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Background: The decline in wheat output in Ethiopia is widely attributed to pests, which has led to a rise in the usage of pesticides to boost productivity. The degree of pesticides sorption and degradation which influence the likelihood of environmental contamination from pesticides seeping into water bodies from soil has not yet been published for Ethiopian soils. The study aimed at to quantify the levels of pesticide residues, assess glyphosate's adsorption capabilities and degradation rate in the soils. Materials and methods: QuEChERS method of extraction was employed to determine the concentration of the respective pesticides. The adsorption capacities of glyphosate in agricultural soils of Cheha and Dinsho districts were measured using batch adsorption techniques. Results: Six pesticide residues were found in 12 soil samples at varied quantities. Glyphosate (24.00-219.31 µg kg−1), s-metolachlor (23.67-220.67 µg kg−1), chlorpyrifos (27.74 202.67 µg kg−1), pyroxulam (14.67-50.65 µg kg−1), florasulam (78.00-250.67 µg kg−1), malathion (15.00-49.67 µg kg−1). The experimental results showed that glyphosate was slightly sorbed at SD10 soil (18.91 μg−1−n mLn g−1) in comparison to SC1 soil (114.66 μg−1−n mLn g−1). Organic matter and clay content proving to be the principal factors influencing the process. According to adsorption experimental data, chemisorption is the major process in glyphosate adsorption, with the pseudo-second order kinetic model providing the best fit (R 2 =.99). The soils in the study area exhibit notable variations in glyphosate rate of degradation (0.0076-0.0221 week−1). The findings show that the main soil variables affecting the half-life (glyphosate degradation) were clay concentrations (R 2 =.48; P =.013), pH (R 2 =.55; P =.0055), Organic matter (R 2 =.74; P =.00027), Feox (R 2 =.50; P =.0105), and Alox (R 2 =.73; P =.00046). Conclusion: The weak glyphosate adsorption capabilities of soils can be a good indicator that the pesticide residues in the soil are poised to endanger soil organisms and contaminate nearby water bodies through runoff and leaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticide residues are the major concern for environment and human health. Unregulated applications of pesticide compounds on crops resulting accumulation of pesticide residues in soil and crop at extreme levels. Monitoring of these residues level is crucial for environment protection and also for wellness of living beings. Most of the research aims at targeted screening of pesticide residues which misses the chance of analysing any other unwanted pesticide residues in environment samples. We have conducted our research in 18 villages of Amroha district, Uttar Pradesh, India. In this research, we have performed non-targeted analysis of pesticide residues during pre-monsoon season in soil and crop of rabi season that is wheat in our study. Study was conducted on 36 samples of soil and wheat together from same field. QuEChERs has been used for the extraction of analytes from soil and wheat samples. 7000D Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer of Agilent Technologies has been used for the non-targeted analysis of pesticide residues with the help of extensive library search of Agilent MassHunter. Total 6 pesticide residues of various categories have been identified with their concentrations. The mean concentration of all the compounds were exceeding the permissible limit that is an alarming situation for environment. The major lethal pesticide residue detected in soil and wheat was 2-Imidazolidinone with the mean concentration of 0.3618 mg/g. Other major pesticide residues detected in samples of soil and wheat were Trimethyl dihydroquinoline, meta-Dichlorobenzene, 2,4- Dimethylbenzaldehyde, m-Xylene and Ethylbenzene. Most of the pesticides belongs to herbicides category and also, they are the environmental transformation metabolites of some lethal and highly toxic pesticides that persist in ecosystem for too long. This research aimed at analysis of number of pesticide residues present in the samples of soil and wheat of Amroha district along with their concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, we assessed health risk posed by oral exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), mycotoxins (MTs), and pesticides residues in coffee samples collected from Iran market, using a probabilistic model. Levels of contaminants in 150 imported coffee samples were determined using Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography, tandem mass spectrometry with triple quadrupole and ion trap. The maximum and minimum mean levels of PAHs were found in samples from country A (20.78 ± 3.11 µg/kg dry mass (dm)) and F (13.00 ± 2.21 µg/kg dm), respectively. For pesticides, the lowest and highest levels were found in samples from country A (322.90 ± 11.05 µg/kg dm) and F (501.20 ± 14.73 µg/kg dm), respectively. Concerning MTs, samples from countries F showed the highest (56.43 ± 5.80 µg/kg dm) while those from country C showed the lowest (41.10 ± 4.31 µg/kg dm) mean concentrations. Carcinogenic risk assessment in terms of incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRs) and margins of exposure (MoEs) indicated that at the 50th, 75th and 95th centiles, PAHs posed no risks to Iranian consumers' health. Our % Tolerable daily intake (TDI) calculation showed that at the 50th, 75th, and 95th centiles, oral exposure to MTs residue through coffee consumption may lead to a small (<1%) daily intake of ochratoxin, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, patulin, fumonisin B1, and fumonisin B2; however, for aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 a % TDI >1 was observed at these centiles. The hazard index (HIs) values for pesticides residue indicated de minimis risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticides are of immense importance in agriculture, but they might contaminate bees' products. In this study, samples of honey, pollen, and beeswax were collected, seasonally, from apiaries in Toshka (Aswan), El-Noubariya (El-Beheira), and Ismailia (Ismailia) cities in Egypt. The pesticide residues were analyzed using the GC-MS after being extracted and cleaned using the QuEChERS method. Results showed that samples from El-Noubariya had great content of residues followed by Ismailia, and finally Toshka. Samples collected during fall and winter had the highest pesticide residue contents. Specifically, the phenylconazole fungicide group was repeatedly detected in all the examined samples along with organophosphate insecticides. Beeswax samples had the greatest amounts of pesticide residues followed by pollen and then honey samples. Chlorpyrifos (0.07–39.16 ng/g) and profenofos (1.94–17.00 ng/g) were detected in honey samples and their products. Pyriproxyfen (57.12 ng/g) and chlorpyrifos-methyl (39.16 ng/g) were detected in great amounts in beeswax samples from Ismailia and El-Noubariya, respectively. Yet, according to health hazard and quotient studies, the amounts of pesticides detected in honey do not pose any health threats to humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uncontrolled use of pesticides could result in contamination of air, water, food, and ecosystems. This study aimed to determine pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables collected from selected farmlands of southwest Ethiopia from the end of April 2019 until mid of May 2019. The samples were extracted using a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) extraction and clean-up method. Quantitative analysis of four organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) and seven organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were conducted using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. All the fruit and vegetable samples obtained from all sampling sites were contaminated with one or more pesticide residues. Chloroflurenol-methyl was the most predominantly detected OPPs residue in all crop samples obtained from different sampling sites, with a maximum concentration of 0.402 mg kg−1 in potato samples obtained from the Gurafarda site and a minimum value of 0.049 mg kg−1 in onion samples obtained from the South Bench site. Dibutyl chlorendate was the predominant OCPs in all samples, with the minimum value of 0.498 mg kg−1, which was detected in tomato samples collected from the Jamo site, and the maximum concentration of 1.003 mg kg−1 detected in pineapple samples obtained from the North Bench site. Dimethoate concentrations in tomato samples (0.045–0.084 mg kg−1) were above the maximum residue limits (MRLs) established by the European Union (EU) guidelines (0.01 mg kg−1) but were below the MRLs established by Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) guidelines (0.5 mg kg−1). Relatively high residue concentrations of dibutyl chlorendate and chloroflurenol-methyl were detected in all the samples obtained from all sampling sites. There is widespread use of pesticides for agriculture by the producers in the study area and there is a need for the regular monitoring of pesticide residues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the importance of cocoa beans and its products, it is imperative to know whether the levels of pesticides residues are kept below the recommended levels to minimize the risk to human health. This study investigates the incidence and levels of organochlorinated pesticide residues in cocoa beans from eighteen selected cocoa farms in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Method 3550C of USEPA was employed to extract the pesticides from the samples, while a Gas Chromatography coupled with Electron Capture Detector (GC-ECD) was used for pesticides identification and quantification after careful extraction and clean-up on silica gel. The mean OCPs concentrations ranged from 0.0003 μg/g (α-BHC) to 0.163 μg/g (endosulfan sulphate) with α-BHC as the most frequently found pesticide residue. The concentration levels of lindane, α-BHC, p,p’-DDT, p,p’-DDD, heptachlor, heptachlor-epoxide and endosulfan II were below the maximum residual limit (MRL) in food as reported by European Union, while 0.92%, 2.78%, and 4.6% of endosulfan I, (β-BHC and δ-BHC) and (aldrin and dieldrin) respectively were above the MRL. The detectable levels of OCPs in the beans make it inevitable to conduct regular monitoring so as to ensure that the levels remains below prescribed limits by national and international standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last decades, plant-based milk has become very appreciated by consumers, becoming a staple ingredient, especially for alternative breakfasts. Milk contains lactose, which is a sugar hydrolysed by the lactase enzyme. Lactose intolerance and lactose malabsorption are very common food intolerances among individuals. However, a lot of consumers consider themselves as lactose intolerant on the basis of self-reported intolerance and start to avoid dairy products, ignoring that plant-based milk alternatives are not nutritionally comparable to animal milk, especially in terms of protein intake. The aim of this study is to grow folder knowledge of the security of plant-based drinks, helping competent authorities to issue a risk assessment and to apply national plans about consumer safety. Results show that proper sanitary practices, such as pasteurization, are necessary in plant-based milk alternatives as well as in dairy milk. Chemical analysis has highlighted that there are no pesticide risks for consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two thin layer chromatography (TLC) methods have been developed for the determination of pesticides residues of imidacloprid (IMD) and deltamethrin (DLM) in thyme and guava leaves. In the two methods, the used stationary phase was silica gel 60 F254 plates impregnated in chitosan nanoparticles (ChTNPs) 0.5% to improve separation using a green developing system consists of isopropyl alcohol for IMD and n-hexane-toluene-ethylacetate for DLM. The two pesticides were determined quantitatively, after TLC separation, at wavelengths 270.0 nm for IMD and 230.0 nm for DLM. Validation of both approaches was carried out in agreement with the guidelines of International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) and found to be selective, reliable and reproducible. Limits of detection of IMD and DLM were 0.002 and 0.00116 μg/spot, respectively. The newly developed TLC methods were used to monitor the pre-harvest interval estimation. Analytical eco-scaling depending on penalty points for IMD was calculated and showed that this method was eco-friendlier than the reported one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soybean is widely used in the food industry because of its high fatty acid and protein content. However, the increased use of pesticides to control pests during cultivation, in addition to being a public health concern, may influence the nutritional quality of soybeans. This study aimed to assess the nutritional quality of soybeans with respect to fatty acid profile and pesticide residue contamination. The levels of fatty acids and pesticides in soybean varieties G196 and G197 were determined by gas chromatography and by the QuEChERS method, respectively. The results showed a significant variation in the quantitative and qualitative fatty acid composition of the two varieties, with 18.03 g/100 g and 4 fatty acids detected for the G196 variety and 21.35 g/100 g and 7 fatty acids for the G197 variety, respectively. In addition, 12 active pesticide compounds were found, and among them, imazalil, quintozene, cyfluthrin and lindane exceeded their maximum limits. The G197 variety had a better nutritional profile compared to G196. The profile of fatty acids and the content of pesticide residues were used as important determinants for soybean utilization in human nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The EFSA Panel on Plant Protection Products and their Residues was requested by the European Commission, to conclude based upon available evidence if metabolites 3‐phenoxybenzoic acid (PBA) and 3‐(4′‐hydroxyphenoxy)benzoic acid (PBA(OH)), common to several pyrethroid compounds, have genotoxic properties, if they share the (neuro)toxicity profile of their parent compounds, and if evidence allows to conclude on their health‐based guidance values. Available body of evidence consisted of studies from regulatory dossiers submissions, as well as from public literature. In addition, the data gap for short‐term toxicity profile of PBA was addressed by read‐across. Assessment revealed that PBA and PBA(OH) do not raise a concern with respect to genotoxicity. As regards general toxicity, PBA and PBA(OH) have different qualitative (no neurotoxic mechanism) and quantitative (higher NOAELs) toxicity compared to the parent pyrethroid compounds. For both metabolites, acceptable daily intake (ADI) and acute reference dose (ARfD) values were derived at 0.1 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day and 1 mg/kg bw, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Thailand, pesticides containing organophosphates (OP) are frequently applied to crops to suppress insects. School children can be exposed to OPs on a daily basis, from food consumption to breathing and touching pesticides drifted near classrooms. Living in an agricultural area can also be one of the causes. As a result, it is important to monitor OPs residues in the food chain and biomarkers of exposure. The Gas Chromatography–Flame Photometric Detector method was employed to examine the relationship between OPs residue and DAPs (Diakly phosphate) in four targeted locations in Thailand, as well as to examine the residues of OPs in vegetable samples and DAPs in 395 school children's urine samples. Vegetables were found to contain at least one OP, with chlorpyrifos being the most prevalent. The OPs detected frequencies for Sakon Nakhon, Chiang Mai, Phang Nga, and Pathum Thani are 96.1%, 94%, 91.7%, and 83.3%, respectively. The overall centration level of OPs showed 0.3261 mg/kg, 0.0636 mg/kg, 0.0023 mg/kg, 0.0150 mg/kg, 0.2003 mg/kg, 0.0295 mg/kg, and 0.0034 mg/kg for diazinon, dimethoate, pirimiphos-methyl, chlorpyrifos, profenofos, ethion, and triazophos, respectively. Nearly 98% of school children were detected with at least one DAP. The overall level of dimethyl phosphate metabolites (5.258 µmole/mole creatinine) in urine samples is higher than diethyl phosphate metabolites (2.884 µmole/mole creatinine), especially in the case of Pathum Thani. Our findings show a consistent relationship between OPs in vegetables from wet markets and DAPs in urine samples of school children in various parts of Thailand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The horticultural sector is a key contributor to Kenya's gross domestic product through the export of fresh-cut flowers, fruits and vegetables to various niche markets. It employs over 350,000 people, while about six million depend on it. However, the sector is constrained by the strict technical and phytosanitary quality requirements set by the export markets. The phytosanitary concerns include the presence of pests and microbial contaminants, while the presence of chemical residues constitute the major technical challenge. These constraints cause the interception and rejection of produce at the export destinations. The fresh produce should be free of quarantine and regulated non-quarantine pests, pest damage, pesticides above the stipulated maximum residue levels (MRLs) and phytosanitary certification. This review discusses the following four-tiered approach to compliance with phytosanitary and pesticide residue requirements: (i) use of alternative pest management approaches, including biocontrol options, cultural and physical practices; (ii) collaboration among regulatory agencies, institutions, producers and regional countries in the enforcement of standards; (iii) investment in research and the adoption of innovative technologies; (iv) awareness creation and training of actors along the fresh vegetable value chain. It is envisaged that this approach will contribute to sustainable fresh vegetable value chains, leading to improved access to export markets, and increased export volumes and income to smallholder farmers and other actors in the fresh vegetable value chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field trials were conducted in Guangzhou, Nanning, and Nanjing in two consecutive years to evaluate the terminal residue levels and dissipation trend of pymetrozine and chlorpyrifos in rice ecosystem. Analyses were carried out by high-performance-liquid-chromatography for pymetrozine and gas-chromatography-mass-spectrometry for chlorpyrifos, achieved good linear relationship over range from 0.01 to 5.0 mg·kg−1 for both (r > 0.9998). Average recoveries were 86.0% to 106.0% for pymetrozine, and 79.7% to 102.3% for chlorpyrifos at the spiking levels of 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 mg·kg−1. Half-lives of pymetrozine in paddy water, paddy soil and rice plant were 0.35–2.81, 2.69–6.95 and 1.22–3.70 days, while that of chlorpyrifos were 0.86–1.88, 3.09–6.86 and 0.58–2.84 days. Final residues of pymetrozine and chlorpyrifos in brown rice ranged from less than 0.6 to 26.0 μg·kg−1 and 14.3 to 191.6 μg·kg−1, respectively. It is recommended that 25% pymetrozine and chlorpyrifos suspension be sprayed twice at the intervals of 10 days with dosages ranging from 375 (maximum recommended dosage) to 562.5 g a.i.·ha−1 (1.5 times of the maximum recommended dosage). The rice can be harvested safely 15 days after the last application of pymetrozine and chlorpyrifos. The research results help ensures the safe application of pymetrozine and chlorpyrifos in rice ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the testicular function of Mugil cephalus that inhabit Wadi El-Rayan lakes. Testes of fish inhabiting the upper lake (site 2) and the lower lake (site 3) of Wadi El-Rayan showed significant decreases in gonadosomatic index, high accumulation levels of six metals, and eight organochlorine pesticide residues. Compared to reference fish, high percentages of histological alterations as testicular degeneration, germ cell reduction, testicular inflammation, vacuolization, and loss of tubular arrangement were observed in sites 2 and 3. Moreover, endocrine disruption signs were recorded based on the percentage of ovotestis appearance and the ovotestis severity index values. The maximum defective testicular antioxidant mechanisms were recorded in site 3 as indicated by sharp decreases in catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reduced levels, and high thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. Finally, long-term exposure to Wadi El-Rayan water may impair the reproductive health of fish via testicular oxidative damage and endocrine disruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Modern Food Science & Technology is the property of Editorial Office of Modern Food Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A facile, economic, and portable test kit based on target-responsive hydrogel with smartphone detection was fabricated for the accurate determination of dichlorvos in tap water and food samples. Carbon dots (CDs) and CdTe quantum dots (QDs) embedded hydrogel were employed as indicator, and fluorescence of CdTe QDs (645 nm) was dynamically quenched by Cu2+ while that of CDs (490 nm) were non-response for Cu2+, em erging a typical ratiometric fluorescence signal. Acetylcholinesterase hydrolyzed acetylthiocholine to generate thiocholine that bound with Cu2+ strongly via S-Cu-S bond. Dichlorvos as competitive inhibitor for acetylcholinesterase prevented the generation of thiocholine, which blocked the formation of Cu-thiocholine complex and changed the ratiometric fluorescence signal. The signal of the test kit, which was recorded by smartphone's camera, was transduced by ImageJ software into the color parameter that was linearly proportional to the logarithm of dichlorvos concentration. This portable test kit showed wide linear range of 1 to 40 ppb and low detection limit of 0.38 ppb for dichlorvos. This test kit exhibited rapid sample-to-answer detection time (50 min) of dichlorvos in tap water and food samples, and the recoveries were in the range 81.3 to 111% with relative standard deviations of less than 9.1%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One hundred and twenty samples of breast milk were collected from five northern governorates and districts in Jordan in 2019 and 2020 to monitor results for organochlorine pesticides as organic contaminants. The results showed that 36 samples (30%) of total 120 analyzed samples were contaminated as follows: 16 samples (13.3%) were contaminated with dieldrin, 4 samples (3.3%) with p,p′-DDE, 4 samples (3.3%) with p,p′-DDD, 8 samples (6.7%) with p,p′-DDT and 4 samples (3.3%) with o,p′-DDE. Comparing results of the current study with those of 2015 study, no residues for the HCHs in 2019/2020 study have been detected, an increase in the DDTs occurred and an increase in the cyclodiens in the 2019/2020 compared to the 2015 study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The guidance document on risk assessment for birds and mammals (GD) provides generic residue values of pesticides on potential diet items for use in wildlife risk assessments. For most diet items, these values are based on a large number of residue studies. However, the default residues per unit dose (RUD; standardized for application of 1 kg substance per hectare) values for fruits were taken from a few literature trials of unclear relevance for regulatory purposes. These trials were conducted according to neither current European Union (EU) agricultural practice nor to recommendations given in the GD about how to conduct wildlife-relevant residue studies. Therefore, field study data on fruit residue levels from applications of pesticides in fruiting crops were compiled and evaluated. Corresponding studies had been conducted during the last 26 y in the EU. In the final data set, 291 studies provided 1002 residue values in different fruits, including grapes, berries (currants, raspberries, gooseberries), fruits from orchards (apple, peach, pear, lemon, mandarin, orange, apricot, cherry, plum), gourds (pumpkins, cucumbers, squash, melons), and strawberries. This data set provides a basis for revising registration-relevant RUD values for fruits as potential diet items for birds and mammals in environmental wildlife risk assessments. The objective of this study was to estimate the resulting residue levels in different fruits determined under field conditions following the application of pesticides across their growing areas within the EU in diverse climatic areas that can be used directly in wildlife risk assessments. The large data set of usually about more than 100 residue values per "fruit group," all evaluated at EU member state level, revealed significantly lower RUDs compared to the current default RUDs presented in the GD. These new RUD values for fruits should be considered for use as default values in future bird and mammal risk assessments and in respective guidance documents. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:552-561. © 2020 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology Chemistry (SETAC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Fifteen lactating Zaraibi does were assigned to study the effect of EM ability to prevent the probably toxicology effect of the residues of pesticides remained in tomato haulms (TH). Animals were fed ad libitum fresh TH (T1), TH silage (T2) and TH silage treated with EM (T3) and concentrate feed mixture (CFM). Treatment with EM (T3) was resulted in less concentrations of pesticides residues compared to T1 and T2. Higher milk yield, milk composition and 4% FCM were followed EM treatment; T1 had less milk fat content than T2 and T3. All pesticides concentrations residues in milk were higher in T1, but it had less degree in T2 and not detected for T3 Treatment TH with EM (T3) had higher concentrations of TVFA's, acetate, gas production, total count of cellulosic bacteria and less protozoa. T1 had higher concentrations of cholesterol, triglyceride, urea, creatinine, AST, ALT and less glucose, albumin and globulin than those for T2 and T3. So, biological (EM) treatment could be advisable to overcome the harmful effect of feeding TH exposure to pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to detect pesticide residues in the honey produced by the stingless bee Melipona subnitida. A total of thirty-five samples of honey from M. subnitida were collected from twelve municipalities of the semiarid region of Rio Grande do Norte state, northeastern Brazil. Of these thirty-five samples, fourteen were from colonies raised in an urban area, while the other twenty-one were from the countryside. The pesticides in the samples were extracted using a modified QuEChERS method. The simultaneous analysis of 116 analytes in the honey samples was performed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Twenty-five samples (71.4% of samples) were contaminated by some amount of pesticide, and of them twenty-four had just one pesticide and one had three. The detected compounds included organophosphate pesticides (OPP) monocrotophos (24 samples), trichlorfon (6 samples) and chlorpyrifos-methyl (2 samples). In conclusion, the honey produced by the stingless bee M. subnitida may be contaminated by pesticides, which emphasizes the need for food monitoring before commercialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A GC-MS/MS method with low solvent consumption and easy operation was developed to simultaneously determine ten new-generation pesticides, namely fenobucarb, acetochlor, pretilachlor, fipronil, trifloxystrobin, fluazifop-p-butyl, isoprothiolane, tebuconazole, cypermethrin and difenoconazole in leafy vegetables. Influences from ultrasonic sample extraction and the clean-up steps to reduce matrix effects were investigated. Under suitable conditions, good linearity (deviation of back calculated concentration from true concentration lower than 20%) was achieved for all studied pesticides; the method detection limits (MDLs) ranged from 1.4 to 3.6 ng g−1 wet weight. For mustard green and green onion the method yielded good recoveries at two spiking levels (201 and 100 ng g−1) ranging from 80% to 111% (n = 5). The repeatability, expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD), was lower than 11% (n = 5). The method was successfully used to quantify pesticide residues in 207 vegetable samples (green onions, mustard greens, and lettuce) collected in Thua Thien Hue and Quang Binh Provinces, Central Vietnam. The insecticide cypermethrin was found at critical levels in 98% of the vegetable samples. Green onions had high pesticide residues with a significant number of samples containing pesticides at concentrations exceeding the maximum residue levels (MRLs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Tropical Medicine is the property of China Tropical Medicine Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Plant Protection & Pathology is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of the current study was to examine the awareness of employees, students, and community at The University of Jordan about pesticides residue in food and whether they are interested to learn more about it. A questionnaire consisted of 28 questions in three sections was designed and included questions about the demographic characteristics and about the knowledge of the participants about pesticides and their residual limit. Results showed that young respondents with ages between 19–35 years old and with higher educational levels and scientific background were more knowledgeable in many aspects regarding pesticides and their residues, however, this study should be expanded to include higher numbers of respondents, from different universities in Jordan, and among different school backgrounds in order to be able to generalize the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decade, the production and consumption of organic food have increased steadily worldwide, despite the lower productivity of organic crops. Indeed, the population attributes healthier properties to organic food. Although scientific evidence is still scarce, organic agriculture seems to contribute to maintaining an optimal health status and decreases the risk of developing chronic diseases. This may be due to the higher content of bioactive compounds and lower content of unhealthy substances such as cadmium and synthetic fertilizers and pesticides in organic foods of plant origin compared to conventional agricultural products. Thus, large long-term intervention studies are needed to determine whether an organic diet is healthier than a diet including conventionally grown food products. This review provides an update of the present knowledge of the impact of an organic versus a conventional food diet on health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Pesticides are used extensively especially in developing countries like Egypt to control pest either in animal or in agriculture, which may lead to harmful residues in foods of animal origin. The current study was conducted to estimate the residue level of OC and pyrethroid in 320 beef and sheep samples (160each) collected from different shops at Beni-Suef governorate during summer and winter season. The collected samples were liver, muscle, kidney, and fat (80 each; 4o from each animal species).Among fourteen organochlorine compound examined, only Alpha HCH was detected in samples of cattle and sheep collected through winter season in a level below the MRL, while through summer season, only Alpha HCH and Delta HCH were detected in sheep samples in a level below the MRL. Pyrethroid pesticides residues represented by cypermethrin, deltamethrin, Esfenvalerate, permethrin were not detected through winter season, while they were detected in muscles of cattle and fat of sheep through summer season, while Labdacyhalothrin, bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, Meothrin were detected in most of examined samples from different species through winter and summer seasons, most of these results revealed higher mean level than the maximum residue limits. From these results most of OC could not be detected may be due to these compounds not used science 1970, on other hand pyrethroid it still used nowadays in Egypt either in agriculture or as spray in animals to control ectoparasites spatially in summer season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this work was to compare the dynamics of the degradation of herbicides commonly used in brassica vegetables. Series of plot field experiments were carried out in planting cauliflower in 2012-2014. The amount of herbicide residues with the maximum residue level (MRL) determined by the Regulation (EC) No. 396/2005 and with requirements of non-residue production (up to 10 μg/kg of active ingredient in harvested product) was compared. Napropamide, clomazone and dimethachlor were applied before planting and pendimethalin, S-metolachlor, pyridate, ethametsulfuron, dimethenamid, metazachlor, quinmerac, picloram, clopyralid, cycloxydim, fluazifop, propaquizafop and quizalofop were applied after planting the cauliflower. Besides fluazifop and quizalofop, all tested herbicides showed a fast degradation and can be recommended for non-residue production. The amount of fluazifop residues did not fall below the MRL even 6 weeks after application. Residues of post-emergently applied quizalofop were detected in cauliflower 10-44 days after application in most of the samples at concentration 9-73 μg/kg (below the MRL). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports on the development of a fast and efficient method based on headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled to gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) for simultaneous analysis of 128 volatile or semi-volatile pesticide residues belonging to nine classes of pesticides. The important factors related to HS-SPME performance were optimized; these factors include fiber types, water volume, ion strength, extraction temperature, and extraction time. The best extraction conditions include a PDMS/DVB fiber, and analytes were extracted at 90 °C for 60 min from 1 g of tea added to 5 mL of 0.2 g mL−1 NaCl solution. The methodology was validated using tea samples spiked with pesticides at three concentration levels (10, 50, and 100 μg kg−1). In green tea, oolong tea, black tea, and puer tea, 82.8, 88.3, 79.7, and 84.3% of the targeted pesticides meet recoveries ranging from 70 to 120% with a relative standard deviation of ≤ 20%, respectively, when spiked at a level of 10 μg kg−1. Limits of quantification in this method for most of the pesticides were 1 or 5 μg kg−1, which are far below their maximum residue limits prescribed by EU. The optimized method was employed to analyze 30 commercial samples obtained from local markets; 17 pesticide residues were detected at concentrations of 2-452 μg kg−1. Chlorpyrifos was the most detected pesticide in 80% of the samples, and the highest concentration of dicofol (452 μg kg−1) was found in a puer tea. This is the first time to find that the optimized extraction temperature for pesticide residues is 90 °C, which is much higher than other reported HS-SPME extraction conditions in tea samples. This developed method could be used to screen over one hundred volatile or semi-volatile pesticide residues which belong to multiple classes in tea samples, and it is an accurate and reliable technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paraquat and diquat are broad-spectrum herbicides, highly polar substances with high solubility in water. Although it is banned by the European Union, it is used in many countries to prepare the soil for planting and to control weeds in more than 100 crops such as rice, potato, corn, cotton, wheat, apple, soybean, sugarcane, cocoa. In developed countries, programs have been established to control exposure and the presence of pesticide residues in food and feed. In the European Union, Multi-Annual Control Programs for pesticide residues (MACP) are run by all member states to ensure compliance with maximum residue levels (MRL) of pesticides and to assess consumer consumption of pesticide residues in plant and animal foods. Paraquat and diquat have permanent ionic character and high hydrophilicity and are not adsorbed in the reverse phase chromatographic column due to their polar properties. For this reason, the QuEChERS methodology, which is the common extraction procedure of pesticides in many different groups, is insufficient, extraction and sample cleaning require special conditions. The Rapid Extraction of Polar Pesticides (QuPPe) method developed by European Reference Laboratories proposes methanol extraction with hydrochloric acid for paraquat-diquat pesticides. In this study, modifications were made in the extraction solution with reference to the QuPPe method. In addition, chromatographic separation is enhanced by the selection of hydrophilic interacting analytical column with positively and negatively charged (zwitterionic) functional groups on the silica and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) combined with liquid chromatography provides highly sensitive and selective detection for the analysis of paraquat-diquat pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Livestock is an important sub-sector of agriculture that plays a key role in economy of a country by contributing to GDP (Gross Domestic Product) and in total export. Pakistan is the 5th largest milk producer in the world with a total milk production of about 46.44 billion liters per anum. Almost 68% milk is produced by buffalo and 27% by cow. Pesticides used in agriculture sector may transfer to animal bodies through feed and fodder. A pesticide found in water is another source of residues in milk through drinking water. External control of parasites on animal body, insect control in cattle yard and sheds are direct sources of pesticides exposure for dairy animals. Due to its nutritional and supplementary value, milk is being consumed by people of different age groups therefore, issue of pesticide residues attain the immediate attention of researcher. Pesticide residues levels in raw dairy milk are discussed here in few selected developing and developed countries. It is concluded that human health is associated with exposure to organo phosphorus (OPPs), organo chlorine (OCPs), pyrethroids and carbamate (CB) pesticides via milk or milk products and this issue deserve more attention. Different classes of pesticides OPPs, OCPs, pyrethroids and CBs etc. were reported in raw dairy milk in different countries and also in Pakistan. The results of this review demonstrate the need to establish pesticide residue monitoring programs for milk analysis for human consumption to improve food safety and decrease exposure risks to consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticides residues were determined quantitatively in drinking water samples collected from district Charsadda of the province Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan employing GC-MS technique. The survey was conducted soon after the flood in 2010. Aldicarb (0.003 mg/L) was found only in C7, while residues of acetachlor (0.001 mg/L) was found in C8. Among the pesticides quantified Chlorpyrifos delivered highest amount of residues in C8, C9, C10, C11 and C12. Residues of o, p'-DDT were found higher in C1 to C6 than the permitted value (0.002 mg/L), while higher concentration of Pyridaben than the allowed value (0.0001 mg/L) was resulted in C1, C5, C6 and C14. Residues of Carbofuran, Atrazine, a-Endosulfan and Dieldrin, β-Endosulfan, Difenoconazole-1 and Difenoconazole-2 were not detected in any of the collected water samples. Concentrations of rest of the pesticides residues detected in water samples were within the permissible limits. The study revealed that water samples collected from district Charsadda are highly contaminated with pesticides, which is a health risk factor for the inhabitant of this areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although a lot of work has been conducted in the pesticide residues analysis in food matrices but the quality determination (with respect to major contaminants such as pesticide residues) in medicinal plant matrices has a long way to go. Hence a study was conducted to determine pesticide residues in four medicinal herbs, which are highly traded commodities in international market. Samples were extracted and cleaned up by modified QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) approach and analyzed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The method was subjected to thorough validation procedure in-terms of accuracy, precision, limits of quantification (LOQ), matrix effect, linearity and uncertainty analysis. The mean recoveries for most of the pesticides were in the range of 70-120% with RSD <20% and measurement uncertainties were less than 20% for all the compounds at spiking level of 0.5 mg kg in all the matrices. The limits of quantification (LOQ) ranged from 0.01 to 0.069 mg kg. The proposed method was successfully applied to determine pesticide residues in 52 commercial market samples obtained from different locations in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optimization and validation study of a qualitative and quantitative multiclass, ethyl acetate (EtOAc) multi-residue method to straightforward monitor 48 compounds in liver (6 veterinary drugs and 42 pesticides) and 54 in muscle (5 veterinary drugs and 49 pesticides) followed by high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography mass-spectrometry determination (GC-MS) is presented. Several clean-up sorbents were evaluated looking for the best strategy for the removal of the matrix co-extractives. A combination of aluminium oxide, (AlO), C-18 and magnesium sulphate (MgSO) yielded the best analytical results in terms of precision and accuracy. The method was validated at three fortification levels: 10, 100 and 250 µg kg. The percentages of recovery were between 70 and 114 % for bovine muscle and 70-118 % for liver. Repeatability and intermediate precision percentages were below 20 % for both matrices. Most of the compounds under study presented good linearity and quantification limits below their corresponding European Union (EU) and Codex Alimentarius maximum residue levels (MRLs). Twenty-two randomly taken real samples were analyzed with the validated methodology, trying to prove its effectiveness and suitability for routine analysis. The validated methodology represents a fast and cheap alternative for the simultaneous analysis of pesticides and veterinary drugs which can be easily extend to other compounds and matrices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple multi-residue method based on modified QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) approach was established for the determination of 17 organochlorine (OC), 15 organophosphorous (OP) and 7 synthetic pyrethroid (SP) pesticides in an economically important medicinal plant of India, Senna (Cassia angustifolia), by gas chromatography coupled to electron capture and flame thermionic detectors (GC/ECD/FTD) and confirmation of residues was done on gas chromatograph coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The developed method was validated by testing the following parameters: linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), matrix effect, accuracy–precision and measurement uncertainty; the validation study clearly demonstrated the suitability of the method for its intended application. All pesticides showed good linearity in the range 0.01–1.0 μg mL−1for OCs and OPs and 0.05–2.5 μg mL−1for SPs with correlation coefficients higher than 0.98. The method gave good recoveries for most of the pesticides (70–120%) with intra-day and inter-day precision < 20% in most of the cases. The limits of detection varied from 0.003 to 0.03 mg kg−1, and the LOQs were determined as 0.01-0.049 mg kg−1. The expanded uncertainties were <30%, which was distinctively less than a maximum default value of ±50%. The proposed method was successfully applied to determine pesticide residues in 12 commercial market samples obtained from different locations in India. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Journal of Southern Agriculture is the property of Journal of Southern Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present study was undertaken to monitor organochlorine, organophosphate, and synthetic pyrethroid pesticide residues in butter (n = 55) and ghee (n =56) samples collected from three different regions of Punjab. The estimation of pesticide residues was done by multiple residue analytical technique using gas chromatography equipped with GC-ECD and GC-FTD. The confirmation of residues was done on gas chromatography mass spectrometry in both selective ion monitoring (SIM) and scan mode. Results indicated the presence of hexacholorocyclohexane (HCH) and p,p’ DDE as predominant contaminant in both butter and ghee. Residues of HCH were detected in 25 and 23 % samples of butter and ghee, respectively, while residues of p,p’ DDE were recorded in 29 and 25 % of butter and ghee samples, respectively. None of the butter and ghee sample violated the MRL values of 200 ng g−1 for HCH and 1250 ng g−1 for dichorodiphenyl tricholorethane (DDT). The presence of endosulfan, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, deltamethrin, and chlorpyrifos were observed in a few butter and ghee samples at traces. The spatial variation for comparative occurrence of pesticide residues indicated higher levels in the south-western region of Punjab. Additionally, the temporal variation indicated the significant reduction of HCH and DDT levels in butter and ghee in Punjab. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are multiple ways in which pesticide contamination can take place, depending on the method used for obtaining the raw material: by conventional agriculture or harvest from wild flora. Assessing the transfer level of residues in extracts, in controlled conditions of preparation and analysis, contributes to determining the risk level for the consumer, as well as making processing choices that lead to a low concentration of contaminants. We used an adapted QuEChERS extraction method for liquid samples to compare the level of pesticides in plant extracts obtained by ethylic alcohol and acetone extraction. This was done by extraction in the presence of MgSO4 and NaCl and cleanup by dispersion with PSA, active charcoal and Mg SO4. To achieve the appropriate level of sensitivity, the injection module of the equipment was used in Programmed Temperature Vaporization (PTV) mode, injecting 3 μl of sample. Calibration was performed by the standard addition technique, in which case the correlations were linear. Our results show that ethylic alcohol extraction, commonly used for obtaining tinctures, leads to different residue transfer levels, depending on their chemical structure and solubility (between 15 and 76,8 % recovery, for quintozene and terbuthylazine respectively). On the other hand, acetone extraction is selective for pesticides, and the crystallization of the resulting bioactive compounds leads to significantly reduced pesticide levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A modified Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) method based on the dispersive solid-phase extraction (dSPE) combined with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed for the determination of thiabendazole (TBZ) in environmental and food samples. Hydroxyl functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT-OH) was used as dSPE material for the preconcentration of analyte. Several experimental parameters, including the amount of sorbent, extraction time, the pH and ionic strength of sample solution, and desorption conditions, were evaluated. Under optimal experimental conditions, good linearity was observed in the range of 10-1000 ng mL with the correlation coefficient of 0.9962. The limit of detection and quantification were 2.6 and 8.7 ng mL, respectively. The present method was applied to the analysis of different environmental and food samples, and the recoveries of TBZ obtained were in the range of 92.9-103.9 % with the relative standard deviations lower than 6.5 %. The results showed that the proposed method was a rapid, convenient, and feasible method for the determination of TBZ in environmental and food samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we developed a portable pesticides residues detection instrument by integrating an amperometric acetylcholinesterase (AChE) biosensor and a signal detecting circuit. The AChE biosensor was modified with tin oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles, chitosan, and multiwalled carbon nanotubes nanocomposite. Because the signal generated from the acetylcholinesterase biosensor is very weak, an analog signal detect circuit is elaborately designed to reduce lots of the noises and system drifts. This instrument could realize rapid detection of pesticides residues in fruits and vegetables on-site with automatic data processing, display, and data storage. The detection limit was 100 ng/L. The measurement time from sample treatment to detection was 15 min. Compared with traditional analytical methods, this proposed pesticides residues detection instrument possessed a good precision and high stability. This will be a new promising rapid detection instrument for pesticides residues in agricultural products. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The production of grape juice in Brazil is growing at a 30 % rate a year. To increase exports, a full complainment to food safety protocols, as those in the Codex Alimentarius, is mandatory. Simple and fast analytical methods are needed for quality assurance. The objective of this work was to develop and validate an analytical method for detection of pesticides residues (organochlorides, organophosphorides, and fungicides) in Brazilian whole grape juices. The analyses were performed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, operating in selective ion monitoring. After liquid-liquid extraction, samples were preconcentrate using solid-phase extraction in Florisil. The limit of quantification ranged from 3.75 to 9.47 mg l, and recovery varied from 84.0 % to 99.7 %, with RSD lower than 4.9 %. From a total of 99 Brazilian grape juices analyzed, pesticide residues were found in 32. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Residues of organophosphate (OP) and organochlorine (OC) pesticides were monitored in soil samples collected from cotton growing areas in Bahawalpur district, Punjab, Pakistan. All the 12 soil samples were found contaminated with. dichlorvos, dimethoate, methyl parathion, fenitrothion, endosulfan, mevinphos, chlorpyriphos and profenofos. The most widely detected pesticide was mevinphos and was found in eleven samples with mean concentration of 0.199 mg Kg-1. Endosulfan was the second most often detected pesticide investigated in ten samples with the mean concentration of 0.262 mg Kg-1, fenitrothion was the third most detected pesticide in seven samples with mean concentration of 0.3 mg Kg-1. Profenofos was not detected in any soil sample. The mean value of Σpesticides was found to be 1.175 4- 0.014 mg Kg-1 at 95% confidence level in soil samples collected with highest value of 3.161 mg Kg-1 in sample MS-3 followed by 2.527 mg Kg-1 in MS-2, while, other samples (83%) were found contaminated usually at concentration less than 2 mg Kg-1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archives of Industrial Hygiene & Toxicology / Arhiv za Higijenu Rada I Toksikologiju is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)