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One of the classic musical instruments used in Kelantanese Makyung performances is the rebab or rabab. It's a stringed or chordophone instrument, played like a violin in a vertical position. The components were assembled together with the very traditional look of Southern Thailand and the Kelantanese. It is very difficult to make 'Kelantan's Rebab' in the modern society. One of the main reasons for this is the difficulty in obtaining raw materials. Production is very limited and, in addition to the lack of Kelantan's Rebab player, generally in Malaysia. Another aspect is the emergence of new technology, which produces more consumers than designers or craftsmen in the manufacture of traditional musical instruments. Researchers have identified the need to study alternatives to the Kelantan's Rebab manufacturing process, which is more economical in terms of time, materials and processes. The main objective of the study is to propose a new process for Kelantan's rebab through an industrial design approach. This study was conducted through interviews and observation in order to experience the performance and basic knowledge of Rebab 's components. Finally, this paper shows the spectrum analysis of both original and the developed prototype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Staphylococcal infections and contaminations have elicited a growing and perennial concern in the medical and food industries. Meanwhile, the manifestation of antibiotic-resistant strains such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) beside the production of disinfectant-resistant biofilms makes the confrontation with the bacteria more cumbersome and challenging. Pomegranate peel as a waste product of juicing factories is a natural antibacterial agent. The pomegranate peel hydro-extract (PPHE), as a bio-friendly material, was prepared from an Iranian pomegranate cultivar, Rabab, and its phenolic compounds and antioxidant (via DPPH and FRAP assays) and anti-staphylococcal (anti-planktonic and anti-biofilm) properties were assessed. The Rabab PPHE inhibited planktonic cells and biofilm formation of three S. aureus. The Rabab PPHE produced large and obvious staphylococcal inhibition zones in which their diameters were significantly dose-dependent for the milk isolated S. aureus (p < 0.05). Despite the resistance of MRSA (ATCC 33591) to beta-lactam antibiotics, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of PPHE against its planktonic cells was only 3.75mg mL-1. Furthermore, Rabab PPHE inhibited bacterial biofilms formation in a dose-dependent manner. The MIC of Rabab PPHE against planktonic milk-isolated S. aureus, S. aureus (ATCC 29737), and MRSA prevented 47, 36, and 26% of their biofilm formation, respectively. This addresses the differences between the anti-planktonic and anti-biofilm activity of Rabab PPHE. The anti-planktonic and to a lesser extent the anti-biofilm forming activity of this water-based extract supports the notion of its effectiveness and salubrious application in food and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a vivid description of the musical instruments depicted in the grandeur constructions of King Ruggero II, also called Roger II of Sicily. The restoration of Sicily based Cefalù cathedral, representing medieval music during the Norman period, in the 1980's made it possible to study such monuments, the ceilings of which had a great touch of Islamic art. Numerous instruments are portrayed through the art including ūd, tunbūr and rabāb.

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