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Poverty alleviation resettlement (PAR) programme is the largest-scale poverty alleviation relocation in human history, but its impact on urbanization has received little academic attention. To fill this important gap, this study first proposed a theoretical framework of the "pressure-state-response-effect" (PSRE) of PAR promoting urbanization. Then, we regarded PAR as a quasi-natural experiment and used the PSM-DID model to assess the impact of PAR on urbanization based on the panel data of 2,081 counties in China from 2013 to 2020. Results showed that PAR had a significant positive impact on the urbanization rate of these counties, with a growth rate of 0.64%. Further mechanism analysis showed that industrial upgrading could expand the impact of PAR implementation on promoting urbanization. Additionally, PAR in the eastern and western, hilly and mountainous counties could improve the urbanization level more than that in the central and plain counties. The effectiveness of PAR varied across regions, requiring consideration of local socioeconomic complexity rather than a one-size-fits-all approach. Our findings would have important reference value for other developing countries to formulate their anti-poverty strategies to achieve the 2030 UN Sustainable Development Goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-take-up of welfare schemes is a key concern of policy effectiveness. Building on studies that have shown the low take-up of minimum income schemes, our case study of Ireland's Working Family Payment is the first to analyse non-take-up of an in-work benefit and its determinants with a special focus on labour market factors. Based on EU-SILC (2014–2019) we estimate a non-take-up rate between 63 and 76%, which poses a major obstacle for effective poverty prevention. Moreover, we stress that non-take-up of in-work benefits differs to minimum income schemes. We provide new evidence on how labour market characteristics play an important role in explaining non-take-up, especially self-employment and the interaction with unemployment benefits. Benefit erosion is a key factor in declining eligibility, which should be addressed by indexing wages and prices. Furthermore, we propose policy reforms around automatic enrolment or tax credits to mitigate non-take-up and alleviate in-work poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the perspective of rural household income, this paper discusses the relationship between the proportion of land transfer proceeds for rural development and the debt risk of rural households and carries out the empirical testing by using a two-way fixed-effects model based on the data from the Chinese Household Finance Survey (CHFS) and the data matching the prefecture-level city data. The study suggests that the debt risk of rural households can be inhibited significantly in case of an increase in the proportion of proceeds from land transfer supporting rural development, and there is a "U"-shaped relationship between the proportion and the risk, which indicates that the proportion should be controlled reasonably to maximum the use efficiency of land transfer fund, and according to the system analysis, the increase in the proportion can enhance the debt-repayment ability of the rural households and reduce their debt risk by increasing their transfer income and agriculture income. Moreover, thus, this paper is of great importance for resolving the debt risk of rural households, consolidating the achievements of poverty alleviation, preventing large-scale relapse into poverty, and promoting rural revitalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-income urban and rural communities in Sub-Saharan Africa are habitats for more than 556 million profoundly poor people, and the United Nations and the African Union are pessimistic that sustainable development goals will be met. The number of people falling into poverty is increasing, and policy initiatives to reduce poverty have been confounded by various economic, political, social, structural, and environmental issues. Despite a wealth of natural and human assets, there is no systematic approach to sustainable development for poverty alleviation in Sub-Saharan Africa. This case study of an urban community in Ghana, West Africa, investigates the potential role of digital twins in a systematic approach to sustainable development for poverty alleviation. Aerial and community surveys of the built environment and social and economic surveys of businesses and households were compiled to inform a virtual representation of the study area. A small e-commerce business intervention was introduced, and data was recorded for studies on the impact of the intervention. A 3D interactive view, extensive video, and fixed images provided a comprehensive view of the built environment. A limited view of the social and economic environment was obtained from a small population sample. It was observed that online transactions increased in the businesses receiving the e-commerce intervention, demonstrating a willingness of businesses and their customers to engage in e-commerce when incentives are provided. A single successful community-centric initiative has little value unless it can be generalized across the broader society. This limited case study focused on developing and testing virtual and physical constructs to enhance a deeper understanding of the community, community engagement, and pathways to sustainability. The scale of the intervention was too small to conclude generalizability. Future research will focus on improving the data collection processes, fidelity of virtual representations, visualization methods, and methodologies for constructing viable virtual interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inclusive development of digital finance has garnered significant public interest recently due to its potential to alleviate relative poverty and stimulate rural revitalization. Based on China Household Finance Survey (CHFS) data in 2015, 2017, 2019, and 2021, this research empirically tests this hypothesis through linear probabilistic modeling. The results highlight that digital financial inclusion significantly reduces both the levels of relative income and asset poverty in China with the effect more pronounced on the former. Findings also confirm the mediating role of family entrepreneurship on the digital financial inclusion and relative poverty nexus. Further investigation reveals a heterogeneous impact across regions, levels of education, and elite groups, whereby the effect tends to be stronger on rural families, non-party member families, those with a low level of education, and in central and west inland regions. This paper therefore advocates that digital finance could serve as a potential strategy to facilitate poverty reduction in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of the online meal-delivery industry is a double-edged sword, with potential to both hamper and drive progress towards achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Yet most studies examining this industry have been conducted from the narrow perspective of specific academic fields, focusing on single issues or on individual cases. In this paper, by drawing upon the thematic foci of the SDGs as an analytical framework, we conducted a systematic and objective review to assess consequences of the online meal-delivery's development for sustainable development. After selecting and reviewing 128 peer-reviewed articles identified on Web of Science, we systematically coded their contents, and examined key trends along with knowledge gaps. The review shows that direct consequences for the SDGs—for instance, human health, plastic waste, carbon emissions, and labor conditions—have been thoroughly discussed. Conversely, we found a lack of attention to other indirect but important consequences, including impacts on poverty, hunger, education, and gender equality, which are yet to be thoroughly investigated. Particularly, our findings point to a need for more knowledge on how the industry is impacting food access in light of the "digital divide" between IT-literate consumers and those possessing less familiarity with digital technologies, how employment opportunities contribute to poverty alleviation or exacerbation of class gaps, and how the meal-delivery industry can contribute to achieving zero hunger by increasing food access to vulnerable populations. Our findings generate important insights to guide the formulation of more targeted countermeasures to address issues that risk hindering achievement of sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have identified the importance of access to electricity and the socio-economic environment for poverty reduction, but the comprehensive interplay and synergistic relationships between them remain unclear. Using data collected from Myanmar, this study establishes and tests conceptual models to explore the paths from access to electricity and socio-economic environment to capability and income poverty reduction. The results of structural equation modeling show that capability poverty reduction acts as a complete mediator between access to electricity and income poverty reduction, and plays a partial mediating role between socio-economic environment and income poverty reduction. Analysis of fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis demonstrates that lack of electricity is a key barrier impeding poverty alleviation efforts. Moreover, five effective configurations of poverty reduction factors are identified for Myanmar by considering the heterogeneity of different regions. This indicates that individual factors could not ensure a highly effective poverty reduction and different factors need to be appropriately configured for achieving the synergistic effects. These findings contribute to practical insights into poverty reduction policy making and sustainable development for developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia and is a challenge for the modern world due to the due to aging populations. Researchers are trying their best to understand the mechanisms of onset and find effective ways to treat and prevent this disease. The purpose of the following paper is to present the impact of physical activity in the development of Alzheimer's disease. Numerous studies confirm that regular workouts have a positive reflection in the form of slowing the aging of the brain and alleviation of neuropsychiatric symptoms in affected individuals. During muscle work irisin is produced, which plays an important role in the formation of neurons and exhibits an anti-inflammatory effects. This review also looks at the aspect of maintaining proper composition of the gut microbiota, whose imbalance can promote the process of neuronal inflammation and cognitive dysfunction. Attention is also given to issues of training intensity and the effect of of exercise on blood flow in the brain. All of these elements play an important role in preventing and slowing down neurodegeneration. Purpose : The purpose of this scientific paper is to review the current knowledge of the effects of physical activity on the development of Alzheimer's disease. Review methods : We conducted our study as a literature review based on information gathered from PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar using combinations of the following keywords : Alzheimer's disease ; dementia ; physical activity ; cerebral blood flow ; gut-brain axis ; irisin. The state of knowledge : Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of dementia and one of the main neurodegenerative disorders affecting elderly people. Numerous studies confirm that regular exercise has a positive effect on slowing down brain aging and alleviating neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients. According to current knowledge, nerve cell degeneration can be exacerbated by peripheral inflammation that occurs in obesity. An imbalance of bacterial flora in the gastrointestinal tract causes systemic inflammation in the body. This in turn leads to excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activation of microglia so that the blood-brain barrier becomes leaky. Maintaining the appropriate composition of the gut microbiota plays an important role, as its imbalance can promote neuronal inflammation and cognitive impairment. During physical activity, irisin protein is produced in muscle tissue, which plays an important role in neuronal formation and exhibits anti-inflammatory effects. Currently, there is evidence that irisin can provide a number of beneficial effects, mainly through mechanisms that positively affect the gut microbiome. Attention is also given to issues of training intensity and the effect of exercise on cerebral blood flow. All these factors play an important role in preventing and slowing down neurodegeneration. Conclusion : Based on a review of the available literature, a significant effect of physical activity on the development of Alzheimer's disease can be demonstrated. The accumulated data suggest that physical activity is one of the main protective factors against the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease. Physical activity is associated with a reduction in cardiovascular risk factors and an increase in neuroprotective changes. The neuroprotective effect of physical exercise is dependent on its intensity. In addition, the role of the gut microbiota has been shown to be important for maintaining normal cognitive function. The protein irisin may also have significant neuroprotective potential in relation to the development and progression of cognitive disorders. Physical activity may be one of the strategies to prevent an increase in the incidence of Alzheimer's disease with positive health, economic and social implications in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on attentional resource allocation theory and transaction cost theory, this study links street-level bureaucrats' problem-solving organizational citizenship behaviors with perceived administrative burden. Based on 28 in-depth interviews and 657 survey responses from street-level bureaucrats involved in China's Targeted Poverty Alleviation Policy during 2019 and 2020, the study found positive relationships between problem-solving organizational citizenship behaviors, resource deficiency, bureaucratic control, and perceived administrative burden. Policymakers should be cautious when using control tools and avoid exploiting street-level bureaucrats' commitment and compassion for clients to ensure effectively policy implementation and reduce administrative burdens on dedicated public servants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Despite a reduction in poverty the global population in 2015, the incidence of poverty remains very high in Sub-Saharan African countries. Most of the countries in the region are agrarian, with most of their population residing in rural areas, and a majority of the poor in the region are found in Nigeria. This study examined the nexus between participation in nonfarm enterprises (NFEs) and poverty among rural farm households in Nigeria and across the six geopolitical zones. Design/methodology/approach: The Nigerian Living Standard Survey (NLSS) conducted in 2018–2019 by the National Bureau of Statistics was used. We made use of 13,440 farm households with useful information for the purpose of this study. The sample comprises 6,885 households that participated in NFEs and 6,555 nonparticipating households. The data were analyzed with Foster, Greer, and Thorbecke (FGT) (1984) metrics, probit, and fractional probit models at p = 0.05. Findings: The incidence of poverty was lower among the participating households than in the nonparticipating households. Participation in NFEs had a mitigating effect on poverty. We also established that zonal differentials in poverty rates exist among households in all the analyses. Participation in NFEs was influenced by individual, household, and institutional factors and was also able to explain the depth of poverty among the respondents. Practical implications: It is suggested that poverty alleviation policies should be targeted at improving access to nonfarm economic activities by rural farm households residing in vulnerable geopolitical zones. Originality/value: This study is the first attempt to profile household poverty based on the type of NFEs they are involved in. The study also provides an insight into the effect of the state of residence on zonal poverty models, which is expedient if the country must achieve Sustainable Development Goal 1 on the eradication of poverty everywhere. Peer review: The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-06-2023-0493 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chile's massive 2019 protests indicate a pronounced discrepancy between the country's alleged establishment of social democracy and the public's perception of pervasive inequity. To understand this discrepancy, this analysis evaluates the extent to which Chilean social welfare policy conforms to social democratic norms of promoting solidarity, equity, and universalism. Analysis of poverty reduction, pension, health care, and education policy demonstrates that Chile's center-left governments succeeded in mitigating some of the more extreme elements of the social welfare policies inherited from the Pinochet regime. However, they failed to reverse their underlying logic, which reinforces stratification and inequity and undermines incentives for the cultivation of solidarity among the working and middle classes. As a result, social welfare policy in Chile continues to resemble the neoliberal welfare regime implemented by the Pinochet dictatorship while the establishment of a social democratic welfare regime remains an aspiration for present and future leftist governments to realize. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After decades of war, Mozambique experienced sustained economic growth and poverty reduction from the mid-1990s. However, these positive dynamics started to revert from 2015. Meanwhile, inequality stagnated in the period 1996/97–2008/09, before markedly increasing afterwards. In this study, we analyse some of the most relevant indicators of inequality for Mozambique and their trends over the last 25 years. Using real per capita consumption as the main welfare aggregate, we look at various indicators of inequality, including the consumption distribution, percentiles and percentile ratios, growth incidence curves, Lorenz curves, and Gini indices. In addition, we discuss spatial inequality. Overall, we find that until 2014/15, consumption increased for the whole population, but it did so much more for richer households; conversely, in the last few years, consumption has reduced across the distribution, but the relative consumption-gap between better- and worse-off people has continued to increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In low-middle income countries, industrial development is essential in driving economic growth, improving social progress, and creating employment to alleviate poverty. This study used the time series of night-time light (NTL) from 2000 to 2020 to assess the industrial park growth and its impact on poverty reduction at the village level. The emerging hotspot analysis has been used to identify the space-time pattern of night-time light data over the study period. Our study reveals that industrial parks keep growing and generate new neighbourhood growth. NTL growth patterns and Gross Provincial Product (GPP) are significantly correlated. Also, the multidimensional poverty index (MPI) increases with the distance from industrial park areas. Conclusively, using space-time data mining with NTL time series data can help the local government understand and monitor industrial growth at a low cost. The NTL data is a suitable proxy indicator for studying human activities and solving the incomplete and discontinued dataset. A further study utilizing the time series NTL data is still beneficial for developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread adoption of mobile phones (MPs) presents the possibility of creating employment and self‐employment opportunities. Although several studies have documented the impact of MPs on income, the link between MP ownership and poverty reduction channeled by income diversification has not been fully explored. This paper aims to examine this relationship using nationally representative panel data and fixed effect models to account for confounding factors and unobserved heterogeneity. Results indicate that MP ownership is associated with increased income diversification, particularly through on‐farm and off‐farm self‐employment, as well as non‐earned income. This relationship is more pronounced in households with lower levels of education and deprived areas. In addition, owning a MP is also found to decrease poverty via income diversification. Therefore, policies aimed at enhancing access to mobile technologies could create a resilient income portfolio by decreasing transaction costs and improving market efficiency, ultimately mitigating poverty in rural regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the role of growth in poverty reduction within the sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) region in direct comparison to other global regions along time‐delineated thresholds. The study's results show (i) A significant gulf in the performance of SSA economies in comparison to their global cohorts; (ii) An improved role played by growth after the mid‐2000s for poverty reduction in SSA; (iii) A less deleterious impact of rising income inequality on poverty reduction within the SSA sub‐region relative to other global regions, and (iv) An improved performance of resource‐dependent SSA economies in translating growth to poverty reduction since the mid‐2000s. The convergence in growth‐induced poverty reduction between SSA and its global cohorts energizes prospects for attaining the Sustainable Development Goal of eradicating global extreme poverty by 2030; it however also calls for renewed strategies toward improving the efficacy of growth in future poverty reduction within the sub‐region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The government‐initiated campaign for targeted poverty alleviation (TPA) not only affords corporations an opportunity to extend their presence into underdeveloped regions but also imposes a consequential burden upon them to contribute to ameliorating poverty. Firms' motivations in this endeavor are intricately linked to the alignment of their business strategies with the TPA activities. We posit that firms adopting a cost leadership approach are inclined to actively partake in poverty alleviation, due to a congruence between their strategic positioning and the activities intrinsic to poverty alleviation. And firms embracing a differentiation strategy are impelled by extrinsic pressures to engage in poverty alleviation, as they face heightened societal expectations regarding their involvement in such altruistic endeavors. Drawing from a dataset comprising Chinese listed firms from 2017 to 2020, our empirical findings bring to light a significant correlation between both cost leadership and differentiation strategies and firms' contributions to the TPA campaign. And, the impact of a cost leadership strategy on firms' involvement in poverty alleviation activities surpasses that of a differentiation strategy. This influence is further accentuated for firms contending with rivals pursuing a differentiated approach in the competitive landscape, which may block their way moving upmarket. Moreover, the nexus between a differentiation strategy and a firm's participation in poverty alleviation gains more strength where local government intervention in the economy is more pronounced. This study delves into the nuanced motivations that underpin firms' participation in the TPA campaign within the framework of business strategies, offering insights for both policymakers and business practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post-Mao reforms ranging from de-collectivization to the abolition of agricultural taxes have eroded the Chinese Communist Party's (CCP) control over the rural periphery. However, with an agenda to strengthen the CCP's all-around control over the economy and society, the Xi Jinping era saw a reversal of the long-term trend. We argue that Xi's high-profile anti-poverty campaign from 2015 to 2020 consisted of massive Party building attempts and served as an important strategy for the Party to repenetrate the rural periphery. Based on in-depth fieldwork, archival research, and secondary information sources, we show that by injecting human and financial resources into poverty regions, the CCP reinvigorated its previously underfunded and demoralized grassroots organs, expanded rural Party member recruitment, and enhanced the Party's intervention in village affairs. Therefore, despite its seemingly economic nature, Xi's anti-poverty campaign may lead to the long-lasting effect of Party power consolidation in the countryside. This finding suggests that authoritarian regimes can use campaigns with appealing policy goals to advance broader political agendas and enhance authoritarian resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existing literature finds the multidimensional poverty may not converge because it usually declines relatively slowly and even shows an upward trend. This paper investigates the convergence of multidimensional poverty and whether good governance could promote it. We examine the impact of good governance on convergence of multidimensional poverty using the matching data of China Family Panel Studies from 2010–2018 with provincial officials. Our results show that the reduction of the multidimensional poverty index is mainly due to a decrease in the multidimensional headcount ratio (H), which decreases more in provinces with higher initial H. However, the speed of convergence varies among provinces and cannot be explained by unconditional convergence alone. Such variation is explained by promotion incentives of officials and fiscal expenditure, specifically, the H tends to decrease faster in provinces with stronger promotion incentives and more fiscal expenditure. Our findings would provide implications for China's future anti-poverty policies and poverty alleviation work in other developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poverty alleviation through relocation (PAR) is an important component of poverty alleviation programmes and relocates vulnerable rural households from inhospitable areas to help them get out of poverty. To examine the impact of a poverty alleviation programme on rural households' ability to establish a sustainable livelihood, this article analyzes the influence of PAR on rural households from the perspective of livelihood vulnerability in a two-way fixed effects model. We have found that PAR significantly reduced rural households' livelihood vulnerability, and the longer the households remained relocated, the stronger the effect. PAR reduced livelihood vulnerability by lowering exposure and increasing adaptive capacity. Moreover, adaptive capacity increased with the relocation time. Finally, the influence of PAR was stronger in rural relocation than urban relocation, but the influence of relocation time was opposite. Given this, the government should improve the construction of the resettlement areas to reduce the risk exposure of the relocated population. Industry and employment assistance need to be implemented to enhance their adaptive capacity. Finally, it's necessary to promote the social integration of urban relocated households and help them adapt to life in new communities to accelerate the reduction of livelihood vulnerability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many models depicting the spatial dimensions of poverty are based on cities in developed countries, raising questions about their appropriateness for urban spaces in developing countries. This study evaluates the spatial suitability of these models in understanding poverty distribution and informing alleviation efforts related to Sustainable Development Goal (SDG). One in cities of developing nations. A grid sampling technique in ArcGIS 10.8 was used to select 1098 households across 56 wards in three mid-sized Nigerian cities. Household data were collected through structured questionnaires using GeoODK, and Maxar high-resolution imagery was used to assess urban building density. The Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT) poverty indices and Pearson correlation were applied for analysis. Results showed that over 29 wards had a poverty incidence and gap index greater than 0.20, while poverty severity remained below 0.20 in most wards. High building density was more prevalent in the city's interior. Significant correlations were found between the income poverty gap (p = 0.005, r = 0.367), poverty severity (p = 0.009, r = 0.346), and building density. The study concludes that these models are suitable for informing poverty alleviation policies in mid-sized cities of developing countries, especially Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has experienced dramatic economic growth and poverty reduction over the last two decades, leading the country to declare victory in eradicating extreme poverty in 2021. While the country's track record in poverty reduction is certainly respectable, income poverty is only one dimension of broader wellbeing. Increasingly, the notions of vulnerability and subjective well-being (SWB) have been noted by researchers and practitioners worldwide. However, the widespread outbreak of COVID-19 pressed hard on people's livelihoods, potentially impacting SWB or tipping vulnerable households into a state of poverty. These states may impact households' support for China's strict measures to control the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19. To date, however, few studies have rigorously assessed household welfare and its relationship with SWB and subjective acceptance of aggressive COVID-related policies during the pandemic. Our results suggest that vulnerable households, on average, were less happy, experienced depression more frequently, and were subject to negative emotions impeding their ability to complete their work during the early period of the pandemic. Analysis also suggests that the vulnerable are less willing to accept the closure of work places, and became less confident in the government and the health system. The relationships between vulnerability, SWB, and acceptance of COVID-related policies are heterogenous and are conditional on the source of vulnerability. To enhance pre-pandemic progress in poverty elimination in China, the findings of this study suggest that interventions that can stabilize income variability also needs to be prioritized alongside raising income levels in the policy agenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research conducted an in-depth analysis of the financial attitudes and spending habits of 55 Senior High School (SHS) teachers at Tacurong National High School (TNHS) using a quantitative research design and descriptive correlational technique. The study questionnaire was adapted and contextualized. Mean, Pearson Moment Correlation, and Multiple Regression Analysis were used to examine the collected data. The results revealed high levels of retention-time (saving) and anxiety, a low level of power prestige, and a moderate level of distrust frugality in the financial attitude domains. Meanwhile, the spending habits domains showed a moderate level of diversity and overspending and a high level of loyalty. The study result showed a low positive correlation between financial attitudes and spending habits. However, no single domain of financial attitudes was found to significantly influence spending habits. The findings of this study bear significant implications for Sustainable Development Goal number one: No Poverty, as understanding the financial attitudes and spending habits of educators can aid in developing targeted interventions to enhance financial literacy, promote sustainable economic behaviors, and contribute to poverty reduction efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explored the linkages between socioeconomic and demographic factors, relocation preference, and settlement associated with China's Poverty Alleviation Relocation Program. Using multivariate ordinal logistic regression, panel data modeling, and multilevel methods, we found that outdated infrastructure at places of origin, such as long distances to paved roads or elementary schools, increased the probability of relocation, and the presence of left-behind household members at the origin compromised re-settlement. This study sheds light on the community- and household-level factors that influence relocation preference and settlement, offering valuable insights for future research and informing the design and implementation of relocation projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to develop a poverty alleviation strategy model in public policy perspective with pentahelix approach in West Seram Regency. This study was designed in quantitative form and used survey method. The informants of this study consisted of officers involved in poverty alleviation strategy in public policy perspective with pentahelix approach in West Seram Regency as many as 4 academics from social welfare science and public administration science as many as 4 people, poverty observer community as many as 2 people, government (Social Service 1 person and Bappeda 1 person) and information media as many as 2 people. The data analysis used is AHP analysis which is an analysis method used to determine the priority order of a plan. The results of the study concluded that (1) internal factors of poverty alleviation strategies in the perspective of public policy in West Seram Regency consist of strength and weakness variables, (2) external factors of poverty alleviation strategies in the perspective of public policy in West Seram Regency consist of opportunity and threat variables, (3) poverty alleviation strategies in the perspective of public policy in West Seram Regency are aggressive strategies, namely trying to improve internal conditions of weaknesses and external threats by utilizing a number of internal strengths and existing external opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the poverty challenges to sustainable development and its relationship with various macroeconomic factors, the aim of this research is to appraise the implications of energy security, economic growth, trade openness, and foreign direct investment (FDI) on the poverty in Sub-Saharan African (SAA) countries, which are at the forefront of the countries with the highest poverty. The data sample comprises 38 countries from this region, for the period of 2000–2021. The methodology applied consists of the AutoRegressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) estimator, with Pooled Mean Group (PMG) method in order to examine the short- and long-term relationship between variables. The main findings provide important evidence that the economic growth is not reflected in reduction of poverty in the current economic system of SSA countries, due to the fact that poverty is closely related to income distribution. Therefore, the need to support and redesign the economic growth system in SSA with policies that reduce poverty comes to the fore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The East African Community states present high levels of corruption. Corruption is a daunting hindrance to sustainable development, education, health care and poverty reduction. It is a great impediment to the Sustainable Development Goals and is one of the main factors that has prevented poor and developing countries from catching up with the developed ones. In the effort to curb the vice, there has been unending debate and there is no consensus on the true determinants of corruption. According to the World Bank although corruption is an international issue affecting all countries of the world at different degrees, the determinants of corruption are not the same in all countries. This necessitated a study to establish the determinants of corruption. The specific objective of this study was to establish the determinants of corruption in the East African community states. The study employed non-experimental research design using extended Becker theory of crime. The study employed system generalized methods of Moments estimation technique to establish the determinants of corruption. The findings revealed that economic growth is one of the important determinants of corruption. The other determinants include government effectiveness, rule of law and human capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study examines the participation of the rural poor in tourism activities without external support in selected Iranian villages, addressing the research gap on their direct involvement in formal and informal tourism businesses. Methodology: A qualitative approach was employed, utilizing face-to-face semi-structured interviews with 65 participants from three villages near Turan National Park in Shahrud, Iran. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Findings: Results indicate that the rural poor actively engage in tourism. This participation encompasses seeking formal employment in tourism facilities, engaging in informal activities, and acquiring relevant knowledge and skills. The study highlights the significant potential of informal tourism businesses in increasing opportunities for low-income individuals, despite challenges such as lack of capital and legal protection. Conclusion: The findings demonstrate that even without external assistance, the rural poor find ways to participate in and benefit fromtourismactivities. Both formal and informal tourism activities play important roles in poverty alleviation efforts. The study emphasizes the need for targeted interventions to support the rural poor's participation in the tourism sector and harness tourism's potential for poverty reduction in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study examines the dynamics of multidimensional poverty in Nigeria from 2003 to 2018, focusing on women and children, to understand the reality of poverty in Nigeria, where poverty reduction has been stagnant. Design/methodology/approach: This study employed the first-order dominance (FOD) methodology to conduct a multidimensional analysis of poverty among households, women and children in Nigeria, using data from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) conducted in 2003, 2008, 2013 and 2018. We examined how the relative position of multidimensional poverty in each zone has changed for approximately 20 years. Findings: The results indicated that the north-south poverty gap in Nigeria persisted as of 2018 and, regarding within the north and south, changes in the relative pecking order of poverty between the zones have occurred considerably over the past two decades. Different trends were also observed for child and female poverty, suggesting the influence of the unique dimensions of poverty and cultural differences. Originality/value: This study is the first poverty analysis to apply the FOD approach to children and women in Nigeria, the country with the highest poverty, over a relatively long period of 2003–2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To trickle down poverty in rural areas, development partners and national governments have instituted enterprise development programmes which call for the establishment of some participatory frameworks to enable rural entrepreneurs determine for themselves, the exact Business Development Service (BDS) they desire to bring about economic improvement and social change. In ensuring that the concept of participation is not merely a wish list, the article modified Choguill's ladder of community participation as a de facto lens to examine whether "participation" really exists in these programmes by drawing on evidence from the Rural Enterprises Programme (REP) in Ghana. Using qualitative in-depth interviews grounded in a single case study design (REP), the study observed that despite the existence of structures that appear to involve entrepreneurs at all stages of the decision-making process, beneficiaries think otherwise. Notwithstanding, some context and power-induced factors were identified to have accounted for these discrepancies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relocating poor people in mountainous areas to centralized settlement sites is an important poverty alleviation policy implemented by China and a key measure to promote stable poverty alleviation and sustainable rural development for the poor. Based on the survey data of 405 peasant households in the Panxi Area in 2021, this study constructed a structural equation model (SEM) to explore the influencing factors of peasant households' willingness to relocate to a concentrated residence. The results showed the following: (1) Of the 405 peasant households surveyed, 20.98% were unwilling to move to centralized resettlement sites, making it more difficult to carry out the relocation policy for poverty alleviation. (2) Living environment, living conditions, important social groups, the economic benefits, living benefits, and survival benefits brought by concentrated residences, governments, and the village committees significantly influenced the willingness to relocate to a concentrated residence. In contrast, agricultural income, ecological benefits, and value benefits brought by the concentrated residence had little effect on the willingness to relocate to a concentrated residence. (3) Land force, human force, cognitive force, and national force significantly positively affected the peasant households' willingness to relocate to a concentrated residence. This study is of great significance in promoting the implementation of poverty alleviation and relocation policy, improving the efficiency of relocation and promoting the wellbeing of peasant households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Religion could drive development. Although Ghana is touted as the most religious country in the world, notably, some Charismatic/Pentecostal churches operate at the expense of community development and members' welfare. This study sought to achieve three objectives: to determine whether there is an opportunity for organizing the various churches for interfaith cooperative collective action; to assess the association between people's religiosity and the propensity to join interfaith cooperative collective action and to assess people's perceptions of the institutional framework that could facilitate the organization of the religious community in Ghana for interfaith collective action. Design/methodology/approach: Descriptive statistics and an ordered probit model (OPM) were used to analyze cross-sectional data from a representative sample of households in the Greater Accra Region. Thematic analysis was also used to analyze the qualitative data. Findings: The study found that generally, there is a positive response to a proposal to mobilize churches in an interfaith cooperative collective action, but distrust poses a great threat to interfaith cooperative collective action. The study also found that affiliation with the Seventh-Day Adventist Church and Pentecostal/Charismatic is negatively (positively) associated with the propensity to join a collective action, respectively. Finally, the results of the study found that accountability, proper management and fair distribution of the proceeds from a collective action will help in mobilizing churches in Ghana in an interfaith collective action. Originality/value: This is the first major study to explore the possibility of interfaith collective action among religious denominations aimed at accelerating poverty reduction and wealth creation in any developing country. Peer review: The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-08-2023-0670 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurship is critical for poverty reduction and economic growth in developing regions. This paper first examines the impact of Internet use on farmer entrepreneurship and explores the heterogeneous effects between the south and north of Jiangsu because the former is much more economically developed than the latter. Further, this paper detects the influencing mechanisms between Internet use and farmer entrepreneurship. The results show that Internet use has a significant and positive effect on farmer entrepreneurship, and the effects are heterogeneous in different regions. Specifically, Internet use can promote farmer entrepreneurship better in the north of Jiangsu than in the south. Loan access and social network impose mediating effects between Internet use and farmer entrepreneurship. Specifically, Internet use can encourage farmer entrepreneurship by improving the loan access and extending farmers' social networks. This study underscores the important role of Internet for entrepreneurship in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Batik is a textile fabric produced by resist-dyeing techniques which involve waxing some parts of fabric and repeatedly dyeing the fabric until the desired design is achieved. Batik is reported to have originated in Java, Indonesia, and was transferred to African countries including Tanzania in 1980s. Unfortunately, since its introduction, Tanzania's batik industry has remained informal, and little information exists about it. This study examined the current status of the batik industry in Tanzania, its challenges and opportunities for prosperity. Data were collected through observations and semi-structured interviews administered to 60 batik producers and sellers in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The study established that Tanzania's batik industry is classified as small or medium business, and predominantly owned by women. The challenges established included poor access to funds, scarcity of essential tools and materials, and repetitive motifs and design patterns attributed to lack of creativity among batik producers. However, the study revealed the existence of many opportunities that batik producers can grasp to facilitate the flourishing of the batik industry, thereby creating employment and income for Tanzanians. Nevertheless, proper organization of this industry is essential to ensure it is fully exploited and can contribute significantly to employment, income generation and poverty alleviation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the gendered rights and challenges of ownership, access, and investments in land and shea trees in Ghana. It mainstreams women into policies regarding land and shea tenures. A qualitative approach through focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with key stakeholders was used. From the study, women do not own land or shea trees, but they can exploit them. The loss of farmlands and shea trees through urbanisation worsens women's welfare, incomes, and bargaining power. To ensure the effective management of shea parklands, collaborative governance of land and shea trees between the landowners and local government is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rebecca Harding Davis' novella, "Life in the Iron Mills," is a significant work of American industrial fiction that explores the effects of industrial capitalism on moral, social, and environmental decay. The story depicts the harsh living conditions and physical hazards faced by millworkers, emphasizing the ecological rifts caused by industrial production. It also examines the negative impact of industrialization on public health, particularly for the urban poor, racial and ethnic minorities, and immigrants. The novella challenges assumptions about poverty and illness, critiques the prevailing medical model, and calls for a more holistic approach to healthcare that considers the broader socio-economic and environmental factors affecting health. [Extracted from the article]

Over the past few decades, there has been a noticeable development of interest among scholars and policymakers worldwide regarding the prominent drivers of sustainable development. The role of human capital and foreign direct investment (FDI) in fostering sustainable development, however, has been largely neglected by policymakers and scholars, despite recent emphasis on FDI amidst current economic performance worldwide, particularly in developing countries. This study empirically investigates the effect of human capital and FDI on sustainable development in sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) spanning 1991–2021. The empirical analysis was implemented by deploying different techniques, such as feasible generalized least squares, panel corrected standard errors, and Lewbel two‐stage least square techniques, with the panel quantile regression approach as a robustness check. The empirical outcomes show that improvement in human capital via educational attainment fosters economic expansion, employment opportunities, and poverty reduction, whereas an increase in health human capital undermines sustainable development in SSA. The findings also reveal that increasing FDI flows to priority sectors in the region are critical for enhancing human capital, thus stimulating economic performance, job opportunities, and poverty alleviation in SSA. This study puts forward important policy implications for achieving sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine theoretically and empirically whether democratic rights might be superior to economic rights in a two‐horse race, utilizing indicators of poverty reduction, such as health‐adjusted life expectancy (HALE) and child mortality as outcomes. The results show robustly that economic freedoms associate positively with HALE and negatively with child mortality, while the effect of democracy is more mixed. Studies reporting a negative effect of political freedoms on child mortality without accounting for economic freedoms, thus, are potentially mis‐specified. These results are robust to a barrage of tests, alternative data, estimating method and formal tests of omitted variables bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leaving no one behind is a worldwide goal, but it is difficult to make policy to address this issue because we do not have a thorough knowledge of where poverty exists and in what forms due to lack of data, particularly in developing countries. Household interview surveys are the common way to collect such information, but conducting large-scale surveys frequently is difficult from the perspective of cost and time. Here, we show a novel method for estimating income levels of individual building in urban and peri-urban rural areas. The combination of high-resolution satellite imagery and household interview survey data obtained by visiting households on the ground makes it possible to estimate income levels at a detailed scale for the first time. These data are often handled in different academic disciplines and are rarely used in combination. Using the results, we can determine the number and location of poor people at the local scale. We can also identify areas with particularly high concentrations of poor people. This information enables planning and policy making for more effective poverty reduction and disaster prevention measures tailored to local conditions. Thus, the results of this study will help developing countries to achieve sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 21st century, the solution of poverty has become the focus of international assistance. And education is considered as one of the important ways to reduce poverty, more and more attention by international organizations and developing countries. Kenya, as one of the countries with the backwardness but most promising economic and social development in East Africa. It has received the attention of the World Bank. With the assistance of the World Bank, the Government of Kenya launched the KYEP project on the basis of Vision 2030, which is based on the training concept of "Education poverty reduction for youth entrepreneurship and employment", with the goal of "Empowering young people in employment", implementing a demand-oriented "four-in-one" skills training course through cooperative training of the World Bank and the Government of Kenya and the private sector, and ensuring the effectiveness of the project through the establishment of a multi-entity cooperative training guarantee mechanism. Practice shows that KYEP highlights Kenya's demand-oriented approach and has achieved remarkable results in addressing youth unemployment and education for poverty reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study tests the effect of poverty-reduction intervention on family functioning reported by AIDS-orphaned children in extended families in Southern Uganda by asking two questions: (1) based on children's reports, how does poverty reduction intervention affect family functioning? and (2) to what extent do these effects vary by a child's gender and orphanhood status? Informed by the social causation theory, family stress model, and asset theory, the study aims to address the existing knowledge gap on effects of poverty reduction interventions on family functioning in low-income families caring for AIDS orphaned children in Uganda. We ran multilevel regression models using longitudinal data collected in a cluster-randomized controlled trial from N = 1410 children (n = 621 boys and n = 789 girls) recruited from 48 rural primary schools in Uganda. Survey data was collected every 12 months over the course of 5 years. The average age of children at enrollment was 13 years. We found significant positive effects of the intervention on family cohesion, family communication, and child-caregiver relationship. Effects vary by child's gender and orphanhood category. Intervention improves family communication for boys, while improving family cohesion and quality of child-caregiver relationship for girls. Single maternal orphans reported improved family communication, while single paternal orphans reported improved child-caregiver relationship. Poverty reduction interventions are important to improve family functioning for low-income families. Variations by child's gender and orphanhood status have not been reported in previous studies, and our findings underscore the importance of continued research in this area. Highlights: Poverty reduction interventions are important to improve family functioning for low-income families in Sub-Saharan Africa. Asset-based poverty-reduction intervention improves family functioning among families caring for AIDS orphans in Uganda. Effects vary by child's gender and orphanhood category, which has not been reported in previous studies. Findings suggest a need for comprehensive consideration of complexities related to gender variations and family structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Traditional purchasing best practices primarily follow a commercial logic and may not necessarily be applicable for social enterprises (SEs) supplier selection. This study examines how SEs focused on poverty alleviation select suppliers amidst competing institutional logics to achieve both social impact and economic performance. Design/methodology/approach: A grounded theory methodology is applied to guide semi-structured interviews with 18 fair trade verified SEs. Constant comparison methods aided in determining the point of data saturation was reached. Findings: The results of this study indicate that SEs select marginalized suppliers based on implicit criteria that is initially based on social-welfare logic and then through a blend of commercial and social-welfare logic based on company structure. Originality/value: This study is the first to reveal that SEs addressing social issues do not follow the traditional criteria for supplier selection but have their own unique selection criteria when selecting suppliers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable development is the power source to promote rural economic and social prosperity and the necessary guarantee for rural revitalization, while rural relative poverty alleviation is the inherent requirement for promoting sustainable development and realizing rural revitalization. The pro‐agricultural attribute of geographical indication determines that it can be an important tool to alleviate rural relative poverty. This study analyzes the relationship between geographical indication and rural relative poverty alleviation, as well as the mediating role of agricultural industry agglomeration and the moderating role of agricultural scale operation. We use global Moran's I and spatial Durbin models to achieve these objectives, using panel data from 218 cities in China spanning from 2008 to 2019. The results show that: (1) During the study period, relative poverty in China exhibits a distinct pattern of contiguous distribution, and there has been a significant reduction in the number of areas with high levels. Notable progress has been made in alleviating relative poverty in the central, northeastern, and southern regions of China. (2) Geographical indication can alleviate rural relative poverty not only within its region but also in neighboring regions. (3) Geographical indication can alleviate rural relative poverty through agricultural industry agglomeration, and agricultural scale operation can strengthen the relative poverty alleviation effect of geographical indication. This paper enriches the study of relative poverty alleviation mechanisms and reveals how geographical indications can help. The results can provide useful insights for poverty alleviation in poor areas through geographical indication and a new practice path for rural revitalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies have explored social capital (SC) in diverse ways. Still, little is known in the literature about how its functional areas, including bonding, bridging and linking relationships, interact to facilitate sustainable development, particularly in agricultural diversification. We address this gap by using the rural web and the social capital frameworks to (1) analyse factors influencing SC and (2) assess the relationship between SC and agricultural diversification. Drawing on a survey of 600 rural households and 60 interviews with key stakeholders from the Upper West and Ashanti regions of Ghana, we found that socioeconomic factors, including farm size, remittance, household size and education, significantly influence bonding, bridging and linking SC. The findings also show that rural farmers depend strongly on bonding, bridging and linking SC to improve their livelihoods through agricultural diversification. These findings have implications for achieving SDG targets, particularly poverty reduction (SDG 1) and food security (SDG 2), regarding accessibility to resources, market participation, social empowerment, and contract farming. Therefore, agricultural policies in sub‐Saharan Africa should incorporate SC as a critical indicator for achieving agricultural diversification initiatives and sustainable development objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trapping refers to the event when a household falls into the area of poverty. Households that live or fall into the area of poverty are said to be in a poverty trap, where a poverty trap is a state of poverty from which it is difficult to escape without external help. Similarly, extreme poverty is considered as the most severe type of poverty, in which households experience severe deprivation of basic human needs. In this article, we consider an Omega risk process with deterministic growth and a multiplicative jump (collapse) structure to model the capital of a household. It is assumed that, when a household's capital level is above a certain capital barrier level that determines a household's eligibility for a capital cash transfer programme, its capital grows exponentially. As soon as its capital falls below the capital barrier level, the capital dynamics incorporate external support in the form of direct transfers (capital cash transfers) provided by donors or governments. Otherwise, once trapped, the capital grows only due to the capital cash transfers. Under this model, we first derive closed-form expressions for the trapping probability and then do the same for the probability of extreme poverty, which only depends on the current value of the capital given by some extreme poverty rate function. Numerical examples illustrate the role of capital cash transfers on poverty and extreme poverty dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past two decades, the Government of Pakistan has significantly invested in higher education (HE) to bring structural reforms in funding, governance, and quality assurance mechanisms. Their overarching mission has been to fuel national socioeconomic development by ensuring equal access to HE. Given this, the present study aimed to address the following research question: To what extent have current HE reforms in Pakistan enabled equitable access to HE? To address this question, this study drew from a social justice-centered framework to track trends in HE access that is, broadly and based on socio-economic status, gender, urbanicity/rurality, and region/province. Using secondary data from diverse sources including the HEC, Academy of Education Planning and Management, and the Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund, we conducted descriptive longitudinal analyses. Findings underscore that the system has failed to provide equal access to HE in several ways and discuss some possibilities for policymakers in equalizing the opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decades, several countries introduced new income-tested child benefits and targeted in-work tax credits to boost the income of low-income families. Inspired by the power resource theory, I postulate that left-wing governments tend to increase benefits to low-income families because their ideology favours redistribution and to consolidate the vote of low-income families, but that both right- and left-wing governments increase benefits for middle-income families. The impact of left-wing governments should be stronger in countries with a weak bargaining system as social partners are unable to reduce inequalities between families. To demonstrate this argument, I use statistical analyses based on OECD data to measure the effect of government ideology and corporatism on the level of benefits received by low- and middle-income families in OECD countries from 1982 to 2019. The results indicate that left-wing parties have a significant impact on benefits received by low-income families, but not on benefits received by middle-income families. Also, even though corporatism is associated with different types of child benefits, it does not influence the relationship between left-wing governments and benefits received by low-income families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Igdir University Journal of Social Sciences / Iğdır Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of Igdir University Journal of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of New Perspectives in Translation Studies is the property of New Perspectives in Translation Studies Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

For more than a century, labor disputes have tormented the relationship between American professional baseball players and management. Although Major League Baseball players unionized in the 19608, disagreements ouer workplace conditions and ever-growing profit allocations endured for decades. The first thirty years of collective bargaining between players and League post-unionization fostered notable improvements in players' labor conditions. However, those years were also plagued by acrimonious negotiations, grievances, lawsuits, lockouts, strikes, and eventually, the cancellation of the 1994 World Series. The story in Minor League Baseball is altogether different. Its players, despite their close nexus with the Major League game, did not unionize alongside their Major League counterparts sixty years ago, and the workforce has suffered the consequences. Further frustrating MiLB labor progress is the sport's long-standing exemption from antitrust law and its exclusion from minimum wage and overtime requirements at both the federal and state level. These harms perpetuated seuere working conditions, including long hours, grueling travel schedules, minimal job security, and fixed wages, placing Minor League players squarely in the throes of poverty, However, recent events signal change. Following a grassroots labor movement, Minor League players unionized in 2022 and signed their first collective bargaining agreement prior to the 2023 season. Nevertheless, the path ahead remains unclear for the blue-collar workers of baseball. as they must negotiate with a League that has been notoriously unwilling to make euen the minutest of concessions without intimidation, anticompetitiveness, and endless litigation. This Note employs lessons from the history of labor in the sport to detail the terms of equitable labor conditions and posits that collective bargaining, while imperfect, presents a vital opportunity for players in the Minor Leagues to hold accountable the cartel that is Mooor League Baseball and escape the century-old grasp of poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the impact of a government-initiated CSR project on corporate misconduct using the unique setting of China's Targeted Poverty Alleviation (TPA) program. The difference-in-differences estimates show that firms participating in the TPA program engage in fewer misconduct activities than do their counterparts. This finding is robust to the parallel trends test, the placebo test, alternative regression specifications, alternative research designs, the reverse causality analysis, and the bivariate probit model with partial observability. Further analysis shows that TPA participation enhances the ability of external financial professionals to monitor performance by stimulating the dissemination of TPA-related incremental information, thereby contributing to the decline in corporate misconduct. The cross-sectional heterogeneity analysis shows that the impact of TPA participation on corporate misconduct is more pronounced in firms with higher information asymmetry, with weaker political connections, and with weaker internal governance. Furthermore, we find evidence that TPA participation improves corporate financial performance but does not deteriorate information transparency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]