, we demonstrate that our method achieves higher accuracy than mainstream approaches in data-scarce scenarios. Our code will be available at https://github.com/Zhou-maker-oss/GSRDS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explain seemingly idiosyncratic restrictions on long passivization of causative/perception verbs in English and Brazilian Portuguese, we show that (a) long passives are blocked wherever the complement of a causative/perception verb constitutes a VoiceP/ProgP phase; (b) both TP complements and VP complements facilitate long passivization. To account for these patterns, we propose that A-movement can only cross a single phase head due to Chomsky's (2001) (second) Phase Impenetrability Condition and cannot use phase-edge escape hatches, but that T's EPP feature serves to feed A-movement into the matrix clause. In essence, successive-cyclic A-movement is possible only where embedded T is present to facilitate it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The line of demarcation drawn between active and passive verbs resides in the direction of the action. The passive voice in standard Arabic can be used when the agent of the sentence is not expressed. The active Arabic sentences are passivized by skipping the agent of the sentence, but without changing the word order. The paper investigates the misuse and abuse of passive voice in Jordanian newspapers. Four cases of Arabic Passive violation spotted in Jordanian written media are analyzed. Three major official newspapers issued in Jordan are chosen for this purpose: Alqhad, Addustoor, and Alrai. It also focuses on violating the Arabic passive rules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Appropriately incorporating other perspectives in an academic text is a challenge for second language learners and their incorporating practices in oral academic discourse are under-researched. Drawing on the account of heterogloss by Martin and his associates (e.g. Martin & Rose, 2007; Martin & White, 2005), this study investigated the heteroglossic practices in 81 oral presentations by the undergraduates enrolled in a 16-week course on English for Academic Purposes (EAP) in China. Textual analysis reveals the learners’ insufficient understanding of legitimate evidence and reporting verbs, overreliance on the high value modal verb (i.e. should) in presenting a proposal, and inappropriate sourcing for generating a concession in academic discourse. Based on the findings, a triadic model concerning heteroglossic practices in learners’ academic discourse is proposed, and pedagogical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grammars of ancient Greek usually mention past modal verbs in the imperfect (e.g., ἔδει or ἐχρῆν) as an exception to general "rules" of tense, aspect, and temporal reference in ancient Greek. Though formally a past imperfect, they do not always refer to the real past, but also to, for example, the counterfactual past "he should have helped [but has not]" or present "you should be silent [but are not]." In this article, I provide one of the first comprehensive corpus studies of these modal verbs as a group (rather than a particular verb) and show how their synchronic variation actually reflects their diachronic developments in the counterfactual life cycle. I also explain how certain past modal verbs (viz. ἔδει and ἐχρῆν) develop post-counterfactual usages that refer to the non-past and why the modal particle is found with modal verbs as well as non-modal verbs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the nuanced meanings of two Old English verbs related to visual perception. Topics include the distinction between agentive and experiential verbs in Old English, the rarity and poetic nature of the verbs wītan and wlātian, and the semantic relationships of these verbs to their cognates in other Germanic languages.

We describe a prosodic pattern that is part of standard negation in five Alaskan Dene languages spoken along the Tanana River. In all of these varieties, this "negative high" differs from the tonal distinction originating from historical constriction. We argue that it originates as an emphatic form of negative verb suffixation that is still partially productive in Koyukon. In the other Tanana languages, the negative high occupies different places in the grammar. In Upper Tanana it is a floating tone which associates with the negative verb stem. In Lower Tanana it is a high tone associated with the negative suffix. In Tanacross and Middle Tanana, the negative high is best analyzed as an utterance-level intonational pattern. To our knowledge, this type of intonational source for tone has not been described for other language families. Our study also has implications for typological studies of standard negation and for language teaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between emotion and language in children is an emerging field of research. To carry out this type of study, researchers need to precisely manipulate the emotional parameters of the words in their experimental material. However, the number of affective norms for words in this population is still limited. To fill this gap, the present report presents a set of 7 norms that measure the emotional parameters (valence, arousal) of words rated by children in French, English, German, Spanish, and Chinese. The high correlations between the valence values and the moderate correlations between arousal values of these norms allow us to determine a cross-language homogeneity of emotional representations in children. Thus, this report introduces a significant metanorm with 508 words characterized by valence and by arousal. This tool is a worthwhile resource for researchers interested in the links between emotion and language, as well as for those interested in cross-language comparisons. The complete database can be downloaded at the following address: https://osf.io/stnbk/ [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the influences of early and intense L2 exposure on children's L1 causative verb production, assessed by an experimental causative verb production task. Turkish expresses causality by morphological and lexical means, whereas English does so by periphrastic and lexical means. Learning L2 English might enhance L1 Turkish causative verb production by highlighting the parallels and contrasts in causal expressions between the languages, which may result in an enriched L1 causative use. Five-, 7 -, and 9-year-old L1-Turkish L2-English bilingual (n = 80) and L1-Turkish monolingual (n = 80) children participated in the study in L1-Turkish. Results indicated that language group differences only emerged for the use of morphological causative verbs in favor of 5-year-old bilinguals compared with monolingual peers. Age group differences occurred only for the monolingual group and only for morphological verbs. Specifically, monolingual 7- and 9-year-olds performed better than monolingual 5-year-olds. Causative verb-type differences were only seen for 5-year-old monolinguals, who performed better for lexical than morphological verbs; in contrast, 5-year-old bilinguals performed equally well on the two types of causatives, and better than 5-year-old monolinguals on morphological causatives. Overall, these findings indicate that learning an L2 with structural similarities and differences compared with L1 might enhance children's awareness and correct use of causal linguistic structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese as a Second Language Research is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Honoured as a Nobel Laureate in 2016, Bob Dylan's song lyrics have garnered well-deserved recognition and appreciation for their themes, content and artistic performances. Part-of-speech characteristics are effective in denoting stylistic features of texts in stylometric studies. The present study carried out a quantitative observation of stylistic features of Dylan's lyrics. Specifically, the study focuses on parts of speech like verbs, adjectives, adverbs, nouns and pronouns. Results of the present study reveal that: (1) Based on the distribution of verbs and adjectives, Dylan's lyrics are significantly active texts, and the activity sequences (Q-sequences) have validated the result in a dynamic way; (2) Dylan's lyrics tend to present the characteristics of a written body; (3) Individualism is prominent in Dylan's lyrics accompanied by the wide use of the first-person singular pronouns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-autoregressive video captioning methods generate visual words in parallel but often overlook semantic correlations among them, especially regarding verbs, leading to lower caption quality. To address this, we integrate action information of highlighted objects to enhance semantic connections among visual words. Our proposed Action-aware Language Skeleton Optimization Network (ALSO-Net) tackles the challenge of extracting action information across frames, improving understanding of complex context-dependent video actions and reducing sentence inconsistencies. ALSO-Net incorporates a linguistic skeleton tag generator to refine semantic correlations and a video action predictor to enhance verb prediction accuracy in video captions. We also address issues of unsatisfactory caption length and quality by jointly optimizing different levels of motion prediction loss. Experimental evaluation on prominent video captioning datasets demonstrates that ALSO-Net outperforms baseline methods by a significant margin and achieves competitive performance compared to state-of-the-art autoregressive methods with smaller model complexity and faster inference time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Igdir University Journal of Social Sciences / Iğdır Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of Igdir University Journal of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The interpersonal aspect of political discourse has long been a central issue in translation studies. This paper adds to this line of research by drawing on the latest modelling of translation by systemic functional linguistics with some related notions of coupling, commitment and grammatical metaphor (GM). The language in focus was the coupling of "manner + cognitive process" as in "kexue renshi (scientifically understand)". This study analysed two processes, renshi 认识 (know) and bawo 把握 (hold), extracted from the Chinese–English paralleled corpus of Xi Jinping: The Governance of China I. The major findings are as follows: (i) Cognitive processes were frequently coupled with evaluative manners in Chinese political discourse; (ii) Translation strategies were highly sensitive to the occurrence of manner; and (iii) Phrasal verbs were likelier to be used to reinstantiate "manner + cognitive process"; and (iv) Semantic prosody, GM and lexicalised intensification were the three mechanisms that helped achieve evaluative adequacy while accommodating acceptability to a target reader. Thus, in a political context, it seems that a translator is highly alert to the peculiarity of the Chinese language and often chooses to retain evaluative forces in translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have demonstrated the existence of a link between action observation (AO) and language. However, the optimizing parameters for this link have not been explored until now. To answer this question, the present study proposed two experiments for assessing the role of motor repertory and attentional focus. Sixty participants performed a priming task in which they had to decide if a verb was or was not an action verb after they saw a point-light display (PLD) representing an action. Only one difference distinguished the experiments. In experiment one, the PLD was either in accordance or not with the gender kinematics of the observer, whereas in the second experiment, the PLD either focused on or was unfocused on the main limbs implied in the action. The results show that motor repertory affects the link between action observation and action verb processing, whereas attentional focus does not. Implications of these results are highlighted in the discussion, notably to better understand the mechanisms that explain the link between action observation and action verb processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overt controlees have been observed in different languages, and previous proposals diverge on whether to analyze them as lexicalized PROs or not. In this study, we present new evidence from Mandarin for non-PRO overt controlees: We argue that although the construction of embedding overt subjects under control verbs is indeed obligatory control, the overt controlees should not be analyzed as lexicalized PROs. Based on the distribution and behavior of overt controlees, this study also demonstrates a structural difference between exhaustive control and partial control, offering independent evidence for recent theoretical proposals on the structure of control and Mandarin clause structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper means to re-examine the source of incompleteness for a clause with a bare verb as predicate and no other markings in Mandarin. I propose that the reason comes from the need for categorial labels at the syntax-semantic interface to produce a clear interpretation. Since there are no grammatical affixes marking category V available in Mandarin, it has to make use of functional morphemes which shape their complement space categorially. The result is that overt (or at least inferable) morphemes from the extended projections of VP must occur to assign category V for the predicate phrase, while a root needs merge with degree morphemes to be a predicate adjective. The analysis shows that some issues traditionally related to finiteness may have a pure syntactic account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is expected that the Spoken language is the first skill that learners of a language must acquire. This is due to the fact that spoken language is the most significant of every method of communication. On the other hand, when it comes to English as a Foreign Language (EFL), students face a variety of challenges that restrict their capabilities. One of the most important phenomena that occurs in the process of learning English as a foreign language (EFL) is the fact that the majority of learners are unable to correctly and fluently utter the English language. The objective of the research is to investigate the difficulties that high school students have when attempting to appropriately pronounce multisyllabic English words. This investigation was carried out in an effort to evaluate the effects of the English course that were represented in the difficulties that learners had in correctly pronouncing English verbs. The responses of students in their second year of high school were surveyed, and the results were acquired through the use of two different instruments. As part of an effort to provide a more in-depth diagnosis regarding issues with English pronunciation, a list of terms was distributed to a sample of fifty Iraqi male students attending three different secondary schools. It is given that analyses of the syllabi are presented in order to provide further details regarding the subject that was studied. According to the findings of the study, remedial pronunciation activities, practice of verbs that are confusing, and phonics procedures should be implemented throughout the course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Towards the long-lingering question of the truth value of certain propositions in the modern philosophy of language, Rudolf Carnap has shed light on it from a Pragmatic point of view. The perspective of Pragmatics proposed by Jef Verschueren coincides with Carnap's theory. It's true that all aspects of language use reflect the pragmatic considerations of language users, especially when it comes to the use of multi-modality verbs. Revealing the pragmatical essence and principles of the use of multi-modality verbs will contribute to fullfilling the requirements of usefulness, fruitfulness, and simplicity. Ultimately, through the variability and negotiability of language, the adapted pragmatical effect can surely be realized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study attempts to analyze and classify different types of conceptual metaphors and their method of conceptualization among Persian compound verbs based on cognitive semantics approach in metaphor analysis. The research method is descriptive -analytical and corpus -driven. Data collection was done through Sokhan's 8 - volume dictionary as well as Persian language database. The research data consists of more than 1000 Persian compound verbs in the form of 20 common Persian language combinations, for each of which 50 current Persian language combinations were examined and analyzed. In fact, the objective of the authors is to analyze the types of conceptual metaphors and their frequency as well as to show their conceptualization among Persian compound verbs .The main objective of the current research is to answer the following questions: 1. How is metaphorical conceptualization formed in Persian compound verbs? 2. Which of the common conceptual metaphors has a higher frequency of occurrence? The results showed that in this corpus there are five domains of source, object, container, human being and material, which all belong to ontological metaphors are with a big difference (especially in comparison with the first two domains) the most frequent source domains in this corpus of Persian . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Persian verb "xâstan" exhibits a dual nature, functioning both as an auxiliary verb and a lexical verb. As a lexical verb, it conveys a range of meanings expressed through various syntactic structures. This research delved into the syntactic and semantic aspects of the mentioned verb in different constructions. The authors proposed that Role and Reference Grammar (RRG), with its focus on complex structures, could provide a comprehensive framework for analyzing the constructions under consideration. RRG conceptualizes complex structures based on "Interclausal Relations Hierarchy", which comprises two syntactic and semantic continua. The syntactic continuum examines juncture -nexus relations, while the semantic continuum explores the type of semantic relations based on the main predicate. This study endeavored to describe the various applications of the verb "xâstan" within the mentioned framework. Additionally, the research findings were employed to evaluate the tenets of RRG. The findings revealed that, semantically, the verb "xâstan" fell within the categories of psych -action, jussive, and propositional attitude predicates. Syntactically, it manifested in the forms of core cosubordination and core subordination. The data for this research were extracted from the corpus of Hamshahri 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of College of Basic Education Researches Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Research on the use of compound verbs in learning the Japanese language becomes crucial as previous studies have not fully addressed aspects related to the necessity of categorizing compound verbs clearly and accurately with a simple understanding. Although Satou (2002) divides verbs based on morphophonology, the research remains incomplete without considering morphosemantic aspects. Therefore, doubts arise regarding the result of combining the two verbs, whether the Verbs Group 1 ‘Godan Doushi’ (V1), referred to as the initial verb element 'zenkouyouso', or the Verbs Group 2 ‘Ichidan Doushi’ (V2), referred to as the final verb element 'gokouyouso', still adhere to the status of the final verb as a jidoushi or tadoushi. Kageyama's (1993) study on the meaning and usage of compound verbs [-dasu] is divided into two groups, indicating a change of place 'ichihenka' and aspect 'aspekuto,' observed in Japanese sentences. The concepts of compound verbs developed by Satou (2002) and Kageyama (2016) are combined eclectically in this research, aiming to obtain accurate data. The results of this analysis may not be well understood without additional support. Therefore, the analysis is presented with the illustrations of compound verbs 「〜dasu」「〜deru」 「〜komu」, which are drawn based on example sentences. This research aims to categorize the meanings of compound verbs in Japanese and illustrate them in pictures. Thus, Japanese language learners will optimally understand the use of those verbs based on both the inherent meaning of verbs and sentence structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Error checking of verb forms in English articles is beneficial for learning English and improving the fluency of English texts. In this study, long shortterm memory (LSTM) was used to recognize the types of errors in verb forms. To maximize the utilization of textual context information, a bidirectional LSTM algorithm was employed. Simulation experiments were then conducted, and the algorithm was evaluated against the support vector machine (SVM) algorithm and the grammar rules-based algorithm. The bidirectional LSTM method demonstrated higher accuracy in recognizing the parts of speech of words and the types of verb form errors in the text. Additionally, the accuracy was more stable when faced with different types of verb form errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents and discusses the results of a non-representative survey conducted with 3166 Вulgarian native speakers, investigating respondents' preferences for competing temporal forms of verbs in different types of subordinate clauses, when the context expresses temporal features that the verb in the subordinate clause should carry. The hypothesis tested includes the expectation that both when choosing from suggested competing verb forms in the subordinate clause and in independently creating forms, respondents would prefer a less marked verb form, replacing the marked one due to syntagmatic (contextual) neutralization of one or more temporal oppositions. However, when choosing from suggested competing forms, it is possible, though not predominantly, for some respondents to opt for a more marked verb form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of emotions has been studied from numerous perspectives in psychology, the history of emotions and religion. This study sheds light on the linguistic devices implemented to articulate emotions in the Qurʾān by taking the emotion verb xāfa ‘to fear’ or ‘to be afraid’ (and its derivatives) as a case study. In both modern and classical dictionaries of the Arabic language as well as in Quranic exegesis, the verb xāfa is often replaced by another verb that expresses fear such as xašiya ‘to be afraid’ or ‘to be in awe’. Here it is shown that the verb xāfa occurs in certain syntactic structures and has specific meanings that are not denoted by other verbs expressing fear in the Qurʾān. Specifically, when the verb xāfa is followed by a subordinate clause that starts with the particle ʾan, it can be rendered as ‘to fear’ or ‘to be afraid’ since the cause of this fear is a probable event. When the verb xāfa is followed by the preposition ʿalā it denotes ‘to fear for [the wellbeing of] someone (e.g., a family member)’ because of a situation in which they are likely to be found. When it is followed by the noun rabb ‘Lord’ or Allāh ‘God’, the verb refers to ‘fear of God’, where fear of His punishment motivates the people to worship Him. When the verbal noun xawf has no object and is used in conjunction with the verbal noun ʾamn (‘security’) it can be interpreted as ‘insecurity about something’. Because the verb xāfa is central to the religious concept of fear of God, it is used in the Qurʾān to express a general and collective attitude of fear or awe. However, xāfa is also used to express individual experiences of fright at specific times or places. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comprehensive study of verbal inflection in the Neo-Aramaic dialect of Baritle (northern Iraq). Similar to other Semitic languages, Baritle uses ‘root and pattern’ morphology and verb roots are generally triliteral. Whereas the core structures of the Baritle verb system align with those found in other North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic languages, Baritle exhibits distinctive variations in several noteworthy aspects. This study of the verbal inflection of Baritle identifies the inflections by number and type. It finds that the verb in Baritle has different functional categories indicating tense, aspect, and mood. It also finds that the verb has various bound pronominals representing the grammatical categories of person, number, and gender of its arguments. This paper documents an endangered language and contributes to the typology of the grammar of natural languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of 54 HS and 17 Spanish-dominant participants completed an elicited production task (EPT) and a forced choice task (FCT) to explore how proficiency, frequency of use, age of acquisition of English, morphological regularity, and lexical frequency affected their production and selection of preterit morphology with states. Results showed that HS' production of preterit with states was negatively correlated with lexical frequency, such that these bilinguals were more likely to use the preterit with less-frequent verbs. Higher-proficiency speakers were less susceptible to the effects of lexical frequency in production. In contrast, proficiency modulated HS' responses in the FCT. HS were more likely to select the preterit in the FCT than to produce it in the EPT. Together, these results support theories of heritage language acquisition that emphasize the role of activation of linguistic features and asymmetries between production and comprehension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Türük: International Language Literature & Folklore Researches Journal / Uluslararası Dil Edebiyat Halkbilimi Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Abant Izzet Baysal University, Faculty of Arts & Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

I will read Genesis 3:16 through the lens of Genesis 4. While Eve has become a fixed object in traditional interpretation as a dangerous temptress for man and the cause of humanity's fall into sin, her story does not end in this chapter. Eve's creative agency as "mother of all living" becomes the framework for the drama that unfolds in Genesis 4. Her body and her voice carry the story of life into the future. This essay shows the connection between Genesis 3:16 and the story in Genesis 4 by moving beyond a linguistic analysis of the common verbs, mashal and teshuqah. I will read the two texts together with the ancient scribes who distinguished Genesis 3:16 by placing this one verse between two setumah markers. Likewise, the story of Eve in Genesis 4:1–5:2 is placed between two setumah markers, thereby showing that ancient Hebrew readings emphasized a close relationship between Genesis 3:16 and Genesis 4:1–5:2. This is opposed to the Christian chapter division, which separates Genesis 3 from the story in Genesis 4, and places Genesis 3 in an authoritative position for the sake of extrapolating the doctrine of the fall into sin with the woman playing the central role in the fall story. I will further engage in deep reading, literary analysis, and performance criticism, and argue that Eve tells her own creation story with masterful subversiveness and creative audacity. The attempt of the essay is to reorient the dominant negative view of Eve toward a more positive, complex, and nuanced reading of her character in the Genesis text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Speakers tend to avoid homophony that is problematic. While Spanish admits some homophony of 1SG and 3SG forms in three arrhizotonic tenses/moods (imperfect, past subjunctive, conditional), in two of the three rhizotonic tenses/moods (present indicative and preterite), the 1SG and 3SG contrast systematically. In the preterite, contrast (DĪXĪ ∼ DĪXIT) was lost in Old Spanish (dix[e] ∼ dix[e]) but subsequently restored (dije ∼ dijo). The development dix(e) > dijo has been attributed to analogical extension of arrhizotonic –o, (cf. amó), with destressing. This article proposes that said extension is the result of anti-homophony (AH). Like analogical extension, AH improves form-function isomorphism yet applies primarily to higher-frequency forms. It is argued that AH targeted 1SG ∼ 3SG homophony selectively, affecting only verb forms without an explicit tense/mood marker (e.g., dixe ∼ dixe vs tenga ∼ tenga). This morphological restriction on AH explains why homophony persisted in four of the seven basic tenses (e.g., tenga ∼ tenga, tenía ∼ tenía, tendría ∼ tendría, tuviera [–se] ∼ tuviera [–se]). The modern pairs fui ∼ fue and di ∼ dio, which are the outcome of heavy competition, are shown to be a straightforward result of AH. In a broader perspective, the drive to distinguish 1SG and 3SG forms has brought about a "1–3 pattern" with a range similar to that of the N-pattern, in which stress is retained in certain paradigmatic cells in the absence of conditioning phonological factors. Destressing –o in forms like dijo and vino served to maintain the integrity of the 1–3 pattern as an organizing principle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis (ABSA) for financial review still has some errors which impact the low accuracy of ABSA performance. One of the errors happens because there are implicit aspects and opinions, which are indicated as polysemy terms. For example, the term spread can refer to the aspect term for financial aspect categories and can also refer to the opinion term. Implicit opinion extraction in financial reviews requires in-depth attention because several opinion terms contained in reviews are nouns and not adjectives or verbs that describe explicit opinions (e.g., the review Copper market may get a 2003-style supply shock from Glencore closures). This research proposes ABSA for financial review with implicit aspects and opinions using Semantic similarity and a hybrid approach. We use the FiQA 2018 dataset, which has been classified into four aspect categories: Corporate, Economy, Stock, and Market. First, the dataset is pre-processed. Then, we extract aspect category keywords from Wikipedia using Word2vec. For the aspect categorization method, we use implicit aspect extraction, Semantic similarity, and hybrid BERTBiLSTM to calculate the similarity between extracted aspect terms and aspect category keywords for determining the aspect category. For the ABSA method, we use implicit opinion extraction and hybrid BERT-BiLSTM. The obtained performance result of aspect categorization reaches 91% and the obtained performance result of ABSA reaches 92%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to investigate the light verb constructions (LVCs) formed with the light verb dādan ‘to give’ in Persian by employing the principles of cognitive lexical semantics. It examines the semantic relationships between the heavy verb dādan and its uses as LVCs. The analysis of attested examples reveals that the use of dādan as a light verb (LV) is a function of the semantic structure of its simple verb counterpart. This suggests that its lightness status is highly systematic and can be explained in terms of cognitively driven motivations. In addition, a significant number of the LVCs express certain causation meanings, suggesting that Persian speakers tend to use the LV dādan to convey causative notions as newly emerged LVCs. This stance will constitute our line of argument to analyze the data in this study. By presenting a cognitive configuration of LVCs in Persian, the current paper can pave the way for a fine-grained theorization of typological aspects of LVCs in some other languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Turkish Literature, Culture, Education is the property of International Journal of Turkish, Literature, Culture, Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Grammatical gender in New Guinea is an often neglected area in typological research, even though it is extremely diverse. For example, in New Guinea, some languages have grammatical gender systems with two sex-based categories, more than four gender-indexing targets, and no gender marking on nouns, while some languages have grammatical gender systems with much more categories, which are only marginally sex-based. This paper infers the processes of development and change of grammatical gender in Torricelli languages from two perspectives. First, it synthesizes the available data in the existing literature and hypothesizes the evolutionary pathway of gender systems in Torricelli languages. Nineteen Torricelli languages are selected as a representative coverage of the 55 Torricelli languages listed in Glottolog within the limits of the available documentation. These languages are then coded based on 6 presence-absence features relating to gender marking on verbs, adjectives, nouns, numerals, pronouns, and demonstratives. Second, it conducts an analysis with phylogenetic comparative methods to provide a quantitative assessment of the evolutionary possibilities for gender systems in Torricelli languages. The preliminary results show that gender is likely marked at the root of Torricelli languages, with pronouns and verbs being at the core of the system. This is in agreement with trends reflecting the evolution of gender systems in languages across the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we explore the implications of dataset limitations in semantic knowledge-driven machine translation (MT) for intelligent virtual assistants (IVA). Our approach diverges from traditional single-best translation techniques, utilizing a multi-variant MT method that generates multiple valid translations per input sentence through a constrained beam search. This method extends beyond the typical constraints of specific verb ontologies, embedding within a broader semantic knowledge framework. We evaluate the performance of multi-variant MT models in translating training sets for Natural Language Understanding (NLU) models. These models are applied to semantically diverse datasets, including a detailed evaluation using the standard MultiATIS++ dataset. The results from this evaluation indicate that while multivariant MT method is promising, its impact on improving intent classification (IC) accuracy is limited when applied to conventional datasets such as MultiATIS++. However, our findings underscore that the effectiveness of multivariant translation is closely associated with the diversity and suitability of the datasets utilized. Finally, we provide an in-depth analysis focused on generating variant-aware NLU datasets. This analysis aims to offer guidance on enhancing NLU models through semantically rich and variant-sensitive datasets, maximizing the advantages of multi-variant MT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Chinese Language Teaching is the property of Clifford Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Recent discoveries suggest that nouns, as a word class, exhibit a greater capacity to model real-life behavior. In some previous studies participants prompted with a noun label rather than a semantically corresponding verb (be a voter vs. vote) were more likely to vote. However, many attempts to replicate the original results have shown unsuccessful. To shed light on the effectiveness of subtle linguistic manipulations, we conducted a meta-analysis of 28 effect sizes (N = 13,376), being an exact or conceptual replications of original studies. Although the average effect was significant (g = 0.12), the concurrent diagnostics indicated a low trust in the replicability or stability of the effect. Based on that, we cannot conclude that the greater effectiveness of nouns as cues has been reliably demonstrated. We discuss theoretical prospects involving the verb-action link as well as the self-verification motives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the Buddha's philosophy of becoming in relation to that of Whitehead. It questions how we might begin to understand the spatial production of organization differently if we move beyond Western concepts of space and time. While Whitehead provides a way to comprehend a world in flux, his approach to spatial becoming tends to transform processes (verbs) into entities (nouns) by halting their becoming. In contrast, the Buddha's perspective on becoming is not limited by the noun/verb dichotomy and does not revert to notions of permanence. This paper posits that the Buddha conceptualizes becoming as a continuous stream, while Whitehead portrays it as a series of events. The study concludes that the Buddha's concept of the 'specious present'—a fusion of his doctrines of 'dependent origination' and 'dependently arisen'—provides novel insights into organizational space that can be of value in sharpening the conceptual underpinnings of the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]