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Introduction: Physical and mental health problems of college students are becoming more prominent, and contact with nature has a positive effect on physical and mental health. This paper investigates the psychological recovery effect of different types of campus green space landscape on college students. From the perspective of college students' perception of campus landscape types, the green space, blue space, gray space and movement space of three universities in Anhui Province are investigated. Methods: Through choose campus landscape types and questionnaires, structural equation modeling (SEM) and mediation modeling were constructed on the role of college students' perception of campus landscape types on psychological recovery. Results: It was found that the level of landscape type perception had a significant effect on the effect of psychological recovery and the generation of pro-social behavior, with no significant gender difference, while psychological recovery also had a positive effect on the generation of pro-social behavior. The study also found that campus landscape type not only directly affect students psychological recovery, but also promote psychological recovery through the mediating role of pro-social behavior. Discussion: The study reveals the effects of campus landscape type on college students' psychological recovery, and pro vides a basis for planning campus of different types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ants often face injuries during foraging, or interspecific competition, elevating infection risk and mortality among the wounded. To avoid this, ants engage in wound care on injured nestmates as a form of social immunity. In this study, we show that Cataglyphis nodus desert ants perform differentiated wound care behavior, depending on wound location and state. Leg-injured ants received significantly more wound care than antenna-injured ants. However, leg wounds with induced infections received barely any wound care from nestmates, leading to similar levels of mortality in isolation and inside the nest. Instead, such leg-infected ants were mainly found outside of the nest. Infections of antennal wounds showed no change in the level of wound care, nor increased mortality. Our results suggest that the level of wound care in ants can be flexibly adjusted to the perceived mortality risk of injuries. Leg injuries pose a greater risk of infection and mortality compared to antennal injuries, likely because of the larger wound area and increased vascular circulation, necessitating intensive prophylactic care to prevent infection. This study is the first to show wound care in Cataglyphis ants, despite their short lifespan, and offers significant insights into social immunity mechanisms. Significance statement: This study reveals the adaptive wound care behavior exhibited by Cataglyphis nodus desert ants, highlighting a crucial aspect of social immunity. Our findings demonstrate that these ants can differentiate the severity, location, and state of nestmate injuries, focusing more on prophylactic wound care (to prevent infection) rather than therapeutic care (to combat infection) in leg injuries, due to the low survival chances of infected leg wounds (which are left to die). While in antennal injuries ants can still be rescued even after infection, leading to similar levels of care and survival with and without infection. This research sheds light on the complex decision-making processes that underpin collective health management in ant colonies. By elucidating these mechanisms, our study offers broader implications for the evolution of social immunity, social behavior, and communal living strategies in other species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As social animals, humans tend to voluntarily engage in pro-social behavior to prevent harm to others. However, to what extent prosocial behavior can be reflected at the level of less voluntary cognitive processes remains unclear. Here, we examined how threat to others modulates exogenous attention. Fifty-four participants performed an exogenous spatial cueing task where the participant’s performance determined whether electric shocks would be delivered either to themselves or to their anonymous co-participant. Threat of shock to the co-participant elicited orienting and reorienting responses that were faster than in the safe condition and did not differ from performance when participants avoided shocks to themselves. This attentional improvement was not due to speed-accuracy trade off and was associated with arousal, i.e., increased pupil dilation in both threat conditions. Together, these findings suggest that pro-social behavior triggers automatic attentional processes which may be relevant for providing immediate help without relying on reflexive processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The impact of moral beliefs on individuals' moral judgments, particularly within the framework of contrasting cultural values such as collectivism and individualism, continues to be a subject of interest. This research delves into whether individuals with distinct values display differences in moral beliefs, with a specific focus on selflessness. Methods: Through experiment 1 and 2, we scrutinize the moral judgments of individuals with diverse values concerning pro-social behaviors driven by selflessness and in-group favoritism. Experiment 3 investigates the underlying mechanisms by examining reward expectations. Results: The findings from experiments 1 and 2 indicate that collectivists exhibit significantly higher moral judgment levels for selfless pro-social behaviors compared to individualists, highlighting a disparity in moral beliefs between the two value systems. Experimental 2 also found that collectivists' moral judgments rose and fell as rescuers' selflessness increased or decreased. However, individualist moral judgment did not change significantly with behavioral selflessness. The results reveal that collectivists hold higher reward expectations for selfless behavior, which contributes to their heightened moral judgment of selfless behavior. Conclusion: While it may be assumed that collectivists' moral beliefs would be dominated by in-group preferences, aligning with the conceptual in-group preference of collectivism, this study unexpectedly found evidence of collectivists' pursuit of selflessness in their moral beliefs. These findings offer initial evidence of distinct patterns of moral beliefs associated with collectivism and individualism, shedding light on potential reasons that lead collectivists to possess stronger moral beliefs about selflessness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study delves into the correlation between individual income inequality as measured by the relative deprivation index and charitable giving, while also examining urban–rural heterogeneity. Additionally, it further explores the mechanisms by which online and offline forms of social interaction operate in this context. Methods: Utilizing data from the 2014–2020 China Family Panel Studies, we employed several methodologies including Probit regression models, cross‐model average marginal effects difference testing based on bootstrap method, instrumental variable method, and the Karlson–Holm–Breen (KHB) effect decomposition method. Results: The findings reveal that individual income inequality measured by the relative deprivation index significantly reduces charitable giving among Chinese households. The inhibitory effect of individual income inequality on social charitable giving is higher than that on charitable giving directed toward friends or colleagues. Furthermore, this impact exhibits some heterogeneity between urban and rural areas. Mechanism analysis indicates that the adverse effect of income inequality on charitable giving operates through reducing social interaction, including both online and offline forms. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that income inequality has distinct adverse effects on two types of charitable giving and explain the mechanisms underlying these effects through social interaction. A pattern of the differential mode of association similar to "ripples" in Chinese society is beneficial for understanding these differentiated impacts. We believe it is necessary to improve economic inequality conditions and enhance the enthusiasm of the Chinese public for participating in charitable donations by promoting various forms of social interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Episodic simulation effectively promotes an individual's willingness to help, and temporal distance can influence an individual's mental representation and reaction. However, the effect of episodic simulation on pro-social behavior at different temporal distances has not been explored, and this perspective is crucial to understand how episodic simulation can more efficiently promote individuals' pro-social behavior. The present study examined how episodic simulation and temporal distances promote pro-social behavior and its scope of applications. Experiment 1 (N = 200) used a two-factor experimental design to explore how episodic simulation and temporal distance (near: after 1 day vs. far: after 1 year) interacted to influence willingness to help and donation behavior. Experiment 2 (N = 335) employed a mixed experimental design to examine the interactive effects of episodic simulation and temporal distance on willingness to help and donation behavior among individuals with different social value orientations (pro-self orientation vs. pro-social orientation). The two experiments used a 7-point scale of willingness to help people and the amount of money donated to charity as indicators of pro-social behavior. The results showed that willingness to help and subsequent donation behavior were significantly higher after initiating the episodic simulation. Individuals matched with the far temporal distance condition (compared to the near temporal distance condition) had a significantly increased willingness to help and donation behavior. Notably, episodic simulation and far temporal distance significantly enhanced the donation behavior of individuals with a pro-self orientation but not of those with a pro-social orientation. The matching of episodic simulation and distant temporal distance facilitated the production of pro-social behavior, especially for individuals with low helping tendencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Poor mental wellbeing is a challenge for societies across the world, as is the increasing threat of climate change, and emerging evidence suggests these challenges are interrelated. Green and social prescribing of non)clinical interventions hold promise as a cost-effective and widely accessible way to improve wellbeing, and interest is growing in whether pro-ecological communal activities have mutual benefits for both people and the planet. Objectives: Communal pro-ecological activities are growing in popularity, and research is gathering pace into whether participation influences mental wellbeing. The present systematic review scopes the existing evidence base to explore what is being done, what is being found, and what additional research is required. Methods: Electronic databases (PsychNET, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) were searched for studies that involved groups of people undertaking pro-ecological activities, where components of mental wellbeing were assessed. Eligibility criteria were purposely broad, including all study designs and participants across the lifespan. Results: Thirty-seven eligible studies were identified. Nearly half of the studies used mixed-method designs, and most studies used surveys or interviews to evaluate outcomes. Most pro-ecological activities involved planting vegetation, and habitat creation, maintenance, or restoration. Methodological quality varied considerably. Among the perceived therapeutic mechanisms reported, the social elements of the interventions were prominent. Discussion: Coherent synthesis of the current evidence base is challenging given the heterogeneous range of methods, samples, and interventions within the studies. However, the results here demonstrate promise that with future research and better methodological rigor, pro-ecological group-based interventions hold the potential to improve mental wellbeing and influence sustainable behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Income plays a crucial role in shaping pro‐social behavior, particularly in the context of charitable giving. However, existing literature reveals mixed findings when dealing with the nuances in this relationship. This study aims to evaluate the main hypotheses concerning the influence of income on charitable giving, drawing on data from a 2021 national survey with 2099 respondents in Brazil. This study contributes with new evidence to the topic within the context of a middle‐income Latin American country, an aspect often overlooked in previous studies. Our analysis focuses on how an individual's household income influences three key aspects: the likelihood of giving, the amount given, and the proportion of household income donated. The findings indicate that individuals from higher‐income households donate larger sums of money but the same proportion of income as other income households. Household income does not significantly affect the likelihood of donating or the proportion of income donated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of perceiving individuals within and outside of social groups, there are distinct cognitive processes and mechanisms in the brain. Extensive research in recent years has delved into the neural mechanisms that underlie differences in how we perceive individuals from different social groups. To gain a deeper understanding of these neural mechanisms, we present a comprehensive review from the perspectives of facial recognition and memory, intergroup identification, empathy, and pro-social behavior. Specifically, we focus on studies that utilize functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and event-related potential (ERP) techniques to explore the relationship between brain regions and behavior. Findings from fMRI studies reveal that the brain regions associated with intergroup differentiation in perception and behavior do not operate independently but instead exhibit dynamic interactions. Similarly, ERP studies indicate that the amplitude of neural responses shows various combinations in relation to perception and behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research found that experimentally reducing people's belief in free will affects social behaviors. However, more recent investigations could not replicate several findings in this literature. An explanation for the mixed findings is that free will beliefs are related to social behaviors on a correlational level, but experimental manipulations are not able to detect this relation. To test this interpretation, we conceptually replicated and extended a landmark study in the free will belief literature originally conducted by Baumeister et al. In five studies (total N = 1,467), we investigated whether belief in free will predicts helping behavior in comparison to other beliefs related to free will. Overall, our results support the original findings, as belief in free will correlated with helping behavior. However, the results also show that the best predictor of helping behavior is not belief in free will but belief in dualism. Theoretical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, it was aimed to develop a measurement tool to measure the prosocial behaviors of adolescents. The research was carried out on 540 students studying at secondary and high school levels in Istanbul and Küçükçekmece districts. After the exploratory factor analysis, it was observed that the scale consisted of 4 sub-dimensions: empathy, altruism, sympathy and self-worth. The theoretical structure of these four dimensions of the scale was supported by confirmatory factor analysis. The variance explained by all items of the scale was measured as 66.75. In order to support the validity level of the scale, it was observed that the correlations between the item discrimination values of the items calculated with the t-test and the subscale scores were significant. The external validity of the scale was compared with the previously developed prosocial behavior scale and significant relationships were found between them. Cronbach Alpha values were calculated for the reliability study of the scale, and it was observed that the reliability values of the scale, including the total scale scores, ranged between .74 and .91. In the light of the psychometric data obtained as a result, a measurement tool with high reliability and validity values was developed for adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Because the mechanisms by which moral elevation triggers an individual's pro-social behavior remain unclear, this study examined the mediating role of self-control resources in the relationship between moral elevation and pro-social behavior. Methods: Experiment 1 examined the effects of moral elevation on self-control resources using two task paradigms, the Stroop task and the Go/NoGo task, with 80 college students as study participants. Experiment 2 was conducted with an additional 140 college students, using both experimental and questionnaire methods to examine the mediating role of self-control resources in the effects of moral elevation on pro-social behavior. Results: (1) The results of Experiment 1 showed that the self-control ability of the moral elevation induction group was significantly better than that of the non-induction group. The accuracy rate of self-control tasks in the induction group (0.94 ± 0.01) was significantly higher than that in the non-induction group (0.89 ± 0.01, F(1,79)=19.10, p < 0.001, η2=0.50). The mean reaction time of the self-control tasks in the induction group (393.63 ± 3.5) was significantly lower than that in the non-induction group (415.38 ± 7.30, F(1,79)=5.87, p =0.026, η2=0.24). (2) The results of Experiment 2 showed a significant positive correlation between moral elevation and self-control resources (r=0.46, p< 0.001), a significant positive correlation between moral elevation and pro-social behavior (r=0.33, p< 0.001), and a significant positive correlation between self-control resources and pro-social behavior (r=0.31, p< 0.001). Not only did moral elevation significantly and positively predict pro-social behavior (β= 0.23, p=0.011), but it also significantly and positively predicted self-control resources (β= 0.46, p< 0.001). Self-control resources significantly and positively predicted pro-social behavior (β= 0.20, p=0.025). The bootstrap test for the mediating effect of self-control resources showed that the upper and lower limits of the 95% confidence interval did not include 0 (indirect effect 0.09, 95% CI [0.023, 0.242], p< 0.001), and the mediating effect accounted for 28.13%. Conclusion: This study revealed the mediating role of self-control resources in the relationship between moral elevation and pro-social behavior, which has important theoretical and practical implications for cultivating pro-social behavior and moral education among college students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the correlates of environmental attitudes among Europeans and focuses on the roles of volunteering and practicing sports in a voluntary sports club. Drawing on the literature on social preferences, it argues that altruism and generosity are characteristics that apply to both leisure activities, while also shaping environmental attitudes. The empirical analysis uses data from the European Values Survey (2017–2019; n = 34,296). Environmental attitudes are captured by a composite index and a trade-off question assessing individuals' preferences for environmental protection versus economic growth. The results of regression analyses show that volunteering and sports club membership have a significant positive association with the environmental attitude measures. Furthermore, both activities attenuate the negative associations of socio-demographic characteristics, including male gender, lower and medium education, retirement, being in a partnership, and living in a small town. Environmental policy should consider the spillover effects of leisure activities on individuals' environmental attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since Spring 2020, college students have experienced rapid and unpredictable shifts in their social and academic worlds. As institutions implemented social distancing policies, students had to navigate unstable norms related to peer interaction while negotiating what it meant to act responsibly to ensure their own safety and help their communities. Drawing on a network-based approach to pro-social behavior, we conducted a study of undergraduate students' frequent interaction networks at one research university during Fall 2020 to better understand how students constructed and were influenced by their peer relationship patterns. We observed a typology of student relationship patterns based on the structure and physical location of relationships. This typology had important implications for how students assessed risk and expressed care. While students engaged in different behaviors related to social distancing, they all believed they were making a concerted effort to keep their frequent contacts safe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of organic food is of paramount importance in ensuring the safety of our food supply and safeguarding the well-being of people worldwide. This study aims to add to existing knowledge about family perceptions toward organic food consumption, specifically their pro-environmental and pro-social attitudes. The study's goal is to see if green consumption values can influence customers' decisions to buy organic food. The theory of consumption value, theory of planned behavior, and protection motivation theory are used to find out what motivates consumers toward organic food purchases. A total sample of 208 families was randomly selected using a self-administrated questionnaire-based survey. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the results. The results suggest that families who demonstrate environmentally conscious behavior and prioritize green consumption values are more likely to choose organic food, in contrast to families who prioritize pro-social behavior. The study enhances the study of sustainable food consumption by providing a fresh perspective on consumers' attitudes toward organic foods and might provide marketers, decision makers, and future researchers with useful data. This finding signifies the development of the organic food market with the implication of self-identities and green consumption values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we show that a policy based on incentives to promote prosocial activities can be counterproductive in a context where the agents' reputation exhibits persistence over time and there exists a time lag between announcement of the policy and implementation. Reputation persistence in our model means that the reputation gained in past periods constrains the possibilities of changing reputation in the future. We present a two-period model in which agents use prosocial activities to signal their degree of altruism. If a subsidy is established for the second period, the set of agents that undertake social activities in that period enlarges. This worsens the reputation of the most altruistic agents, some of whom then react by decreasing their involvement in prosocial activities in the first period. We identify a condition under which subsidies cause a decrease in the global supply of pro-social activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This journal article was primarily carried out to pinpoint whether emotional intelligence and pro-social behavior predicts academic achievement of University students. To achieve this, data was gathered from 111 (m = 50, F = 53) students by using stratified simple random sampling technique. As the results of Pearson correlation coefficient showed that, there was statistically significant positive association between emotional intelligence and pro-social behavior. However, it was found that there was no relationship between emotional intelligence and academic achievement. On the other hand, there was a statistically significant negative correlation between pro-social behavior and academic achievement of students. Findings from multiple regression indicated that, emotional intelligence predicted pro-social behavior of students, whereas, emotional intelligence didn't predict academic achievement of students. On the other hand, pro-social behavior negatively and significantly predicted academic achievement of students. Besides, there was no significant gender difference in emotional intelligence and pro-social behavior. However, there was statistically significant disparity amidst male and female students in academic achievement and male students exceed female counterparts in general level of academic performance. As one sample t-test result depicted, Majority of students have high level of emotional intelligence, pro-social behavior and academic performance. The researcher forwarded the following recommendations for instructors, the university management and Medias. Socio-emotional training's should be provided to students, intensive studies should be conducted on this topic, teachers of the university should advocate the importance of emotional intelligence and pro-social behavior in the class room, the university and broadcasting Medias should give attention for the topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study sought to investigate the association between perceived stigmatization, locus of control, pro-social behavior, and psychological well-being of orphaned teenagers. A correlational research design was used, and a non-probability approach was used to recruit 100 adolescents aged 12 to 18 years from several orphanages. The perceived stigmatization subscale was anticipated to have a substantial association with psychological well-being. The theory also demonstrates a link between the locus of control and psychological well-being, as well as a link between pro-social activity and psychological well-being. To assess stigmatization, the Stigma Scale, the Locus of Control Measure, and the Psychological Wellbeing Scale were employed, respectively. The findings demonstrated a substantial link between perceived stigmatization (positive treatment, overcoming stigma) and psychological well-being. The results also demonstrated that the internal locus of control (Chance) has a highly substantial positive association with psychological well-being. Pro-social activity has a strong correlation with psychological well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mexican Journal of Behavioral Analysis / Revista Mexicana de Análisis de la Conducta is the property of Sociedad Mexicana de Analisis de la Conducta and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Exploring the hidden factors behind donors' inspiration is of great importance. This will go a long way, enabling charitable organizations to design more effective communication in donation appeals. For decades, the donation appeals used for charity emphasize on negative emotion sadness to induce empathy in viewers. However, using extreme negative emotions like sadness in donation appeals has adverse psychological effects; causing distress to viewers. In contrast, there is almost non-existent research on donors' inspiration in such donation appeals. This research analyses donors' inspiration in experimental studies. The data were collected through survey questionnaires. The findings reveal that the sadness & dignity combined condition triggers higher inspiration than the sadness condition; resulting in a positive evaluation of the donation appeal in the combined condition as compared to the sadness condition (Study-1). Further, the combined condition elicits higher inspiration than the sadness condition; causing higher donations in the combined condition than both the sadness and dignity conditions (Study-2). In a nutshell, this research reveals that dignity inspires people. Specifically, it shows that combining sadness & dignity is more effective than the sadness dominating emotion in persuading people to donate. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the thematic trends in school garden studies over the past few decades, using a relational bibliometric methodology on a corpus of 392 articles and review articles indexed in the Web of Science Core Collection. The paper seeks to understand how researchers have studied the concept over the last few decades in various disciplines, spanning approximately eighty Web of Science categories. The results show that there is a critical mass of scientific research studying school gardens. The analysis shows the thematic trends in discussion journals, discussion terminology, and consolidates classic papers and some novel authors and papers. The studies and their theoretical trends lead to refocusing the analysis on the effects of school gardens beyond the educational, thanks to the contribution of authors from more than fifty countries engaged in the study of these activities. This work constitutes new challenges for this line of research, raising interdisciplinary research challenges between horticultural, environmental, technological, educational, social, food, nutritional, and health sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are a multitude of influences on adolescents' decisions to enroll in elective instrumental music ensembles. While some music teachers might rely on external rewards such as end-of-year trips to encourage retention from year to year, middle school students' sociocultural and psychological characteristics may best account for their intentions to continue in band or orchestra. I examined needs satisfaction variables from Self-Determination Theory and task values from Expectancy Value Theory alongside environmental factors such as parent and peer influence as well as socioeconomic status (SES) as predictors of adolescent instrumental students' elective intentions (N = 42). Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Parents tended to exert a large amount of influence over the extent to which participants' needs were satisfied and a small amount of influence over the task values of their children. Concurrently, peers and SES played small but important roles in the development of elective intentions. Moreover, when parents and teachers were supportive of students' autonomy, competence, and relatedness, instrumental music learning tasks were valued. Task values, in turn, strongly predicted middle school instrumental students' intentions to persist and enroll in future instrumental music courses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeszyty Naukowe KUL is the property of John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Wydawnictwo KUL and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: In recent years, employees' unethical pro-organizational behavior (UPB) has become a social hot issue. This behavior benefits their organization or colleagues while violating core social ethics. Numerous studies have predominately focused on identifying the antecedents and formation mechanisms of UPB. However, only a few studies have focused on the effects and outcomes of UPB. Moreover, guilt triggered by unethical behaviors can motivate individuals to adopt pro-social behaviors, but studies on the effects of UPB on pro-social behavior of actors are rather limited. Therefore, this study explores the underlying relationship between employees' UPB and their own pro-environmental behavior based on the conservation of resources theory. Methods: Through collecting data (N = 319) from a Chinese online survey company in different time intervals, the theoretical model was tested by the application of Amos 27.0 and SPSS 25.0 for analysis of the data. The CFA, descriptive analysis, hierarchical regression were illustrated in the article. Results: This study demonstrated that, through emotions of guilt, employees' UPB is negatively correlated with their own environmental protection act. While this relationship is being examined, moral identity plays this mediating role, which can moderate the indirect relationship between employees' UPB and their environmental behavior through guilt. Discussion: The purpose of the research was to identify the influence mechanisms that contribute to employees' pro-organizational but unethical behavior. With guilt serving as the mediating variable and moral identity serving as the moderating variable, a research model built on the principle of the conservation of resources theory was constructed. This research examines the impact mechanism and boundary conditions of UPB on individual proenvironmental behaviors from the perspective of employees. This paper discusses the theoretical and practical implications of the report's results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nankai Business Review is the property of Nankai Business Review Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper contributes to the promotion of multidisciplinary research on ethical consumerism by providing experimental evidence on consumer's willingness to reward sellers by paying higher wages to their workers. We analyze repeated interactions occurring between workers, sellers, and consumers within the framework of an experimental market. By successfully performing a task, workers allow sellers to offer a good through a market. Sellers set the price of goods and decide the wages of workers. Consumers enter the market sequentially and decide whether to accept one of the offers or to leave the market. Our data show that, especially in the first periods of the experiment, some sellers opt to pay high wages to their workers. However, this behavior is not rewarded by consumers, whose purchasing choices are almost exclusively driven by self‐interest. In our interpretation, the connection between workers and sellers that connotes our experimental design, with workers who allow sellers to enter the market, may induce consumers to believe that eventual sacrifices for paying high wages to workers must be entirely on sellers. Our result suggests that the more salient is made the importance of some stakeholders in allowing the firm's activity, the fewer consumers' may be willing to sacrifice their monetary payoff to improve these stakeholders' condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to identify pro-social behavior, self-determination, and life satisfaction status among nursing students, and to analyze the relationships between these variables and their effects on nursing students' life satisfaction. Methods: It was conducted from January 10 to January 19, and data from 210 nursing students were collected through the online survey system of an Internet portal site. Results: As a result of the study, pro-social behavior and self-determination (autonomy, competence, relationship (s)), and life satisfaction showed a statistically significant positive correlation with each other. Competence (p<.001) and relationships (p=.018), affected nursing students'life satisfaction. The higher the competence (B=0.41), the stronger the relationships. Further, the higher the score (B=0.21), the higher the satisfaction. Additionally, it was found that the effect of competence (β=.40) on life satisfaction was higher than that of relationships on life satisfaction (β=.16). Pro-social behavior did not affect nursing students' life satisfaction (p=.654). Conclusion: Through the results of this study, we suggest the need for efforts to improve nursing students' life satisfaction by developing and applying various programs that can increase self-determination in the nursing education process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research showed that acting immorally on one occasion can determine a greater availability for pro-social behavior on a subsequent occasion. Nevertheless, moderating factors for this effect, such as financial interest remained largely unexplored. The present field experiment (N = 587) was organized in an urban setting, in a post-communist society (Romania), in a context of public anonymity and examined passersby's pro-social behavior on two consecutive occasions. The procedure involved a confederate "losing" a banknote of different values (1, 10, 50, 100, or 500 RON), which invited passersby's pro-social behavior to return it (or not). Participants who decided to steal the banknote were approached by a second confederate and asked politely to return the banknote. Our research was articulated mainly as a quantitative approach by measuring participants' pro-social behavior toward the person who lost the banknote, their subsequent pro-social behavior toward the confederate who exposed their behavior and the number of words they produced during a post-experimental interview in which they could justify their behavior. At the same time, we also performed a qualitative approach, through which we explored the themes evoked in their justifications and their relation with their previous behavior. Results indicate a moderating effect of economic interest on pro-social behavior toward the confederate who lost the banknote, as well as on their subsequent pro-social behavior toward the second confederate. Participants who stole the banknote also used significantly more words to justify their behavior, and this tendency could be observed especially in the case for higher values of the banknote. Results are critically discussed in a context dominated by an inherited pattern of distrust and social cynicism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aimed to explore how family atmosphere influenced pro-social behavior among Chinese college students and to explore the mediation roles of gratitude and self-efficacy. We recruited 800 Chinese college students, and the participation rate was 89% (712 participants, M = 19.26, SD = 1.23). Participants completed the family atmosphere scale, the pro-social tendencies measure, the gratitude questionnaire, and the general self-efficacy scale. Results indicated that (1) Family atmosphere, gratitude, self-efficacy, and pro-social behavior were positively correlated after controlling for the grade, gender, and age. (2) The family atmosphere affected pro-social behavior not only directly, but also indirectly through the partial mediating role of gratitude and self-efficacy. Moreover, gratitude and self-efficacy also played a full chained mediation role in the relationship between the family atmosphere and pro-social behavior of college students. Therefore, a supportive family atmosphere is conducive to promoting college students' gratitude and self-efficacy, in turn affecting their pro-social behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to identify pro-social behavior, self-determination, and life satisfaction status among nursing students, and to analyze the relationships between these variables and their effects on nursing students' life satisfaction. Methods: It was conducted from January 10 to January 19, and data from 210 nursing students were collected through the online survey system of an Internet portal site. Results: As a result of the study, pro-social behavior and self-determination (autonomy, competence, relationship (s)), and life satisfaction showed a statistically significant positive correlation with each other. Competence (p<.001) and relationships (p=.018), affected nursing students' life satisfaction. The higher the competence (B=0.41), the stronger the relationships. Further, the higher the score (B=0.21), the higher the satisfaction. Additionally, it was found that the effect of competence (β=.40) on life satisfaction was higher than that of relationships on life satisfaction (β=.16). Pro-social behavior did not affect nursing students' life satisfaction (p=.654). Conclusion: Through the results of this study, we suggest the need for efforts to improve nursing students' life satisfaction by developing and applying various programs that can increase self-determination in the nursing education process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to examine the correlates of burnout among primary school teachers working with public schools in Chhattisgarh-India. Design/methodology/approach: Data were collected from 713 teachers using a questionnaire survey. Using partial least square path modeling, this study tests the proposed measurement and structural model. Findings: The study confirmed that general job demands and emotional job demands in a school environment significantly correlated with burnout, which, in turn, has increased somatic symptoms and decreased pro-social behavior among teachers. However, the association of burnout with absenteeism was insignificant. Emotional intelligence (EI) was found to buffer the adverse associations of general job demands and emotional job demands on burnout. Practical implications: The findings of this study demonstrate that EI has buffering effects on high job demands that consequently reduce burnout. This will help educators and policymakers in shaping and formulating effective policies and practices to deal with burnout. Originality/value: Earlier studies exploring burnout of primary school teachers, especially in the Indian context, had focused exclusively on demographic factors. This study is an early attempt to understand the impact of contextual factors on burnout thereby helping in designing appropriate interventions thereof. This study additionally rationalizes the unexplored association of burnout with pro-social behavior among educators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People's default levels of empathy toward members of a distant group tend to be low. The current research shows that favorable perceptions regarding the personality of a group's leader can stimulate empathy and pro-social behavior toward his or her countrymen. In four experimental studies (N = 884), we found that exposure to a news article that positively (vs. negatively) characterizes a foreign national leader (vs. non-national leader) led to (a) increased levels of empathy toward distressed citizens of that leader's nation, (b) willingness to help those citizens, (c) motivation to invest time in inspecting additional information elucidating the circumstances that led to this adversity, and (d) an actual monetary donation for the benefit of those people. This effect turned out to be prominent when the national leader's domestic popularity was perceived as high. The results show that national leaders are in a position to contribute to more empathetic inter-society relations and enhance pro-social behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to address essential questions regarding social entrepreneurial intentions. Do traits such as perceived social impact, social worth and social network influence, social entrepreneurial intentions among the young populous generation of Pakistan? To get a deeper insight, this paper further raises questions regarding the relationship of these predictors and social entrepreneurial intentions with empathy which is considered as a key determinant and a distinguishing trait to become a social entrepreneur. Design/methodology/approach: This paper involves a quantitative research design using a partial least square structural equation modeling approach to measure the effects of the structural model. For this, a cross-sectional survey was conducted with a purposive sample of 247 university students from Pakistan. Findings: Results showed a positive relationship between antecedents and social entrepreneurial intentions. Overall analysis exhibited social worth as a dominant trait and social network as the least influencing trait to impact social entrepreneurial intentions. Practical implications: It will help micro and macro-level policymakers including government officials and NGOs and educators to create awareness and provide support and encouragement to individuals who aim to initiate social enterprise. Originality/value: The present study makes significant contributions to the social entrepreneurship literature, as it is one of the first academic studies on social entrepreneurial intentions in Pakistan. This paper enriches the theoretical foundation by assessing the influence of perceived social impact, social worth and social network on social entrepreneurial intentions. Also, the relationship of Empathy with each of these antecedents is examined for the first time in the social entrepreneurial intentions context which is a valuable contribution both theoretically and practically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research was primarily carried out to pinpoint whether emotional intelligence and pro-social behavior predicts academic achievement of first year undergraduate students of institute of teacher education and behavioral science in Wollo University. On the other hand, the study tried to identify the association among emotional intelligence, prosocial behavior and academic achievement, sex disparities and level of emotional intelligence, pro-social behavior and academic achievement of students. To achieve this, data was gathered from 111 (n=50, F= 53) students by using stratified simple random sampling technique. As the result of multiple regression indicated, emotional intelligence predicts pro-social behavior of students, whereas, emotional intelligence did not anticipate academic achievement of students. On the other hand, pro-social behavior negatively and significantly predicts academic achievement of students. The Pearson correlation coefficient showed that, there was statistically significant positive association amidst emotional intelligence and pro-social behavior. However, it was found that there was no association amidst emotional intelligence and academic achievement and also there was a statistically significant negative correlation between pro-social behavior and academic achievement of students. Besides, there was no sex disparity in emotional intelligence and pro-social behavior. However, there was statistically significant disparity amidst male and female learners in academic achievement and male students exceed female counterparts in general status of academic performance. As one sample t-test result depicted, Majority of the students have high status of emotional intelligence, pro-social behavior and academic performance. The researcher forwarded the following recommendations for concerned bodies. Socio-emotional training's should be provided to students, intensive studies should be conducted on this topic, teachers of the university should advocate the importance of emotional intelligence and pro-social behavior in the class room, the university and broadcasting Médias should give attention for the topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To study the relationship between emotional contagion, professional behavior, and moral judgment of student teachers and the mediating role of moral judgment among them. Methods: The "Emotional Contagion Questionnaire", "Pro-social Tendencies Measure for Adolescent (PTM)" and "Moral Judgment Test (MJT)" was used to survey 448 student teachers. Results: The emotional contagion and pro-social behavior of student teachers have no significant differences between gender and urban and rural areas, but significant differences in professional nature. No significant differences were observed in moral judgment between urban and rural areas and major character, but significant in gender. A significant positive correlation was detected between emotional contagion and pro-social behavior. Conclusion: Moral judgment plays a partially mediating role in the relationship between emotional contagion and pro-social behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Communication is a well-known tool to promote cooperation and pro-social behavior. In this study, we examine whether minimal communication in form of public consent with a pre-defined cooperation statement is sufficient to strengthen cooperation in groups. Within the controlled environment of a laboratory experiment, we identify ways by which non-enforceable cooperation statements are associated with higher levels of cooperation in a public good setting. At first, the statement triggers selection; socially oriented individuals are more likely to make the cooperation statement. In addition, we can show that a behavioral change takes place once the statement is made. This change can be attributed to commitment arising from the pledge and to increased coordination between the interaction partners. Depending on the institutional context, these drivers can vary in strength. Comparing compulsory and voluntary cooperation statements, we find that both are effective in motivating higher contributions to the public good. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates whether there is a connection between psychopathy and certain manifestations of social and economic behavior, measured in a lab-in-the-field experiment with prison inmates. In order to test this main hypothesis, we let inmates play four games that have often been used to measure prosocial and antisocial behavior in previous experimental economics literature. Specifically, they play a prisoner's dilemma, a trust game, the equality equivalence test that elicits distributional preferences, and a corruption game. Psychopathy is measured by means of the Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale (LSRP) questionnaire, which inmates filled out after having made their decisions in the four games. We find that higher scores in the LSRP are significantly correlated with anti-social behavior in the form of weaker reciprocity, lower cooperation, lower benevolence and more bribe-oriented decisions in the corruption game. In particular, not cooperating and bribe-maximizing decisions are associated with significantly higher LSRP primary and LSRP secondary scores. Not reciprocating is associated with higher LSRP primary and being spiteful with higher LSRP secondary scores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early life environment influences the development of various aspects of social behavior, particularly during sensitive developmental periods. We studied how challenges in the early postnatal period or (early) adolescence affect pro-social behavior. To this end, we designed a lever-operated liberation task, to be able to measure motivation to liberate a trapped conspecific (by progressively increasing required lever pressing for door-opening). Liberation of the trapped rat resulted either in social contact or in liberation into a separate compartment. Additionally, a condition was tested in which both rats could freely move in two separate compartments and lever pressing resulted in social contact. When partners were not trapped, rats were more motivated to press the lever for opening the door than in either of the trapped configurations. Contrary to our expectations, the trapped configuration resulted in a reduced motivation to act. Early postnatal stress (24 h maternal deprivation on postnatal day 3) did not affect behavior in the liberation task. However, rearing rats from early adolescence onwards in complex housing conditions (Marlau cages) reduced the motivation to door opening, both in the trapped and freely moving conditions, while the motivation for a sucrose reward was not affected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-signaling models predict less selfish behavior in a probabilistic giving setting as individuals are expected to invest in a pro-social identity. However, there is also substantial evidence that people tend to exploit situational excuses for selfish choices (for instance, uncertainty) and behave more selfishly. We contrast these two motivations (identity management and self-deception) experimentally in order to test which one is more prevalent in a reciprocal giving setting. Trustees' back transfer choices are elicited for five different transfer levels of the trustor. Moreover, we ask trustees to provide their back transfer schedule for different scenarios that vary the implementation probability of the back transfer. This design allows us to identify subjects who reciprocate and analyze how these reciprocators respond when self-image relevant factors are varied. Our results indicate that self-deception is prevalent when subjects make the back transfer choice. Twice as many subjects seem to exploit situational excuses than subjects who appear to invest in a pro-social identity. JEL classifications : C72, C91, D80, D91 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on findings from a study that examined students' online asynchronous discussions in five online courses on qualitative research methods. Online asynchronous discussion data from 22 students in 5 courses over a period of two years were analyzed iteratively, revealing two themes: (1) patterns of writing in students' posts that both softened authoritative speech and encouraged continued conversation and (2) expressions of authority and vulnerability embedded in students' posts in relation to knowledge construction. Postings included proportionately similar patterns of authoritative and vulnerable language from week to week. Findings align with other studies of online discussions, in that much agreement, complimenting and supportive talk and few direct challenges were observed in the data. Findings contribute to literature on teaching qualitative methods by adding to what is known about how technology mediates delivery of coursework in the teaching of qualitative research methods. Understanding how qualitative researchers learn to conduct research in online contexts is essential for instructors of qualitative research methodology using online course delivery to prepare future researchers to develop innovative methods and conduct significant research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: According to the definition proposed by WHO, social health is a health dimension that impacts, or is affected by, the two physical and mental dimensions. Based on the definition given by the Academy of Medical Sciences of Islamic Republic of Iran, social health includes reciprocal qualitative and quantitative behaviors by individuals towards welfare of the society. Pro-social behaviors and an encouraging environment are considered as the two main components of social health promotion. The purpose of this study was to identify pro-social behaviors in the Iranian society. Materials and Methods: This was a qualitative study. Data were collected using 1). Literature review based on sources related to Iranian culture and religious advice, as well as published international experiences, and 2). Expert opinions based on focus group discussions on eight specialized disciplines. The data obtained were content analyzed. Results: Analysis of the data of this study showed twenty pro-social behaviors (possible to be categorized into three domains/areas of social thinking, speech and expression, and behavior): acceptance of diversity and altruism, understanding human rights, not telling lies, cooperation, humbleness, donation/free contribution, being critical, patience and forgiveness, lack of distrust/suspicion, speaking competence, proper balance/equilibrium, sense of responsibility, brotherhood, personal discipline/order, fidelity, trustworthiness, consultation, cultural exchange, self-identity and, finally, respecting the environment. Conclusion: Behavior change requires applying evidence-based models, e.g., social marketing. It is, thus, suggested that after investigating and surveying pro-social behaviors in the Iranian society, barriers to prosocial behaviors should be investigated and social marketing programs be developed and implemented aiming to help improve these behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explore how risk preferences affect pro-social behavior under uncertainty. We analyze a modified dictator game in which the dictator can, by reducing her own sure payoff, increase the odds that an unknown recipient wins a lottery. We first augment a standard social preferences model with reference-dependent risk attitudes and then test the model's predictions for the dictator's giving behavior using a laboratory experiment. Consistent with the predictions of the model, we find that the relationship between giving behavior and a giver's loss aversion is mediated by the strength of the giver's pro-social preferences. Among more (less) pro-social dictators, an increase in loss aversion increases (decreases) the likelihood that a dictator contributes to a recipient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper studies tax evasion in an evolutionary setting. In addition to standard variables such as the fine individuals may have to pay if found guilty or the probability of being audited, agents' inclination to engage in tax evasion may also be affected by social interactions. Moreover, expected payoffs may include reputational costs or rewards awarded by society after an individual is audited. The paper shows how (i) social norms may play a very important role in defining the long‐run evolution of tax evasion and, consequently, that (ii) policymakers should consider reforms that would increase social awareness and information rather than more (financially and politically) expensive traditional auditing instruments; in addition, (iii) fiscal/auditing policies should be carefully tailored to the particular economic and social setting in place in a country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our experimental design systematically varies image concerns in a dictator/trust game. In comparison to the baseline, we either decrease the role of self-image concerns (by providing an excuse for selfish behavior) or increase the role of social-image concerns (by conveying the transfer choice to a third person). In this set up, we analyze the underlying processes that motivate subjects to give less/more. Controlling for distributional preferences and expectations, our results indicate that moral emotions (guilt and shame) are a significant determinant of pro-social behavior. The disposition to guilt explains giving in the baseline, while it does not when an excuse for selfish behavior exists. Subjects' disposition to shame is correlated to giving when their choice is public and they can be identified. JEL Classifications: C72, C91, D03, D80 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most violent video game (VVG) research focuses on aggressive behaviors as the primary outcome variable of interest. Using pro-social behavior as the dependent variable, this study explores factors beyond VVG content as a contributing factor to player outcomes. Participants were randomly assigned to play VVG or non-VVG content with viewing screens obstructed by large pieces of paper to increase difficulty, or unobstructed. Screen condition accounted for 34.5% of the variance in pro-social behavior of helping to retrieve spilled pens. Players in obstructed viewing conditions experienced more in-game losses and engaged in significantly less helping behavior. Fewer pens were retrieved by participants in obstructed viewing conditions while playing either a VVG or non-VVG. The present study cautions against generalized assumptions that VVG content is a primary determinant of behavior and underscores the role of important contextual factors like failure and achievement loss to consider in future studies of this nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was aimed at investigating the relationship between belief in conspiracy theory and personality behaviors in quarantine. Belief in conspiracy theory has been hypothesized to predict the degree of adherence to quarantine restrictions (wearing protective equipment, isolation, hygiene) and influences antisocial behavior such as aggression and selfishness, as well as prosocial behavior such as help and altruism. The obtained data of the empirical research indicate the absence of functional connections that could demonstrate the defining role of conspiracy mindset in the manifestations of prosocial and asocial behavior; however, there is still a statistical consistency of changes in indicators. Also, preventive behavior was practically not associated with the personality's conspiracy beliefs about COVID-19 (the regression equation explains less than 1% of the variance). It is emphasized that the data obtained contradict the results of some previous researches, which are devoted to the research of the behavioral consequences of conspiracy mindset and adherence to preventive measures in a pandemic, in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The idea of heritability may have consequences for individuals' sense of self by connecting identity to the actions of others who happen to share genetic ties. Across seven experimental studies (total N = 2,628), recalling morally bad or good actions by family members influenced individuals' moral self among those who endorse a lay belief that moral character is genetically heritable, but not among those who did not endorse this belief (Study 1–5). In contrast, recalling actions by unrelated individuals had no effect, regardless of lay beliefs (Study 2, 5), the endorsement of other relevant lay beliefs did not moderate the effect of parent's actions on self‐judgments (Study 3). Individuals who endorsed heritability beliefs also chose less helpful responses to hypothetical helping scenarios if they had recalled unhelpful (vs. helpful) acts by a genetically related family member (Study 5). Taken together, these studies suggest that lay beliefs in the role of genetics are important for self‐perceptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

THE AIM OF THE PAPER Fairness and other-regarding preferences arguably are defining factors of the experiments conducted with dictator games, which provide an opportunity to examine the components of pro-sociality. Our analysis focuses on the experimental results suggesting that offerings and expectations are based on egalitarian behavior. Besides that, we attempted to explore the age-specific characteristics of hypothetical dictator games. METHODOLOGY We used survey data of an age-representative sample to measure how the results support previous research findings stating that generosity and its age-related aspects play a crucial role in the formation of human decisions and expectations. MOST IMPORTANT RESULTS Our results confirmed the dominance of hyper-fair behavior. However, significant differences were found across the dictator game variants in terms of the amounts of money marked. Subjects in cases of charity-offering, recipient-offering, and expectation give lower amounts on average compared to recipient-offerings and fairness, respectively. In contrast, the marked amounts are higher for recipient-offerings than for expectations with the absence of any significant age-effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article aimed to elaborate the Prosocial Personality Inventory (PSPI+), gathering evidence of its validity (factorial and criterion) and reliability. Six traits were hypothesized, grouped into three first-order factors: altruism (beneficence and egotism), forgiveness (remission and incrimination), and gratitude (recognition and inexpressiveness). Two studies were carried out (n = 1033). This factor structure was identified in Study 1 and confirmed in Study 2. Overall, all factors presented Cronbach's alpha of.70 or higher. Systematically, positive and negative aspects of prosocial traits were correlated with agreeableness and dark traits. Moreover, such bright traits were positively correlated with self-reported pro-social behavior. In conclusion, the PSPI+ is a short, theoretically and psychometrically sounds instrument for measuring prosocial personality (altruism, forgiveness, and gratitude), useful for studies focusing on correlates of bright personality (e.g., well-being, voluntarism). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]