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Purpose: We examined fluid intake, the relation between body mass (BM) loss and performance, and core temperature in young triathletes during a competition in tropical climate. Methods: Fluid intake and pre and post BM were measured in 35 adolescent athletes, and core temperature was measured in one female and one male. Results: Mean urine specific gravity (1.024 [0.007]) indicated that athletes were in suboptimal state of hydration upon waking. Race time was 73.2 (8.0) minutes. BM decreased by 0.6 (0.3) kg (P <.05). Fluid intake (528.5 [221.6] mL) replaced 47% of the fluid loss (1184.9 [256.4] mL) and was higher during run (11.5 [6.6] mL·min−1) compared to bike (7.3 [3.1] mL·min−1), P <.01. Loss in BM was ≥1.0% in 66% and ≥1.5% in 29% of the athletes. Males showed a moderate association between percentage loss in BM and finishing time (r = −.52), higher sweat rates (1.0 [0.3] L·h−1), and faster times (69.4 [7.5] min; P <.05). Core temperature rose to 40.1 °C in the female and 39.6 °C in the male. Conclusion: Young triathletes competing in a hot/humid climate became mildly to moderately dehydrated and hyperthermic even when water and sports drinks were available but did not show symptoms of heat illness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bovine colostrum (COL) is assumed to be one of the strongest natural immune stimulants. Regular ingestion of COL may contribute to improved immune response in athletes exposed to high training loads. Methods: Twenty-eight endurance-trained males aged 31.1 ± 10.2 years (body mass 81.9 ± 9.0 kg; height 1.82 ± 0.06 m) completed this randomized doubleblind placebo(PLA)-controlled crossover study aimed at investigating the effect of 12-week COL supplementation (25gCOL·day-1) on resting (REST), exerciseinduced (POST-EX), and short-term post-exercise recovery (REC; 1 h after test exercise) changes in selected saliva and blood immunoglobulins (Ig), white blood cell (WBC) count and differential; as well as blood hematological, nutritional status and muscle damage indices. The protocol assumed 4 study visits - before/after supplementation with COL (COLPRE and COLPOST) and PLA (PLAPRE and PLAPOST). During testing sessions, incremental rowing test to exhaustion and swimming-specific performance test were introduced as exercise stimuli. Results: At COLPOST visit the secretory IgA (SIgA) concentration in saliva was significantly higher at POST-EX and REC compared to REST (p<0.05). COL supplementation had no effect on blood IgA, IgE, IgD, IgG, and IgM concentrations. Furthermore, after COL supplementation decrease of hematocrit at REC (p<0.05) was revealed. Conclusions: 12-week supplementation with 25 gCOL·day-1 in endurance-trained male athletes resulted in a favorable increase in post-exercise concentration of salivary SIgA. COL seems to be a potential stimulator of local immune defense after exercise-induced homeostasis disturbances. Nevertheless, the lack of effect on blood markers indicates the need for further research in the area of mechanisms underlying the effect of the supposed COL immunological capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine if machine learning models could predict the perceived morning recovery status (AM PRS) and daily change in heart rate variability (HRV change) of endurance athletes based on training, dietary intake, sleep, HRV, and subjective well-being measures. Methods: Self-selected nutrition intake, exercise training, sleep habits, HRV, and subjective well-being of 43 endurance athletes ranging from professional to recreationally trained were monitored daily for 12 weeks (3572 days of tracking). Global and individualized models were constructed using machine learning techniques, with the single best algorithm chosen for each model. The model performance was compared with a baseline intercept-only model. Results: Prediction error (root mean square error [RMSE]) was lower than baseline for the group models (11.8 vs. 14.1 and 0.22 vs. 0.29 for AM PRS and HRV change, respectively). At the individual level, prediction accuracy outperformed the baseline model but varied greatly across participants (RMSE range 5.5–23.6 and 0.05–0.44 for AM PRS and HRV change, respectively). Conclusion: At the group level, daily recovery measures can be predicted based on commonly measured variables, with a small subset of variables providing most of the predictive power. However, at the individual level, the key variables may vary, and additional data may be needed to improve the prediction accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arterial vasodilation is dependent on nitric oxide synthesized from L-arginine by endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Triathletes are reported to display altered serum concentrations of nitric oxide metabolites such as L-arginine, asymmetric dimethyl arginine (ADMA) and symmetric dimethyl arginine (SDMA) shortly after completing long-distance triathlon races. In other populations, similar changes to nitric oxide metabolites are established risk markers of cardiovascular disease. The objective of this study was to assess serum concentrations of metabolites for endothelial nitric oxide synthesis in triathletes one week following a long-distance triathlon race. In this prospective observational study, we used high-performance liquid chromatography to measure circulating concentrations of L-arginine, ADMA, and SDMA in triathletes. Venous blood samples were collected before, immediately after, day one, and one week following the triathlon race. Serum concentrations and L-arginine/ADMA ratio were determined for each time-point and compared to baseline. L-arginine/ADMA ratio was reduced on day one (147 ± 32 vs 163 ± 40, p < 0.02). ADMA was reduced immediately after and increased at day one and remained elevated at one week (0.29 ± 0.05 mM, p < 0.001, 0.44 ± 0.08 mM, p < 0.001 and 0.42 ± 0.07 μM, p = 0.04, respectively vs 0.40 ± 0.05 μM). SDMA was increased at all time-points when compared to baseline (0.48 ± 0.10 μM, p < 0.001, 0.53 ± 0.11 μM, p < 0.001 and 0.42 ± 0.08 μM, p = 0.048 vs 0.38 ± 0.05 μM). L-arginine was only decreased immediately after (46.0 ± 9.3 μM vs. 64.6 ± 16.1 μM, p < 0.001). Long-distance triathlon racing induces altered levels of metabolites for endothelial nitric oxide production that mostly normalizes within one week following racing. The clinical relevance of these transient changes has yet to be elucidated in the athletic population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The sex difference in athletic performance has been thoroughly investigated in single sport disciplines such as swimming, cycling, and running. In contrast, only small samples of long-distance triathlons, such as the IRONMAN® triathlon, have been investigated so far. Aim: The aim of the study was to examine potential sex differences in the three split disciplines by age groups in 5-year intervals in a very large data set of IRONMAN® age group triathletes. Methods: Data from 687,696 (553,608 men and 134,088 women) IRONMAN® age group triathletes (in 5-year intervals from 18–24 to 75+ years) finishing successfully between 2002 and 2022 an official IRONMAN® race worldwide were analyzed. The differences in performance between women and men were determined for each split discipline and for the overall race distance. Results: Most finishers were in the age group 40–44 years. The fastest women were in the age group 25–29 years, and the fastest men were in the age group 30–34 years. For all split disciplines and overall race time, men were always faster than women in all groups. The performance difference between the sexes was more pronounced in cycling compared to swimming and running. From the age group 35–39 years until 60–64 years, the sex differences were nearly identical in swimming and running. For both women and men, the smallest sex difference was least significant in age group 18–24 years for all split disciplines and increased in a U-shaped manner until age group 70–74 years. For age groups 75 years and older, the sex difference decreased in swimming and cycling but increased in running. Considering the different characteristics of the race courses, the smallest performance gaps between men and women were found in river swimming, flat surface cycling and rolling running courses. Conclusions: The sex difference in the IRONMAN® triathlon was least significant in age group 18–24 years for all split disciplines and increased in a U-shaped manner until age group 70–74 years. For 75 years and older, the sex difference decreased in swimming and cycling but increased in running. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, revitalization and transformation works have started for many port regions around the world in order to ensure urban integration in coastal cities. The Port of Eğirdir within the borders of Isparta Province, which is included in the study, is one of the areas that has these qualities and allows triathlon sports and other water sports in addition to sailing sports. In order to reveal the lost value and potential of the Port of Eğirdir over the years, projects were produced under the title "waterfront revitalization" within the framework of the Design Studio IV course at the Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, Suleyman Demirel University, associated with sailing sports. During this process, students were given information about the Nominal Group Technique. The questions prepared within the scope of the Nominal Group Technique were directed to the students and the students participated in the project with their co-participation. The questions posed to the students and the studio flow are given in the method section of the study. In this study conducted for the revitalization of Eğirdir port, field-specific design approaches were adopted and the alternatives determined on the basis of sailing sport were presented by modeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Triathletes are pushing their limits in multi-stage Ironman-distance triathlons. In the present case study, we investigated the pacing during 20, 40, and 60 Ironman-distance triathlons in 20, 40, and 60 days, respectively, of one professional IRONMAN® triathlete. Case study: Event 1 (20 Ironman-distance triathlons in 20 days), Event 2 (40 Ironman-distance triathlons in 40 days), and Event 3 (60 Ironman-distance triathlons in 60 days) were analyzed by discipline (swimming, cycling, running, and overall event time), by Deca intervals (10 days of consecutive Ironman-distance triathlons) and additional data (sleep duration, body mass, heart rate in cycling and running). To test differences between Events and Deca intervals within the same discipline, T-tests (2 groups) or one-way ANOVAs (3 or more groups) were used. Results: Swimming splits were fastest in Event 1, (ii) cycling and running splits were fastest in both Event 2 and 3, (iii) overall speed was fastest in Event 3, (iv) sleep duration increased during Event 2 but decreased in Event 3, (v) body mass decreased in Event 2, but increased in Event 3 and (vi) heart rate during cycling was similar in both Event 2 and 3. In contrast, heart rate during running was greater in Event 3. Conclusion: In a professional IRONMAN® triathlete finishing 20, 40, and 60 Ironman-distance triathlons in 20, 40, and 60 days, respectively, split performances and both anthropometrical and physiological changes such as body mass and heart rate differed depending upon the duration of the events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Colostrum Bovinum (COL) is recognized for its unique composition and potential ergogenic and immunological benefits. Unlike mature milk, COL is rich in immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, and various growth factors, making it one of the most potent natural immune stimulants. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of 12-weeks of COL supplementation on swimming-specific performance (SSP) and exercise adaptations in endurance-trained male athletes. Methods: Twenty-eight male triathletes and swimmers (age: 31.1 ± 10.2 years; body mass: 81.9 ± 9.0 kg; height: 1.82 ± 0.06 m) participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo (PLA)-controlled crossover study and received 25 g∙day−1 of COL or PLA for 12 weeks. The study assessed the effects of COL on SSP (8 × 100 m performed at various intensities) and exercise adaptations [heart rate (HR) and blood lactate concentrations ([La−])]. Four main study visits were conducted—before and after COL (COLPRE and COLPOST) and PLA (PLAPRE and PLAPOST) supplementation. Results: COL had no significant effect on SSP. Still, the total time of the SSP test was about ~3.04 s shorter after COL supplementation, and ~7.13 s longer after PLA supplementation. Neither COL nor PLA supplementation affected HR during the SSP test. Post-exercise blood [La−] was significantly reduced after both COL and PLA supplementation. The analysis of SSP results in the consecutive study visits revealed possible existence of the practice effect. Conclusions: Colostrum Bovinum and high-quality milk protein (PLA) seem to be comparably effective in evoking exercise adaptation in endurance-trained male athletes. Long-term crossover supplementation protocols in athletes must consider the impact of possible practice effect when interpreting the outcomes related to exercise performance, but not biochemical or physiological markers of exercise adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The purpose of this study is to assess the short-term survivorship of a new cementless total knee arthroplasty (TKA) design in comparison to its cemented predecessor design in a young patient cohort less than 65 years of age. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of all primary TKAs (cemented and cementless) in patients under the age of 65 at the time of the index procedure, in a single institution between May 2018 and May 2019. Primary outcome variables included aseptic revision and all-cause revision. Operative time was a secondary variable. Independent variables considered included age, sex, body mass index (BMI), American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grade, implant type (cruciate-retaining (CR) or posterior-stabilised (PS)) and the use of cemented or cementless implants. Results: There were 106 cemented TKAs and 152 cementless TKAs (Triathlon, Stryker Inc, Mahwah, NJ) implanted. The minimum follow-up for all cases was 2 years (mean cementless 32.5 months, mean cemented 34.9 months). Of the entire 258 implants only 2 were revised. Both revisions occurred in the cemented cohort for prosthetic joint infection (PJI). The all-cause revision rate in the cementless cohort was 0% compared to 1.8% in the cemented cohort (p = 0.168). Operative times were significantly reduced from 62 min in the cemented cohort to 52.2 min in the cementless cohort (p < 0.001). Conclusion: In a young patient cohort, the cementless Triathlon TKA demonstrates excellent survivorship at short-term follow-up with significant reductions in operative times when compared to the cemented Triathlon TKA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multidisciplinary sports like triathlons require combining training for three different sports, and it is unclear how triathlon coaches manage this. During a 10-week period, we provided four age-group triathlon coaches with summary reports of the training completed by their athletes (n = 10) in the previous week. Coaches were then asked if the information provided to them was used to inform training prescription for the following week. The information provided to coaches included relative acute training load (rATL) and training stress scores (TSSs). Weekly fluctuations in rATL of >10% (spikes) were 83% (swim), 74% (bike) and 87% (run). Coaches adapted training loads for the upcoming week in 25% of all rATLs reported, and only 5% (swim), 33% (bike) and 9% (run) of the adjusted loads avoided spikes. Consequently, there were 22 single-discipline acute training load spikes vs. 14 spikes when combining all three disciplines. Only 1.5% of training was lost to injury, mostly after a large running-based training load spike (>30%). Coaches largely overlooked the information provided in the report when prescribing exercise for the following week, and when adjusted, it failed to bring weekly load variability <10%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emotional Intelligence (EI) describes the way an individual manages one's own and others' emotions. In the context of sports, higher EI has been associated with more successful performance and coping. Past studies with athletes have shown that EI can be improved through training. However, the present study is the first evaluating an EI training specifically designed for sport coaches. Therefore, 57 coaches from individual sports (e.g., running, swimming, triathlon; recreational to international level) were randomized into intervention group (EI training) and control group (health and well-being training). Both trainings consisted of five weeks (15 sessions of 10-15 minutes), and in response to coaches' needs for accessible and time effective training tools they were carried out online. Coaches' EI and beliefs in their coaching skills (i.e., coaching efficacy) were assessed before and after the training. We found that coaches' interpersonal emotional competencies, game strategy efficacy, and team efficacy improved in the intervention group, but not in the control group. In addition, results replicated a positive correlation between EI and coaching efficacy. The present study contributes to EI research and coaching science, especially by addressing the call for empirically evaluated coaching education. Overall, we can recommend the implementation of an EI training for coaches in applied sport psychological work and for coaching education programs. Lay summary: An EI training addressing coaches' needs for accessible and time effective training through an online-based format was evaluated. Compared to a control group training, the EI training enhanced coaches' interpersonal emotional competencies and their perceived skills to influence athletes in competitions (game strategy efficacy) and their team dynamics (team efficacy). IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Coaches' emotional competencies can be trained. The online-based training format addresses coaches' needs and preferences and is promising to reach a great number of coaches. We recommend sports psychologists and sports federations integrate the EI training into their counseling process and education program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sportis: Scientific Journal of School Sport, Physical Education & Psychomotricity is the property of Sportis: Scientific Journal of School Sport, Physical Education & Psychomotricity and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of this research was to validate a single, trunk-mounted wearable sensor (Optimeye S5, Catapult Australia, Melbourne) to measure the cadence of swimming strokes, cycling pedals and running strides in a triathlon. While similar validations have been performed in swimming and running, it is a novel application in cycling, and thus, across a whole triathlon. Seven triathletes were recruited to participate in a sprint distance triathlon which was filmed and simultaneously measured by a single, trunk-mounted wearable sensor. To validate the wearable sensor, individual swimming strokes, cycling pedal strokes and running strides were manually counted by viewing the wearable sensor data and video footage. While analysing cycling data, changes in cycling subtask performances were noticed, thus, a secondary analysis in cycling was conducted to investigate. The 95% limits of agreement analysis indicated the sensor validly measured swimming strokes (mean bias = −0.034 strokes), cycling pedal strokes (mean bias = −0.09 strokes) and running strides (mean bias = 0.00 strides) with minimal to no bias (p > 0.05). Further analysis of cycling revealed the wearable sensor is an acceptably valid tool to measure the duration of out of saddle riding (mean bias = 0.08 s), however, significant differences in the duration of in saddle riding (mean bias = −0.5 s) and coasting were identified (mean bias = 0.39 s). A single trunk mounted wearable sensor is a valid tool to measure movement cadence in a triathlon, however, further validation is required to generate a full understanding of cycling subtask performances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The physical demands of a single long-distance triathlon (LDT) are sufficient to cause robust physiological perturbations. In this unique case study, an ultraendurance athlete completed 100 LDTs in 100 days (100LDT). Purpose: This study aims to describe and analyze this single athlete's performance, physiological biomarkers, and sleep parameters throughout the 100LDT. Methods: An ultraendurance athlete completed an LDT (2.4-mile swim, 112-mile bike ride, and 26.2-mile marathon) each day for 100 consecutive days. Physical work, physiological biomarkers, and sleep parameters were recorded each night using a wrist-worn photoplethysmographic sensor. Clinical exercise tests were performed before and after the 100LDT. Time-series analysis assessed changes in biomarkers and sleep parameters across the 100LDT, and cross-correlations considered the associations between exercise performance and physiological metrics at varying time lags. Results: The swim and cycling performances varied across the 100LDT, while the run was relatively stable. Resting heart rate, heart-rate variability, oxygen saturation, sleep score, light sleep, sleep efficiency, and sleep duration were all best characterized by cubic models. Additional post hoc subanalyses suggest that the first half of the 100LDT most influenced these dynamics. Conclusions: The 100LDT resulted in nonlinear alterations to physiological metrics. This world record was a unique event but allows valuable insights into the limits of human endurance performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Studies on injury prevention programs are lacking for triathletes. The aim of the present study was to describe the results of a holistic (injury) training prevention program (HITP), based on training load control and strength training, in elite triathletes. (2) Methods: The study was conducted over 2021–2023 and involved 18 males and 10 females from the same training group. The HITP itself included various methods of fatigue monitoring, strength training focused on the prevention of overuse injuries (OIs), cycling skills training, and recovery strategies. The total number and type of injuries that were sustained, subsequent training/competition absence time, and injury incidence were determined. (3) Results: Twenty-four injuries were recorded over all three seasons, i.e., 0.65 injuries per 1000 h of training and competition exposure. Fourteen injuries were traumatic injuries (TIs) and ten were OIs. Of the OIs, four were of minimal severity, two were mild, three were moderate, and one was severe (accounting for 1–3, 4–7, 8–28, and >28 days of training absenteeism, respectively). A total of 46.4% of the participants did not present any type of injury and 71,4% did not incur any OIs. Average absenteeism was 17.3 days per injury. (4) Conclusions: The HITP design and implementation resulted in low OI and severe injury incidence. Due to their unpredictable nature, the number of TIs was not reduced. The TIs were suffered more frequently by men. Women are more likely to suffer from OIs, so it is particularly important to prevent OIs in women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to compare performance, kinematic, and physiological variables between open water and pool swimming conditions in elite triathletes and to examine the associations between conditions on these variables. Fourteen elite triathletes (10 males and 4 females [23.4 ± 3.8 years]) performed two 1500‐m swimming tests in open water and in a 25‐m pool. Swimming speed, stroke rate (SR), length (SL) and index (SI), heart rate (HR), blood lactate concentrations [La−], and end‐exercise oxygen uptake (EEV̇O2) were assessed in both conditions. Lower SL and SI and higher SR were obtained in open water compared with pool swimming (p < 0.05). Moreover, kinematic variables changed as a function of distance in both conditions (p < 0.05). No differences were found in the main physiological variables (HR, [La−], and EEV̇O2) between conditions. Respiratory exchange ratio presented lower values in open water than in pool conditions (p < 0.05), while time constant was higher in open water (p = 0.032). The fastest triathletes in open water obtained the best performance in the pool (r = 0.958; p < 0.001). All kinematic variables, HR and peak [La−] presented positive associations between conditions (r > 0.6; p < 0.05). Despite physiological invariance, triathletes and coaches should monitor specific open water training to adapt their swimming technique to the competitive environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whilst discourses of motherhood, such as the 'ethic of care' and intensive parenting are powerful and persuasive, no form of motherhood can be acceptable to all. In this visual autoethnography, researcher generated photographs, excerpts from training logs and personal narrative texts are used to explore some of the underlying discourses and assumptions associated with motherhood and sport from the perspective of a single parent. Employing a poststructural lens the author explores the ways in which she has knowingly negotiated her identity as a single mother and competitive-recreational long distant triathlete. The research places a spotlight on the significant support role that children can play in relation to adult involvement in sport, turning the tables on the existing focus on parent-athlete relationships. The findings provide further evidence of the value of sports clubs in supporting the continued participation of mothers, adding to the research on sport and parenthood and family studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sport of triathlon has evolved to become a discipline comprising races of different lengths and formats. It has also undergone significant growth in popularity and exposure with several variations in format from the classic swim - bike - run combination attracting significant television and media coverage. Since 2021 an original and unique format called the Arena Games Triathlon (or in 2024 the E-Games) has evolved that involves athletes competing against each other in swimming, cycling and running combining both the real and virtual worlds in one race. This model of endurance sport is currently unique, provides instantaneous data on performance and has the potential to be a tool for performance prediction, talent selection and sport development. The goal of this perspective paper is to provide context around the emergence of the Arena Games Triathlon series, describe the format of this type of racing, outline how it has the potential to drive training and evaluation of triathletes and discuss the attractiveness of its future inclusion as an Olympic discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed (i) to analyze the 1500 m open water swimming performance, (ii) to examine the associations between physiological and biomechanical variables with swimming performance, and (iii) to determine which variables can predict swimming performance in triathletes. Fourteen elite triathletes (23.4±3.8 y) performed a 1500 m test in open water swimming conditions. Swimming performance was assessed using World Aquatics Points Scoring, and data were obtained from the 1500 m open water swimming test. Heart rate, end-exercise oxygen uptake (EE˙VO2) and blood lactate concentrations were measured. The initial 250 m of the 1500 m swimming test presented the highest values of biomechanical variables in males (i. e. swimming speed, stroke rate (SR), length (SL), index (SI)). A decrease in SL was observed in the last 250 m in both sexes. Positive association were found between EE˙VO2 (r=0.513; p =0.030), swimming speed (r=0.873; p <0.001) and SI (r=0.704; p =0.002) with swimming performance. In contrast, time constant of the oxygen uptake (r=−0.500; p =0.034) and buoy-turn times (r=−0.525; p =0.027) were negatively associated with performance. SI was the main predictor (R2 =0.495) of open water swimming performance in triathletes. In conclusion, triathletes and coaches must conduct open water training sessions to maximize SI (i. e. swimming efficiency). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Physical inactivity is considered an important risk factor for osteoporosis, however, some athletes performing extremely high training volumes can also develop bone mass loss. Moreover, the effect of total body mass or body surface area on bone mineral density remains controversial. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the absolute bone mineral density and bone mineral density adjusted to body surface area between amateur triathletes and nonactive women. Methods: Forty-two healthy women (23 amateur triathletes and 19 nonactive individuals) were evaluated for body composition using a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry system. Results: Compared to nonactive women, amateur triathletes exhibited lower body mass index (p < 0.001), lower bone mineral density (p < 0.001), and body surface area (p < 0.001). However, bone mineral density adjusted by body surface area in the triathletes was higher than in the nonactive women (p = 0.03). Conclusion: These findings showed that amateur triathles presented lower absolute bone mineral density, but higher bone mineral density adjusted to body surface area. Future studies are recommended to identify if the higher bone mineral density adjusted to body surface area are associated with a lower bone fragility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Endurance exercise has the potential to affect reproductive function, with amenorrhea in female athletes. However, most studies focus on women. Evidence on the association between endurance exercise and male fertility is limited. Objective: To synthesise existing literature on exercise-induced alterations in semen parameters and to assess the clinical impact on male fertility. Methods: Studies reporting on the association between semen parameters and endurance exercise in healthy men were eligible. Men attending fertility clinics were excluded. We searched MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase, SPORTDiscus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), ClinicalTrials.gov and International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) from their inception to May 28th 2022. JBI Critical Appraisal Tool was used to assess the potential risk of bias. Results: Thirteen studies met inclusion criteria, reporting on 280 subjects. Eight articles reported on endurance runners, three on cyclists and four on triathletes. Four studies did not find any statistically significant sperm alterations. Five reported significant changes in semen parameters, but these were not clinically relevant, as semen parameters remained well above World Health Organisation (WHO) thresholds. Four articles reported a decrease in semen quality with potential clinical consequences as they found a reduced number of sperm cells exhibiting normal morphology in cyclists and triathletes and a greater amount of DNA fragmentation in triathletes. Conclusion: Endurance exercise can have a negative effect on semen quality, although rarely with a clinically relevant impact on male fertility. Evidence is however limited, with poor quality of the included studies. Registration: PROSPERO International prospective register of systematic reviews (CRD42022336753). Key Points: Results suggest that endurance exercise can decrease semen quality, although without a clinically relevant impact on male fertility potential. The available evidence is limited and lacks comparability due to poor methodology. High quality studies are necessary to further assess the relationship between endurance exercise and semen quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A variable pacing profile is common in different endurance events. In these races, several factors, such as changes in elevation or race dynamics, lead participants to perform numerous surges in intensity. These surges are so frequent that certain events, such as cross-country (XC) skiing, mountain biking (MTB), triathlon, and road cycling, have been termed "intermittent endurance events". The characteristics of these surges vary depending on the sport: MTB and triathlon require athletes to perform numerous short (<10 s) bouts; XC skiing require periods of short- and moderate-(30 s to 2 min) duration efforts, while road cycling is comprised of a mix of short-, moderate-, and long-duration (>2 min) bouts. These bouts occur at intensities above the maximal metabolic steady state (MMSS), with many efforts performed at intensities above the athletes' maximal aerobic power or speed (MAP/MAS) (i.e., supramaximal intensities). Given the factors that influence the requirement to perform surges in these events, athletes must be prepared to always engage in a race with a highly stochastic pace. The aim of this review is to characterize the variable pacing profile seen in endurance events and to discuss how the performance of multiple maximal and supramaximal surges in intensity can affect how athletes fatigue during a race and influence training strategies that can lead to success in these races. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Neuromuscular function is considered as a determinant factor of endurance performance during adulthood. However, whether endurance training triggers further neuromuscular adaptations exceeding those of growth and maturation alone over the rapid adolescent growth period is yet to be determined. Objective: The present study investigated the concurrent role of growth, maturation, and endurance training on neuromuscular function through a 9‐month training period in adolescent triathletes. Methods: Thirty‐eight 13‐ to 15‐year‐old males (23 triathletes [~6 h/week endurance training] and 15 untrained [<2 h/week endurance activity]) were evaluated before and after a 9‐month triathlon training season. Maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) and power at V̇O2max were assessed during incremental cycling. Knee extensor maximal voluntary isometric contraction torque (MVCISO) was measured and the voluntary activation level (VAL) was determined using the twitch interpolation technique. Knee extensor doublet peak torque (T100Hz) and normalized vastus lateralis (VL) electromyographic activity (EMG/M‐wave) were also determined. VL and rectus femoris (RF) muscle architecture was assessed using ultrasonography. Results: Absolute V̇O2max increased similarly in both groups but power at V̇O2max only significantly increased in triathletes (+13.8%). MVCISO (+14.4%), VL (+4.4%), and RF (+15.8%) muscle thicknesses and RF pennation angle (+22.1%) increased over the 9‐month period in both groups similarly (p < 0.01), although no changes were observed in T100Hz, VAL, or VL EMG/M‐wave. No changes were detected in any neuromuscular variables, except for coactivation. Conclusion: Endurance training did not induce detectible, additional neuromuscular adaptations. However, the training‐specific cycling power improvement in triathletes may reflect continued skill enhancement over the training period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the athletic season, changes in body composition occur due to fluctuations in energy expenditure and energy intake. Literature regarding changes of energy availability (EA) is still scarce. The aim was to estimate EA of athletes from nonweight and weight-sensitive sports during the athletic season (i.e., preparatory and competitive phase). Eighty-eight athletes (19.1 ± 4.2 years, 21.8 ± 2.0 kg/m2, 27% females, self-reported eumenorrheic) from five sports (basketball [n = 29]; handball [n = 7]; volleyball [n = 9]; swimming [n = 18]; and triathlon [n = 25]) were included in this observational study. Energy intake and exercise energy expenditure were measured through doubly labeled water (over 7 days and considering neutral energy balance) and metabolic equivalents of tasks, respectively. Fat-free mass (FFM) was assessed through a four-compartment model. EA was calculated as EA = (energy intake − exercise energy expenditure)/FFM. Linear mixed models, adjusted for sex, were performed to assess EA for the impact of time by sport interaction. Among all sports, EA increased over the season: basketball, estimated mean (SE): 7.2 (1.5) kcal/kg FFM, p <.001; handball, 14.8 (2.9) kcal/kg FFM, p <.001; volleyball, 7.9 (2.8) kcal/kg FFM, p =.006; swimming, 8.7 (2.0) kcal/kg FFM, p <.001; and triathlon, 9.6 (2.0) kcal/kg FFM, p <.001. Eleven athletes (12.5%) had clinical low EA at the preparatory phase and none during the competitive phase. During both assessments, triathletes' EA was below optimal, being lower than basketballers (p <.001), volleyballers (p <.05), and swimmers (p <.001). Although EA increased in all sports, triathlon's EA was below optimal during both assessments. Risk of low EA might be seasonal and resolved throughout the season, with higher risk during the preparatory phase. However, in weight-sensitive sports, namely triathlon, low EA is still present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Overreaching is often linked to a deterioration in sleep quality, yet a comprehensive review is lacking. The aim of this systemic review and meta-analysis was to synthesise the literature and quantify the effect of overreaching from endurance-based training on sleep quality. Method: The review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. The final search was conducted in May 2023 using four electronic databases (Web of Science Core Collection, MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Database, SPORTDiscus). Studies were included for a qualitative review, while random-effects meta-analyses were conducted for objective and subjective sleep. Results and discussion: The search returned 805 articles. Fourteen studies were included in the systematic review; Three and eight articles were eligible for the meta-analyses (objective and subjective, respectively). On average, the overreaching protocols were sixteen days in length (6 to 28 days) and included exercise modalities such as cycling (number of studies [k] = 5), rowing (k = 4), triathlon (k = 3), running (k = 2), and swimming (k = 1). Actigraphy was the only form of objective sleep measurement used across all studies (k = 3), while various instruments were used to capture subjective sleep quality (k = 13). When comparing objective sleep quality following the overreaching intervention to baseline (or a control), there was a significant reduction in sleep efficiency (mean difference = -2.0%; 95% CI -3.2, -0.8%; Glass' Δ = -0.83; p < 0.01). In contrast, when comparing subjective sleep quality following the overreaching intervention to baseline (or a control), there was no effect on subjective sleep quality (Glass' Δ = -0.27; 95% CI -0.79, 0.25; p = 0.08). Importantly, none of the included studies were judged to have a low risk of bias. While acknowledging the need for more high-quality studies, it appears that overreaching from endurance-based training can deteriorate objective sleep without influencing the perception of sleep quality. Protocol registration: This protocol was registered in The International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) on 21st November 2022, with the registration number CRD42022373204. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of an 8-week swimming training program on biomechanical and physiological responses during a swim-to-cycle simulation. Fifteen triathletes were randomly allocated to 3 groups: a 6-beat-kick group (K6), a 4-beat-kick group (K4), and a control group (CG). Biomechanical and physiological parameters were evaluated during a 400-m swim and a 10-minute cycle segment before (Pretraining) and after (Posttraining) the program. A lower stroke frequency (p = 0.004) and a higher stroke length (p = 0.002) was found in K6 compared with CG at Posttraining. A reduction in the K6 emerged between Pretraining and Posttraining during cycling for heart rate (p = 0.005), ... (p = 0.014), and energy expenditure (p = 0.008). A positive association emerged between swim kick index and cycling cadence in the K6 group. The improvement in stroke frequency and length observed in the K6 group could be explained as an improvement in swimming technique. Similarly, the reduction in energy expenditure during cycling at Posttraining for the K6 group suggests an improvement in the working economy. Triathlon coaches and athletes should consider the inclusion of high swim kick into their training programs to enhance swim and cycling performance, which can ultimately lead to an improvement in the swim-to-cycle transition and the overall triathlon performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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(1) Background: Trainers and athletes have always sought to reduce the failure of muscle function during long endurance events. However, nowadays, it is a topic that is generating much debate in the scientific field. Currently, deep-sea water (DSW) intake seems to be a suitable hydration alternative for this type of endurance event. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether DSW consumption during a triathlon event could preserve muscle function after exercise. (2) Methods: Nineteen trained male triathletes (age = 39.0 ± 4.25 years; BMI = 23.67 ± 1.81 kg/m2) randomly performed three triathlons, one of them consuming DSW (Totum SPORT 30 AB, Laboratories Quinton International, S.L., Spain), the other consuming isotonic placebo and the last with tap water-hydration. A vertical jump test with countermovement and an isometric muscle strength test were conducted before and after the triathlon test. (3) Results: There was a significant difference between treatment × time during the isometric muscle strength test. Based on the Tukey post hoc analysis, the peak net force decreased statistically in the placebo (p = 0.045) and control conditions (p = 0.026), but not in the experimental condition (p = 0.121). In addition, all of the conditions studied obtained similar results in the countermovement vertical jump after exercise. (4) Conclusions: As a result, consumption of DSW seems to delay the failure of muscle function specifically in isometric exercises but does not improve performance in sports. Thus, DSW does not alter muscle capacity in a negative way; therefore, its consumption may be recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbohydrate intake is a commonly used strategy in sports, and supplementation for triathletes includes pre-competition, intra-competition, and post-competition intake. The consumption of fructose–glucose improves intestinal transit and gastric emptying. The main purpose of this study was to analyse the effect of intra-session carbohydrate intake in triathletes training in the super-sprint modality. Eleven adolescent triathletes (boys, n = 9, 14.6 years; girls, n = 2, 15.2 years) participated in a crossover, randomised, and blind study on the effect of supplementation with 45 g of carbohydrates (glucose:fructose; 1:2) The participants performed two super-sprint tests (swimming 250 m, cycling 6 km, and running 2 km) with a rest period (2 h) during which they drank a placebo drink (PG) or a carbohydrate drink (SG). The effect on blood glucose was evaluated, but there were no significant changes in glucose values. However, it was higher in the SG after supplementation. No significant differences were found in the cycling, swimming, and running tests, except for RPE in the swimming sector (p < 0.05). Neither were significant changes in body weight observed during the assessments. Supplementation with 45 g of liquid carbohydrates composed of fructose and glucose in a 2:1 ratio was not effective for delaying fatigue or improving performance markers or blood glucose levels in super-sprint triathletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Collarbone fracture is a common injury, particularly among athletes involved in contact sports and participating in endurance activities. Conventional treatment requires surgery and postoperative immobilization, resulting in an average return-to-sport timeframe of approximately 13 weeks. This case challenges the established treatment protocols, aiming to expedite recovery and enable a quicker resumption of high-intensity athletic activities. Case presentation: A 24-year-old Caucasian athlete completed a Half-Ironman Triathlon (70.3) merely three weeks post-collarbone fracture. Utilizing Extracorporeal Magneto-Transduction Therapy (EMTT) alongside surgical intervention, the patient achieved accelerated healing and remarkable performance outcomes without encountering any adverse effects. Conclusions: The integration of EMTT into the treatment paradigm for bone fractures alters the traditional understanding of recovery timelines and rehabilitation strategies. This case highlights the potential benefits of electromagnetic wave therapy in expediting the healing process and enabling athletes to resume high-level sports activities at an earlier stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the relationship between leisure and subjective well-being has been widely studied in the leisure literature, the role of an individual's personality in this relationship has rarely been explored. This study focuses on grit—a personality trait that consists of two dimensions of perseverance of effort and consistency of interest—and examines the relationships among grit, leisure involvement, and life satisfaction. Data were collected from participants (N = 347) in a triathlon event held in Japan. The results showed that perseverance of effort was positively associated with attraction, centrality, self-expression, and life satisfaction. Perseverance of effort was also positively indirectly associated with life satisfaction through attraction and negatively indirectly associated with life satisfaction through centrality. These findings contribute to the leisure literature by identifying the utility of perseverance of effort in predicting leisure involvement, and a negative relationship between centrality and life satisfaction in an interdependent cultural context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal safety guidelines with upper thresholds aim to protect athletes' health, yet evidence-based sport-specific thresholds remain unestablished. Experimenting with athletes in severely hot conditions raises ethical concerns, so we used a thermo-physiological model to validate the thresholds of guidelines for outdoor sports. First, the reproducibility of the joint system thermoregulation model (JOS-3) of core temperature has been validated for 18 sports experiments (n = 213) and 11 general exercise experiments (n = 121) using the Bland – Altman analysis. Then, core temperatures were predicted using the JOS-3 in conditions corresponding to the upper thresholds, and if the 90th–99.7th percentile core temperature value (corresponding to 0.3%–10% of the participants) exceeded 40°C, the thresholds were judged as potentially hazardous. Finally, we proposed revisions for sports with potentially hazardous thresholds. As a result, the JOS-3 could simulate core temperature increases in most experiments (27/29) for six sports and general exercises with an accuracy of 0.5°C. The current upper thresholds for marathons, triathlons, and football are potentially hazardous. Suggested revisions, based on specified percentiles, include: Football: revise from wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) 32°C to 29–31°C or not revise. Marathon: revise from WBGT 28°C to 24–27°C. Triathlon: revise from WBGT 32.2°C to 23–26°C. If conducting sports events under the revised upper thresholds proves difficult, taking measures for a possible high incidence of heat illness becomes crucial, such as placing additional medical resources, assisting heat acclimatization and cooling strategies for participants, and rule changes such as shorter match times and increased breaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ironman Triathlon is a globally recognized event; however, there is a lack of research concerning its influence on crime in host cities. This study examines the extent to which the Ironman Triathlon, as a multi-day and mobile event, influences crime across and within the host city. Using city-wide and census tract-level crime data surrounding the May and September 2019 Ironman Competitions held in Chattanooga, Tennessee, USA, autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) analyses explore the potential temporary effects of the event. Results indicate city wide changes in crime, as well as tract-specific effects, but most achieved only marginal statistical significance, and all were limited to the May event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Endurance sports performance is influenced by several factors, including maximal oxygen uptake (⩒O2max), the percentage of ⩒O2max that can be sustained in endurance events, running economy, and body composition. Traditionally, ⩒O2max can be measured as an absolute value, adjusted for body mass, reflecting the athlete's central capacity (maximal cardiac output), or adjusted for lean mass (LM), reflecting the athlete's peripheral capacity (muscular oxidative capacity). The present study aims to evaluate absolute, total body mass, and lower limb LM-adjusted ⩒O2max, ventilatory thresholds (VT), respiratory compensation points (RCP), and body composition during two training periods separated by 8 months. Patients and Methods: Thirteen competitive amateur triathletes [seven men (40.7± 13.7 years old, 76.3± 8.3kg, and 173.9± 4.8cm) and six women (43.5± 6.9 years old, 55.0± 2.7kg, 164.9± 5.2cm)] were evaluated for body composition with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and ⩒O2max, VT, RPC, and maximal aerobic speed (MAS) with a cardiorespiratory maximal treadmill test. Results: The absolute ⩒O2max (p = 0.003, d = 1.05), body mass–adjusted ⩒O2max (p < 0.001, d = 1.2859), and MAS (p = 0.047, d = 0.6139) values differed significantly across evaluation periods. Lower limb LM–adjusted ⩒O2max (p = 0.083, d = − 0.0418), %⩒O2max at VT (p = 0.541, d = − 0.1746), speed at VT (p = 0.337, d = − 0.2774), % ⩒O2max at RCP (p = 0.776, d = 0.0806), and speed at RCP (p = 0.436, d = 0.2234) showed no difference. Conclusion: The sensitivities of ⩒O2max adjusted for body mass and ⩒O2max adjusted for LM to detect changes in physical training state differ. Furthermore, decreases in physical fitness level, as evaluated by ⩒O2max values, are not accompanied by changes in VT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little is known about the prevalent nationalities among the best-placed athletes participating in “Ironman Hawaii.” Moreover, the age at which athletes achieve their best performances remains unclear. The present study aimed to compare the prevalent nationalities among the athletes, their respective placement among the top five, and the performance difference between the different age groups in ‘Ironman Hawaii’ from 2003 to 2019. A total of 30 354 amateur triathletes were selected from the Obsessed Triathlete (OBSTRI) website. A “TOP 5” division filter was applied for further analysis, resulting in 1 851 athletes being included in this study. Among the male runners, Americans participated the most in Ironman events (39%), followed by Germans (10%). Among female runners, Americans participated the most (54%), followed by Australian runners (8%). Male Americans also featured most among the top five (30%), followed by Germans (16%). Female Americans were the most prevalent among the top five (47%), followed by Australian Americans (10%). There were no significant performance differences (p > 0.05) between the 25–29 and 40–44 age groups for either sex. The 45–49 age group presented significantly worse performance than the 35–39 age group for both sexes (p < 0.001). North Americans were the most performant and frequent participants in “Ironman Hawaii.” The expected performance decline due to aging was observed after 45 years in both sexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study compared training loads and internal:external load ratios from an aerobic interval session at the highest perceptually sustainable intensity with and without blood flow restriction (BFR). Methods: On separate days, 14 endurance cyclists/triathletes completed four 4-minute self-paced aerobic cycling intervals at their highest sustainable intensity, with and without BFR (60% of arterial occlusion pressure). Internal training load was quantified using 3 training impulses (TRIMP; Banister, Lucia, and Edwards) and sessional ratings of perceived exertion. External load was assessed using total work done (TWD). Training load ratios between all internal loads were calculated relative to TWD. Results: Lucia TRIMP was lower for the BFR compared with non-BFR session (49 [9] vs 53 [8] arbitrary units [au], P =.020, dz = −0.71). No between-conditions differences were observed for Banister TRIMP (P =.068), Edwards TRIMP (P =.072), and training load in sessional ratings of perceived exertion (P =.134). The TWD was lower for the BFR compared with non-BFR session (223 [52] vs 271 [58] kJ, P <.001, dz = −1.27). Ratios were greater for the BFR session compared with non-BFR for Lucia TRIMP:TWD (0.229 [0.056] vs 0.206 [0.056] au, P <.001, dz = 1.21), Edwards TRIMP:TWD (0.396 [0.105] vs 0.370 [0.088] au, P =.031, dz = 0.66), and training load in sessional ratings of perceived exertion:TWD (1.000 [0.266] vs 0.890 [0.275] au, P =.044, dz = 0.60), but not Banister TRIMP:TWD (P =.306). Conclusions: Practitioners should consider both internal and external loads when monitoring BFR exercise to ensure the demands are appropriately captured. These BFR-induced changes were reflected by the Lucia TRIMP:TWD and Edwards TRIMP:TWD ratio, which could be used to monitor aerobic BFR training loads. The Lucia TRIMP:TWD ratio likely represents BFR-induced changes more appropriately compared with ratios involving either Edwards or Banister TRIMP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The effect of acetaminophen (ACT, also known as paracetamol) on endurance performance in hot and humid conditions has been shown previously in recreationally active populations. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of ACT on physiological and perceptual variables during steady-state and time-trial cycling performance of trained triathletes in hot and humid conditions. Methods: In a randomized, double-blind crossover design, 11 triathletes completed ∼60 minutes steady-state cycling at 63% peak power output followed by a time trial (7 kJ·kg body mass−1, ∼30 min) in hot and humid conditions (∼30°C, ∼69% relative humidity) 60 minutes after consuming either 20 mg·kg body mass−1 ACT or a color-matched placebo. Time-trial completion time, gastrointestinal temperature, skin temperature, thermal sensation, thermal comfort, rating of perceived exertion, and fluid balance were recorded throughout each session. Results: There was no difference in performance in the ACT trial compared with placebo (P =.086, d = 0.57), nor were there differences in gastrointestinal and skin temperature, thermal sensation and comfort, or fluid balance between trials. Conclusion: In conclusion, there was no effect of ACT (20 mg·kg body mass−1) ingestion on physiology, perception, and performance of trained triathletes in hot and humid conditions, and existing precooling and percooling strategies appear to be more appropriate for endurance cycling performance in the heat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between sleep duration, sleep quality, and race completion time during each stage of a 3-day ultra-endurance triathlon (stage 1: 10-km swim, 146-km cycle; stage 2: 276-km cycle; and stage 3: 84.4-km run) was investigated. Seventeen triathletes partook in sleep analysis throughout the ultra-endurance multiday triathlon using an actigraphy wristband. The participants wore the band to record objective sleep outcomes for approximately 4 days (1–2 d prerace, 3 race days, and 1 d postrace), except while racing. The total sleep time (TST; prerace: 414.1 [95.3] min, prestage 1: 392.2 [138.3] min, prestage 2: 355.6 [62.5] min, and prestage 3: 299.7 [107.0] min) significantly decreased over time (P <.05). Significant Pearson moment–product correlations were found between TST and subsequent race–day performance for race stage 1 (r = −.577; P =.019) and stage 3 (r = −.546; P =.035), with further analysis revealing that TST explained 33% and 30% of the variation in performance for stages 1 and 3, respectively. During a 3-day ultra-endurance triathlon, the TST was reduced and had a significant negative correlation to exercise performance, indicating that sleep loss was associated with slower performances. Sleep onset latency, wake episodes, and sleep efficiency did not significantly change over the course of this investigation, which may stem from the close proximity of exercise to sleep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Duathlon consists of two durations of running separated by cycling in a format similar to triathlon. The addition of cycling and the associated loadings on the neuromuscular system can modify spatiotemporal variables in running including trunk motion, which can impact running economy. Changes to trunk motion can be inferred by measuring accelerations of the centre of mass (CoM). However, there is scarce research into trunk dynamics in duathlon. Therefore, the aim of this study was to use an inertial sensor (an accelerometer) to compare acceleration magnitudes of the trunk in the vertical, mediolateral, and anteroposterior directions during a simulated field-based duathlon. Specifically, running performance and magnitudes of trunk acceleration were compared pre and post a cycling load. Ten well-trained duathletes (seven males, three females (mean ± SD; age: 31.1 ± 3.4 years; body mass: 70.9 ± 6.9 kg; body height: 177 ± 5.82 cm; 9.45 ± 1.7 weekly training hours per week; 9.15 ± 5.2 years training experience)) completed a 5 km run performed at a self-selected pace (described as moderate intensity) prior to 20 km of continuous cycling at four varied cadence conditions. This was immediately followed by a 2.5 km run. Mean completion times for the final 2.5 km in running pre-cycling (4.03:05 ± 0.018) compared to the 2.5 km in running post-cycling (4.08:16 ± 0.024) were significantly different. Regarding trunk acceleration, the largest difference was seen in the vertical direction (y axis) as greater magnitudes of acceleration occurred during the initial 1 km of running post-cycling combined with overall significant alterations in acceleration between running pre- and post-cycling (p = 0.0093). The influence of prior cycling on trunk acceleration activity in running likely indicates that greater vertical and mediolateral trunk motion contributes to decremental running performance. In future, further advanced simulation and analysis could be performed in ecologically valid contexts whereby multiple accelerometers might be used to model a more complete set of dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: There is a lack of data on the long-term training characteristics and performance markers of elite young female endurance athletes. The aim of this study was to present the training load (ECOs), as well as the evolution of the anthropometric values and performance of three elite U23 female triathletes over a season. (2) Methods: General training data and performance data relating to the swimming, cycling, and running legs of the 2021 season were described. The training intensity distribution (TID) was presented using the triphasic model, while the training load was based on the ECO model. An anthropometric analysis was also conducted in accordance with the ISAK standards. (3) Results: Triathletes increased their VO2max in cycling (6.9–10%) and running (7.1–9.1%), as well as their power and speed associated with the VO2max (7.7–8.6% in cycling and 5.1–5.3% in running) and their swimming speed associated with the lactate thresholds (2.6–4.0% in LT2 and 1.2–2.5% in LT1). The triathletes completed more than 10 h of weekly average training time, with peak weeks exceeding 15 h. The average TID of the three triathletes was 82% in phase 1, 6% in phase 2, and 12% in phase 3. A decrease in the sum of skinfolds and fat mass percentage was observed during the season in the three triathletes, although the last measurement revealed a stagnation or slight rise in these parameters. (4) Conclusions: The triathletes performed a combination of two training periodization models (traditional and block periodization) with a polarized TID in most of the weeks of the season. Improvements in performance and physiological parameters were observed after the general preparatory period as well as a positive body composition evolution throughout the season, except at the end, where the last measurement revealed stagnation or a slight decline. This study can be useful as a general guide for endurance coaches to organize a training season with female U23 triathletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In many cardiac diseases, myocardial scar tissue detected by late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) is a risk factor for cardiac arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death. Previous studies in athletes reported an increased risk for cardiac events in this group of ostensibly healthy subjects. However, the currently available longitudinal studies on this topic included fairly old marathon runners with a mean age of 57 ± 6 years or represent a case–control study in athletes with preexisting ventricular arrhythmia. The purpose of this prospective study was to analyze the prognostic relevance of LGE cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) in middle-aged endurance athletes without known preexisting cardiac disorders. Methods: Three-hundred and twelve apparently healthy athletes were prospectively enrolled. Inclusion criteria were a training for a minimum of 10 h per week and regularly participation in competitions. LGE CMR was obtained at baseline in all athletes and presence of LGE was classified visually according to established criteria as ischemic LGE, major or minor non-ischemic LGE or absent LGE. Follow-up consisted of a standardized questionnaire and an additional phone call in case of incomplete data. An event was defined as fatal myocardial infarction, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation or sudden cardiac death (SCD). Results: Complete follow-up was available for 293/312 athletes (94%) including 145 triathletes, 74 marathon runners and 74 cyclists after a median of 5.6 [quartiles 4,3, 6,4] years. Median age was 44 [35, 50] years at study enrollment. Spiroergometry did not reveal heart rhythm disturbances or significant ECG changes in the study population. LGE CMR revealed myocardial scar/focal fibrosis in 80 of 293 athletes (27%) including 7 athletes (2%) with ischemic subendocardial LGE of the left ventricle (LV), 16 athletes (6%) with major non-ischemic LGE of the LV and 57 athletes (19%) with minor non-ischemic LGE. During follow-up, two athletes experienced SCD. One marathon runner died during a training run and one cyclist died suddenly at rest. Both athletes had ischemic LGE of the LV. The event rate for SCD was 0.7% in the entire study population and 28% in the 7 athletes with ischemic LGE (p < 0.001 compared to athletes without LGE). Conclusions: Our findings indicate that athletes with ischemic LGE due to unrecognized myocardial infarction are at increased risk for SCD. Our findings highlight the value of LGE CMR to detect occult ischemic scar in asymptomatic apparently healthy athletes, which is of importance, since current guidelines do not recommend to incorporate routine cardiac imaging in pre-participation screening. Athletes with ischemic myocardial scar should at least consider to refrain from high-level exercise as an individual decision. Key points: Athletes with ischemic LGE due to unrecognized myocardial infarction are at increased risk for SCD Our findings highlight the value of LGE CMR to detect occult ischemic scar in asymptomatic apparently healthy athletes Athletes with ischemic myocardial scar should at least consider to refrain from high-level exercise as an individual decision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In recent decades the number of endurance events has increased, as well as the number of athletes participating in them. Adequate nutritional and water planning is essential to maintain optimal sports performance and to reduce the incidence of gastrointestinal problems. The main objective of this study is to determine the dietary intake and compliance with nutritional recommendations of athletes in two endurance competitions, as well as to assess the incidence of gastrointestinal complaints. Methods: An observational and cross-sectional study was carried out on the consumption of liquids, food, and supplements in 42 triathletes and mountain runners (MRs) participating in a Vi-Half-Gasteiz triathlon and the Ultra Sierra de Cazorla trail run. At the completion of the trials, participants completed a validated questionnaire (NIQEC). Results: The mean caloric intake during the test of the participants in this study was 192.17 kcal/h, while the mean carbohydrate intake was 43.67 g/h, the mean sodium intake was 267.43 mg/h, and the mean caffeine intake was 15.53 mg/h, with no significant differences between the two sports. The amount of liquids consumed by the participants was 421.21 mL/h, with no significant differences between the triathletes and MRs. As for gastrointestinal problems, it was observed that the participants presented gastrointestinal discomfort in 61.9% of the cases. Conclusions: The intakes of energy, carbohydrates, water, sodium, and caffeine were lower than the current recommendations. There were no differences in the energy, carbohydrate, water, sodium, and caffeine intakes between the triathletes and mountain runners. Gastrointestinal problems showed a high prevalence in these athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and rationale: The literature shows that the prevalence of dietary supplements is high and guidance by a nutritionist or specialized professional is low in professional triathletes. It is reasonable to assume that in recreational triathletes, the prevalence of dietary supplements will also be high and that a significant portion of the sampled population will use supplements without any guidance from a qualified professional. The present study investigated dietary supplement use among Brazilian male recreational triathletes. Methods: A total of 724 Brazilian male recreational triathletes (age: 38.00 [10.00] years and body mass index: 24.16 [3.02] kg/m2) took part in this study. All participants answered an online questionnaire containing questions about their demographic characteristics and the nutritional aspects of their diet. Results: The results showed that ~ 90% (n = 653) of the interviewed participants reported using at least one dietary supplement. Surprisingly, ~ 25% did not receive supplement advice from a professional nutritionist. Conclusion: The prevalence of dietary supplements in male recreational triathletes was high, and a substantial part of the sample did not receive professional recommendations. This situation is worrisome because dietary supplements should be prescribed by a professional nutritionist. Practical implications: Our results suggest the need for an appropriate attitude and guidance by health professionals who deal with this population, especially nutritionists, to promote safe practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective: The sports‐science literature lacks data on training and performance characteristics of international elite athletes over multiple seasons. The present case study provided general training characteristics and performance data of two male short‐distance triathletes in the Junior, U23, and international Elite categories. Methods: General training and performance data of two male elite triathletes were described in swimming, cycling, and running segments from the 2015 to 2022 season. The training load was presented using the ECO model while the training intensity distribution (TID) was a triphasic model. Results: Both triathletes increased their performance throughout the seasons. Triathlete A increased his VO2max in cycling by 20.6%, in running by 16.7%. His power at VO2max and his speed at VO2max by 18.9% and 11.0%, respectively. Triathlete B improved his VO2max by 17.8% in cycling, by 16.1% in running and his power at VO2max by 24%, and his speed at VO2max by 14.3%. The triathletes trained on average 14–17 h a week. The TID model was polarized. Conclusions: To achieve the top international level, it is necessary to consider the following measures: training load progression; improvements in physiological variables; and participation in international events starting from youth categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Andaluza de Medicina del Deporte is the property of Centro Andaluza de Medicina del Deporte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)