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World Heritage sites can positively impact local manufacturing industries. Using two‐way fixed effects estimation, we find that manufacturing firms in cities with World Heritage sites see a 9% increase in operating revenue. This finding is robust to matching methods and a control function method. The impact is especially strong for businesses with low online visibility, highlighting that World Heritage sites enhance visibility toward lesser‐known enterprises. The study also shows that the positive impact on sales is greater in cities with better support for economic development, consistent with the notion that firms need good industrial infrastructure and financial resources to produce high‐quality goods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Augmented reality (AR) offers several advantages in the commercialization of wood products, increasing both the efficiency and the attractiveness of the process of presenting and selling them. The digitization and virtualization of wood features/products for the purpose of their economic valorization represent a significant advance in technology and its application in traditional industries such as wood processing and trade. We present a concrete process of digitization and virtualization of wood features through AR for the purpose of its commercial valorization. Three methods of object scanning are tested: convergent photogrammetry, LiDAR scanning using an iPhone, and handheld scanners. Wood samples with different textures, shapes, and surface properties were used for the research, while each method was tested on a trio of models. The methods showed specific limitations: convergent photogrammetry is time-consuming and prone to human error, LiDAR iPhone scanning provides lower output quality and struggles with reflective surfaces, while handheld scanners are expensive and require additional tools for capturing color. Convergent photogrammetry was evaluated as the optimal and available method for the widest range of users. The 3D models were integrated into the Virtual Wood Market application, created in the Unreal Engine environment. The use of augmented reality in wood product commercialization offers significant benefits, including enhanced material efficiency, improved design and fabrication processes, better supply chain management, and increased customer engagement. These advantages can lead to more sustainable practices and higher customer satisfaction, ultimately driving the success of wood product commercialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jurnal Ekonomi Manajemen Sistem Informasi (JEMSI) is the property of Dinasti Publisher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article is devoted to the criminal and legal characterization of illegal logging or illegal transportation, storage, and sale of forest. The author identifies distinct features of the subject matter of the crime, such as: the integrity of trees and shrubs, their virginity, and the absence of age restriction criteria for felled trees and shrubs. The author formulates the criteria for attributing certain territories to the crime scene. The author emphasizes that the understanding of deforestation only as separation of a tree from the root leads to a narrowing of the scope of criminal law prohibition, since such actions as damage, uprooting, causing significant damage to the environment remain outside the scope of criminal liability. It is proposed to give a clear explanation of the meaning of the concept of "deforestation" in the note to Article 246 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. The author emphasizes the critical remarks on the legislator's expansion of the objective party, namely, the inclusion in the disposition of Part 1 of Article 246 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, in addition to felling, of such actions as transportation, storage, sale of illegally felled trees or shrubs that caused significant damage. The author establishes that the legislative approach to the formulation of the material elements of a crime which are characterized by the above actions creates a number of problems in the process of qualifying an act. The author provides arguments that it is inexpedient to decriminalize transportation, storage, and sale of illegally felled trees or shrubs which caused significant damage, since such actions do not lose their public danger, especially in the context of the environmental situation complicated by the war. At the same time, the author does not support the view that it is expedient to establish administrative liability for transportation and storage of illegally felled trees and shrubs. It is proposed to differentiate criminal liability in this regard. Transportation, storage, and sale of illegally felled trees or shrubs should be provided for as a criminal offense with a formal composition (Part 1 of Article 246 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine), while excluding transportation and storage of illegally felled trees or shrubs from the disposition of Part 1 of Article 65 of the Code of Administrative Offenses as administratively punishable actions. Liability for illegal felling of trees or shrubs in forests, protective and other forest plantations which caused significant damage should be provided for in Part 2 of Article 246 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine (as a crime with material composition). It is found that the most common motives for this crime are mercenary motives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research Purposes: The study aims to trace the Hanafi jurisprudence in repurchasing what was sold for less than what it sold, its restrictions, its ruling, and the details of the Hanafi school in it and their branches, and their foundations in prohibiting it, with study and analysis, with a comparison in that with the similar sales at the other three Islamic doctrines of jurisprudence, highlighting the nuances of the four schools in that. The researcher did not find anyone who singled out the Hanafi school in this sale in an independent study, highlighting its foundations, accurate rules, and details. Methodology: The study followed a descriptive and analytical approach, where everything related to repurchasing what was sold for less than what it was sold in the books of Hanafi jurisprudence was traced, with presentation and analysis, in addition to a general comparison with other jurisprudence schools. Findings: The study arrived at different findings; the most outstanding are: The Hanafis prohibit repurchasing the sold thing from its purchaser at a lower price before cashing in the first sale price. It is necessary to distinguish between the aforementioned sale and the Ali'na sale at the Hanafi school and with other schools of jurisprudence. The most important Hanafi evidence regarding prohibition are Aisha's objection to Zaid bin Arqam, the usury of sales, and the profit of what was not guaranteed. This sale at the Hanafis corresponds to what is called the sale of deferred terms according to the Malikis and the sale of Ali'na according to the Shafi's and Hanbalis, with many differences in the basis of the prohibition and the details. It is wrong to attribute the justification for preventing this sale according to Abu Hanifa by blocking the pretext to usury. Although the most correct opinion, according to the researcher regarding this is the basis of the Maliki and Hanbali doctrine of prohibition, which is to block the pretext for usury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Any business, be it is primarily based on human resources or financial or operation or strategic or any subject of management, should consist of variables or attributes of management with their inter-related cause-and-effect variations. This variation or fluctuation should further lead to form up an inter-relational product of business and management. It is essential to understand whilst it is always axiomatic that all subjects of business management are inter-dependent to each other and an organization should not exist without a co-existence and relational variability to flourish among variables, irrespective of the subject. Also, creativity similarly or innovatively is important for a subject of management with respect to other subjects as well. This is how a creative mind could propagate to what could be attempted to the least at least or a business should no longer be believed to be unsuccessful in achieving its objectives. With this perspective in view this paper is written and all subjects or disciplines are hereby believed to be equally fulfilling. The paper explains to relational outcomes between two acts of business, promotion (P) and sale (S). Lots of fundamentals exploring out on their interactions (for any given business) should unfold to a discovery indeed and hopeful to be also acting as useful as creative or useful one by business principles (which is often done by business objective in business). The paper finally has culminated into constructing a model with several boundary conditions of variables. This model is newer to the study. It is expected that prospective future scopes should be there on this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The validity of the condition to forfeit of the option of inspection and incorrect description in contract is a point of dispute in legal thoughts and jurisprudential writings. According to the opinion of some legal writers and in some judicial opinions, the generality and application of Article 448 of the Civil Code, regarding the possibility of the condition of the forfeiture of all or some options in the contract, excludes the condition of the cancellation of the option of inspection. Also, in the opinion of some jurists, the condition of forfeiture of this option is invalid based on the rational rule of "prohibition of abrogation of a right that has not been created" and in the opinion of others, the condition of forfeiture of clause of violation of description option causes the transaction to be invalid. On the other hand, in some legal writings, the possibility of rescission of the choice of inspection is accepted by the condition of the contract, and also, some jurists have answered the objections of the opponents. The present research, which using a qualitative method and using library resources, tries to solve the problems related to the validity of the condition of the fall of the inspection option and the incorrect description, while analyzing the discussion and evaluating different points of view. The main hypothesis of this research is the invalidity of the belief in the nullity of the condition of the fall of the choice of inspection and the incorrect description: because the occurrence of confusion and ignorance in the transaction causes the invalidity of the contract. While the right to terminate the transaction arises with the proof of the choice of inspection and the violation of description. Therefore, the realization of the option of vision does not have an effect on the removal of uncertainty, so that when it falls, the transaction becomes unknown. In other words, knowledge about the transaction is not created by establish the option, so that the removal of the option causes the transaction to become unknown. Also, some attributes that are mentioned in the transaction do not have an effect on creating knowledge and removing ignorance about the transaction, rather, they are among the attributes of perfection that come only for the purpose of attracting interest in the transaction. Therefore, the basis of the choice of inspection and violation of description in contracts is not related to the issues of ignorance and uncertainty in the transaction, but rather, it is related to the issue of mistakes; A mistake in the sub-characteristics stipulated in the transaction or in the assumption that the customer did not see the merchandise and bought it based on the description, is effective in the contract, and if he wrongs, can cancel the transaction. Because, the purpose of establishing the option of inspecting and breach of description is to remove the loss caused by the noncompliance of the transaction with the desired characteristics of the contracting party, so that he is not bound to the contract against his will and satisfaction. Thus, in the assumption that there is a mistake in the description, there is sufficient knowledge about the transaction, but the description of the subject of the transaction does not match the intention of the parties and so, the injured party has the right to rescind the transaction. As a result, the means of the condition of the fall of inspection option and the violation of description is the waiver of the protection of the law to the possibility of termination of the contract by the party, and according to the fall condition, he is bound to not use the right of termination. Therefore, the condition of the fall of options leads to the consolidation of the transaction and agrees with the principle of the necessity of contracts (pacta sunt servanda). Accordingly, article 448 of the Civil Code, under the heading "On the Rules Concerning Options in General", stipulates: " It is possible for forfeit all the options as a condition inserted in the deed of sale". So, the condition for forfeit the inspection option and incorrect description in the contract is a valid condition. In addition, it should be said: the condition of the forfeit of inspection option in the contract is outside the scope of the rule of "prohibition of abrogation of the right before its creation". Because, according to that condition, in fact, the contract party oblige that not to use the option, without he has revoked his right of termination before it is created. However, if the cancellation of all options is stipulated in the transaction, the totality of that condition does not include the option of violation of the condition, including the description condition. Also, in the assumption that the contract explicitly stipulates that: "If the seller does not comply with the specifications mentioned in the contract, the buyer has the right to cancel", the condition of canceling all options is out of the option of violation of specifications. Indeed, in these cases, there is a conflict between the general and specific terms of the contract. Undoubtedly, the specific condition is excluded from the scope of the general terms of the contract. In other words, the option of violating the description condition as well as the explicit condition of the option of inspection, remain out of the scope of the general condition of fall of option. Nevertheless, it is proposed that Article 448 of the Civil Code be amended by the addition of a Note stating that: "The condition for forfeiture of all options including the option of condition violation, does not include, the condition of description". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Rihan Journal for Science Publishing is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The sale of dwellings in different stages of construction is, without a doubt, a current topic. A lot of investors (real estate promoters) operate on the real estate market from Romania, taking advantage, perhaps, of the existing legislative framework, which is too permissive, in our opinion, and which inevitably leads to unwanted effects both by clients and by the other participants in the instrumenting of sales documents (including sales promises), with the exception of investors, in the almost exclusive profit of whom the documents are concluded. For these reasons, through this study, we are trying to make more visible the activity of construction and of sale of dwellings not yet finished or in various stages of construction, with the hope that the legislative bodies of this country will notice the need for a special regulation in this field, as some European countries very close to Romania have already done, so that, in the end, the sale of dwellings that are in different stages of construction is recognized and regulated as such, as a distinct variety of sale, alongside the other varieties of sale currently regulated in the Civil Code through Title IX, Chapter I, Section 4, devoted to varieties of sale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al-Andalus journal for Humanities & Social Sciences is the property of Alandalus University for Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Agroindustrial Technology / Jurnal Teknologi Industri Pertanian is the property of IPB University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Rihan Journal for Science Publishing is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article considers enslaved mothers' emotional responses to the separation of their children. While slavery studies scholars have discussed the individual impact sales had on enslaved people, and historians of emotion have explored white communities' understandings of both white maternal love and enslaved emotion, few studies have explored how events such as sale shaped enslaved women's own emotional understandings, practices, experiences and expressions. Guided by enslaved women's own testimony, this article argues that enslaved women created their own, gendered, emotional worlds in response to their experiences of sale – their own conceptions of love and grief, ways of expressing their emotion, and collective emotional practices in the aftermath of separation. Not only individual responses to emotional pain, their collective emotional practices must also be viewed as acts of refusal to submit to slave trading practices, white emotional standards and racialized emotional ideologies. Through loving and grieving actively, enslaved women maintained their maternal bonds in the face of both practical and ideological attempts to decimate them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores developments in Justinian's legislation on church property as evidence of economic strain during the plague of the early 540s. It argues that changes to such laws that have recently featured in scholarly literature, namely the permission introduced by Novel 120 for the sale and emphyteutic lease of church-owned immovable property, were merely incremental and provide evidence for a plague-induced crisis that is at best equivocal. Other features of this same law that have not yet been adduced in scholarly literature on plague, however, potentially shed additional light on the consequences of plague for churches and related institutions. More generally, it is intended that this study make two methodological contributions to current discussions of the so-called Justinianic plague: first by demonstrating the limited utility of calculating rates of new laws per year or per decade, and second by showing the importance of contextualizing Justinian's Novels not just in light of contemporaneous measures but also in light of the diachronic development of the area of law of which they form part. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Chilena de Derecho Privado is the property of Fundacion Fernando Fueyo Laneri and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of College of Law Journal for Legal & Political Sciences / Magallat Kulliyyat Al-Qanun Li-L-ulum Al-Qanuniyyat Wa-Al-Siyasiyyat is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper examines the legal status and treatment of crypto assets in the context of contractual obligations. The analysis begins by considering the evolution from cryptocurrencies to crypto-goods, with special reference to definitions and terms used in the context of private law transactions. Then, the author focuses on the contractual parties under the EU Regulation on Markets in Crypto Asset (MiCa, 2023) and the Serbian Digital Assets Act (DA Act, 2020), where crypto-assets are predominantly treated as investment assets. Special attention is given to e-money tokens in the context of monetary obligations, as well as to Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) that have not yet been covered by regulations. The paper also refers to the contracting of crypto services, exploring how contractual relationships are formed and regulated, and elaborating on legal transactions based on contracts within the blockchain environment and tokenization. In conclusion, the paper draws attention to the problematic terminology used in the Serbian Digital Assets Act (2020), stating that the term "digital asset" (srb. "digitalna imovina") is too broad and inadequate, and proposes the term "crypto asset" (srb. "kripto dobro") which is defined through two key elements: the private nature of the good and the use of cryptography within the Digital Ledger Technology (DLT). This paper correlates the general theory of contract law and nominate contracts when the contractor's performance is in crypto. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article examines in detail the methods of involving minors in illegal production, manufacture, acquisition, storage, transportation, forwarding or sale of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances or their analogues, as an element of the forensic characteristics of the specified criminal offense. The provisions of Article 2 were analyzed. 307 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, which provides for illegal production, manufacture, acquisition, storage, transportation or forwarding for the purpose of sale, as well as illegal sale of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances or their analogues committed with the involvement of a minor. Attention is drawn to the fact that all the variety of ways of involving a minor in illegal activities can be combined into two main groups: related and unrelated to the use of violence or the threat of its use. The most common non-violent methods of committing are revealed, which include: a promise, deception, clarification, offer, persuasion, a personal example of the contortionist, etc. The results of the study of the materials of criminal proceedings show that about 88 % of involvements were committed by offering, persuading, explaining, requesting and persuading to commit a criminal offense. The most common non-violent way of involving minors in illegal activities is an offer to commit a criminal offense. However, attention is drawn to the fact that the establishment of only one proposal by an adult to commit a criminal offense is not always sufficient to recognize it as a method of entrapment. Separate attention is paid to preparatory actions regarding the involvement of a minor in committing the actions provided for in Art. 307 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. Such actions are diverse, but the following should be considered the most common: 1) search for children, before committing illegal actions, their selection, manifestation of friendly relations (70% of criminal proceedings); 2) creating a vested interest (ease of earning, raising authority) in a minor in illegal activities with drugs (67 %); 3) facilitating the behavior of a minor in which he loses the ability to control his actions (drinking alcoholic beverages, using narcotics, psychotropic substances), which creates psychological and physical dependence (60 %); 4) familiarization of minors with the methods of committing, distribution of roles between accomplices, planning to hide traces of a criminal offense (52 %). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Adab Al-Kufa is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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The research included an investigation of a part of the book "Sabil Al-Rashad Explanation of Al-Irshad" by Imam Abdullah bin Ahmed Bazara, on the book "Al-Irshad" by Imam Ismail Al-Maqri, and dealt with: the chapter on selling. Introducing the author of the text, introducing the commentator of the text, and the second dealt with the verified book, then the results, the most important of which are: the book's inclusion of many chapters of jurisprudence despite its brevity, and it is also not valid to sell unclean things such as dogs and pigs. It is not valid to sell a loose bird other than bees; Because the bees are not able to sense it, and as for the bees outside the cage, it is valid if its mother is in it. And invalidates a curious disposal in the eye of someone else and in the responsibility of someone else, so if he sells someone else's money, or buys someone else's money, and says: I bought for a thousand in his debt without his permission, the sale is cancelled. And it is valid with the seller's comment on the will of the purchaser, or vice versa. The purchaser gets one-third of the slave, which is equal to one hundred by one-third of the price, which is thirty-three or one-third, so he gets favoritism with sixty-six and two-thirds, which is one-third of two hundred, and the heirs of the slave are left with two-thirds equal to two hundred. Thirty-three and a third, which is double what was missed by favoritism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of College of Law Journal for Legal & Political Sciences / Magallat Kulliyyat Al-Qanun Li-L-ulum Al-Qanuniyyat Wa-Al-Siyasiyyat is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

There are different interpretations of Shia hadiths about marriage and couple. In some hadiths, marriage is interpreted as sale and the couple is considered as a customer. This article is prepared with the aim of analyzing the implications of seven hadiths about considering the couple as a customer and its consequences in the opinion of Imami jurists, regardless of the strength or weakness of the chain of transmission. The two main questions are as follows: Has considering the couple as a customer in the Shia hadiths influenced the opinions of Imami jurists? Is the application of the word "customer" for a couple in the phrase "He perchase her for the highest price" a real application? In a descriptive and analytical research, the author has found these answers that the early emergence of hadiths suggests that the marriage contract should be an exchange and the couple should be a customer. This apparent indication has influenced some opinions of jurists, and has resulted in jurisprudential issues such as: the permissibility of man's looking in proposing ceremony, the right to imprison the wife, etc. According to the author, marriage is not a sale, and the husband is not a real customer, and the financial obligations of the couple, such as dowry, are a secondary aspect of the marriage contract, and comments such as "He perchase her for the highest price" and "hired as amother" and "because the woman is the seller of soul" in the hadiths are metaphors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: In recent years there has been public speculation about the breed, destination and number of horses being sold by public auction at livestock saleyards in Australia. Currently, there is little objective information available about the breed and condition of horses sold through this medium. With little publicly available objective data on these horses, the horse industry has been left vulnerable to misinformation. Accurate information regarding the composition and condition of horses attending saleyards is important to identify and address any welfare issues and to inform public debate. Method: Data were collected on 312 horses and ponies presented for sale through the Pakenham Horse Sales between July 2019 and March 2020. All horses and ponies were inspected at the saleyards and information on breed, age, body condition score (BCS), purchaser and sale price were recorded as the animals were auctioned. Results: Crossbred horses and ponies were the largest groups presented for sale. Ponies were more likely to be sold to private buyers. Quarter horses and riding ponies were as likely to be sent to slaughter as thoroughbreds and standardbreds. Entire males and females sold for lower prices than geldings. Most horses and ponies (64%) were sold to private buyers. More than three‐quarters (77%) of horses and ponies presented for sale had a BCS greater than or equal to three out of five. Conclusion: This pilot study challenges perceptions that thoroughbreds are the primary breed to attend public sales or that animals attending the sales are in poor condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This essay compares patterns in Ḥanafī and Mālikī rulings about marital annulments and shows how they are connected to differences in how these two schools treated the relationships between marriage, sales, and worship law. Drawing on a variety of jurisprudential texts from the 5th/11th to the 9th/15th centuries, including Ibn Rushd's (d. 595/1198) Bidāyat al-Mujtahid and Burhān al-Dīn al-Farghānī al-Marghīnānī's (d. 593/1197) al-Hidāyah , we first show that Ḥanafī and Mālikī rulings on annulments were consistently inconsistent: when they differed, Mālikīs consistently ruled to permit annulments that Ḥanafīs prohibited. Focusing then on annulments based on defects in dower and maintenance, we show how Mālikī rulings manifest a comparatively stronger emphasis on the analogy between marriage and sale, while Ḥanafī rulings manifest a comparatively stronger emphasis on the analogy between marriage and worship. Finally, we discuss how these differences in emphases may help explain the schools' other divergent rulings on annulments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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