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Background: Aims: To investigate the developmental trajectory of the rate and perceptual assessment of oral diadochokinesis (DDK) in typically developing children compared with adults. Also to examine the characteristics of DDK productions in children with speech sound disorders (SSD) and the relationship between DDK production and percentage of consonants correct (PCC). Methods & Procedures: Participants were 316 typically developing children and 90 children with SSD from 3 to 9 years old, as well as 20 adults with normal speech. The mono‐, bi‐ and trisyllabic nonsense strings containing Korean tense consonants and the vowel [a] were used for DDK tasks. The number of iterations per s was measured as the DDK rate for each stimulus. The perceptual assessment of DDK productions was also performed for regularity, accuracy and rate. Outcomes & Results: The DDK rates increased throughout childhood, but the oldest children, 9‐year‐olds in the current study, did not achieve adult‐like rates for all mono‐ and trisyllabic strings. Children with SSD also did not show significant differences from typically developing children when the DDK productions were analysed using only accurate tokens. The PCC of children with SSD showed higher correlations with regularity, accuracy and rate of perceptual ratings than the timed DDK rate. Conclusions & Implications: This study highlighted the fact that the comprehensive evaluation of DDK productions may provide even more useful information about children's oral motor skills. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: What is already known on the subject: Rates of DDK reflect the motor skills of the articulatory systems independently of phonological skills; therefore, the tasks are widely used in the diagnostic evaluations of speech disorders in both children and adult populations. However, a substantial number of studies have questioned the validity and usefulness of DDK rates for evaluating speech abilities. Also, the literature suggested that the measure of DDK rate alone does not provide a clear and useful indication of children's oral motor skills. DDK tasks should be analysed in terms of accuracy and consistency as well as rate. What this paper adds to the existing knowledge: The literature reporting normative DDK performance has mainly been based on English speakers. As different consonants have different temporal characteristics, the linguistic and segmental features of DDK tasks can impact the DDK rate. This study established a norm for DDK rate for Korean‐speaking children and investigated the developmental trajectory of DDK performance in typically developing children compared with adults. This study suggested that the comprehensive evaluation of DDK productions may provide even more useful information about children's oral motor skills by examining the characteristics of DDK productions in children with SSD. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work?: This study provided normative data of young Korean‐speaking children aged 3–9 years. Normative data in children under 5 years of age are valuable given that the majority of children referred for speech difficulty assessments are between 3 and 5 years of age, but only a few studies have provided the normative data in young children. This study showed that many children could not complete DDK tasks correctly and provided additional support for the notion that other aspects of DDK performance, including accuracy and regularity, may yield more useful diagnostic indications than timed DDK rates alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The success of type 2 thyroplasty (TP2) for adductor spasmodic dysphonia (AdSD) depends on the selection of optimally sized titanium bridges, which requires accurate assessment of intraoperative vocal changes. While this procedure has traditionally been performed according to the laryngologist's experience, the most appropriate method for voice monitoring and selection of titanium bridge size remains to be determined. This study aimed to investigate evaluation parameters useful for voice monitoring, as these may allow less experienced surgeons to perform TP2 properly. Methods: In this prospective study, voice monitoring was performed in 18 patients with AdSD patients undergoing TP2. Evaluations were performed preoperatively, intraoperatively, 13 weeks postoperatively, and 52 weeks postoperatively using GRBAS (grade, roughness, breathiness, asthenia, and strain), as well as perceptual judgment and acoustic analyses. Results: Preoperative and intraoperative assessments of the G, R, B, and S parameters, perceptual judgment, and harmonic‐to‐noise ratio (HNR) were in moderate or better agreement. Intraoperative and 13‐ or 52‐week postoperative measurements of the R, B, and G parameters and strangulation, tremor, and HNR were also in high agreement. When two different sizes of titanium bridges were compared (unselected vs. selected), ratings for G, R, S, strangulation, tremor, jitter, shimmer, HNR, standard deviation of F0, and degree of voice breaks were better for the selected width than the unselected width. Conclusion: The candidate items for intraoperative voice monitoring during TP2 for AdSD are G, R, strangulation, tremor, and HNR. The use of these items may help to ensure successful TP2 and contribute to the advancement of laryngeal framework surgery. Level of evidence: Level 4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of the first author's expert testimony at a court trial, we investigated hindsight bias in perceptions of the predictability of a real flash flood. Participants were presented with pictures taken before the flash flood and asked to rate the muddiness of the water and judge the likelihood of flooding in Experiment 1. Participants who were informed that a flash flood had occurred perceived the river as muddier and judged a flood to be more likely than control participants. Their judgment was biased by hindsight. The results of Experiment 2 revealed that when the causality from muddiness to flooding was instructed, participants judged the river as muddier. These results were interpreted as top‐down perception being implicitly adjusted by outcome information and causality information. The judges decided that the defendants had no responsibility to predict the flash flood, taking the hindsight bias into consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experts' cognitive abilities adapt in response to the challenges they face in order to produce elite-level performance. Expert athletes, in particular, must integrate their motor capabilities with their cognitive and perceptual processes. Indoor rock climbers are particularly unique athletes in that much of the challenge they face is to accurately perceive and consolidate multiple movements into manageable action plans. In the current study, we investigated how climbers' level of expertise influenced their perception of action capabilities, visual memory of holds, and memory of planned and performed motor sequences. In Experiment 1, climbers judged their perceived capability to perform single climbing moves and then attempted each movement. Skilled climbers were less confident, but perceived their action capabilities more accurately than less skilled climbers. In Experiment 2, climbers recalled holds on a route, as well as predicted and recalled move sequences before and after climbing, respectively. Expertise was positively associated with visual memory performance as well as planned and recalled motor sequence accuracy. Together, these findings contribute to our knowledge of motor expertise and suggest that motor expert's ability to accurately estimate their action capabilities may underlie complex cognitive processes in their domain of expertise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kant's account of cognitive judgment is sophisticated, sound and philosophically far more illuminating than is often appreciated. Key features of Kant's account of cognitive judgment are widely dispersed amongst various sections of the Critique of Pure Reason, whilst common philosophical proclivities have confounded these interpretive difficulties. This paper characterises Kant's account of causal-perceptual judgment concisely to highlight one central philosophical achievement: Kant's finding that, to understand and investigate empirical knowledge we must distinguish between predication as a grammatical form of sentences, statements or (candidate) judgments, and predication as a (proto-)cognitive act of ascribing some characteristic(s) to some localised particular(s). With Kant's finding in view, I then elucidate how we have occluded his achievement. My results are not merely interpretive, but philosophical, because they show that Kant's account of perceptual judgment accords with - and indeed justifies - a central and sound point regarding language, thought and reference advocated by apparently unlikely philosophical comrades. These finding highlight some methodological cautions which require reemphasis today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present experiment investigated performance in perceptual averaging of line ensembles during maintenance of minimal and near-span memory loads of digits. Observers memorized a four-to-seven digit number (high load) or a zero (low load) prior to a brief exposure (500 ms) of an ensemble of nine horizontal lines of various lengths. A subsequent probe line was then classified by observers as greater than or less than the ensemble average length followed by serial recall of the memory load. Slope analysis of the psychometric functions relating p('greater than') and the probe to ensemble-mean-size-ratio showed an advantage (steeper slope and therefore smaller threshold) for averaging under high-load compared with low-load conditions. Reaction time analysis indicated that faster probe responses were more accurate than slower responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term 'abduction' has been used with different meanings since its introduction in C. S. Peirce's writings. It has been used to refer to inference to the best explanation, hypothetical inference, inference to new explanations, and a guessing-instinct. These meanings converge to solve a central problem: how do new ideas emerge in inquiry? Different authors defend different meanings of 'abduction' which, in their view, resolve this fundamental problem. This article seeks to displace the central question of abduction in order to account more coherently for its different meanings in Peirce's thought. It is argued that abduction is not concerned with the emergence of new ideas in reasoning but instead with how ideas are made to fulfill their logical purpose. Since the logical goodness of abduction is most directly treated in Peirce's 1903 Harvard Lectures on Pragmatism, this article first examines the link between abduction, pragmatism, and logical goodness in those lectures. This initial examination leads us to displace the central question of abduction, from 'how do new ideas emerge?' to 'how do ideas fulfill their logical purpose?' [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addressed the question of whether motor and visual experiences enhance the detection of deceptive and non-deceptive actions in football. Using a pre-post-retention test design, we conducted an intervention study with 40 football players, manipulating specific motor and visual experiences through a training intervention, with the motor group learning to fake fouls and the visual group watching the training. Prior general motor and visual experiences were also assessed via a questionnaire. Referee-like decision-making performance, involving the detection of deceptive actions, was measured using a video test. Separate 4 x 3 (Group x Video Test) repeated-measures analyses of variance were calculated, with decision accuracy and decision time as the dependent variables, representing decision-making performance. The results revealed only slight effects of the intervention, with the motor group reporting long-term effects, as reflected by the greater performance enhancement from post- to retention test. Prior general visual experience in football was shown to enhance deception detection for all three groups. Sport associations could use these results in their referee education programs by including prior general experiences as well as motor and visual training in deceptive and non-deceptive actions to enhance accurate judgments of these situations on the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the effect of visual context (i.e., a visual illusion) on the planning of a sequential object manipulation task. Participants ( n = 13) had to grasp a rod embedded in a “rod-and-frame” illusion and insert the rod-end into a tight hole in a pre-defined way. The grip type (defined by start posture, either pronated or supinated; and end posture, either comfortable or uncomfortable) used to grasp the rod was registered as a macroscopic variable of motor planning. Different rod orientations forced the participants to switch between grip types. As expected, most participants switched between pronated and supinated start postures, such that they ended the movement with a comfortable end posture. As it has been argued that planning is dependent on visual context information, we hypothesized that the visual illusion would affect the specific rod orientation at which participants would switch into a different grip type. This hypothesis was confirmed. More specifically, the illusion affected the critical spatial information that is used for action planning. Collectively, these findings are the first to show an effect of an illusion on motor planning in a sequential object manipulation task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the semiotic philosophy of Charles S. Peirce in relation to his characterizations of representationism and presentationism. Accordingly, Pierce in definitions, overtly pits the representationists, who treat percepts as representatives, against the presentationists, according to whom percepts do not stand for hidden realities. He advocates an inferentialist approach as evident in hs His essay writing "On the Doctrine of Immediate Perception" advocate an inferentialist approach.

Anatomical and physiological evidence suggests that vision-for-perception and vision-for-action may be differently sensitive to increasingly peripheral stimuli, and to stimuli in the upper and lower visual fields (VF). We asked participants to fixate one of 24 randomly presented LED arranged radially in eight directions and at three eccentricities around a central target location. One of two (small, large) target objects was presented briefly, and participants responded in two ways. For the action task, they reached for and grasped the target. For the perception task, they estimated target height by adjusting thumb-finger separation. In a final set of trials for each task, participants knew that target size would remain constant. We found that peak aperture increased with eccentricity for grasping, but not for perceptual estimations of size. In addition, peak grip aperture, but not size-estimation aperture, was more variable when targets were viewed in the upper as opposed to the lower VF. A second experiment demonstrated that prior knowledge about object size significantly reduced the variability of perceptual estimates, but had no effect on the variability of grip aperture. Overall, these results support the claim that peripheral VF stimuli are processed differently for perception and action. Moreover, they support the idea that the lower VF is specialized for the control of manual prehension. Finally, the effect of prior knowledge about target size on performance substantiates claims that perception is more tightly linked to memory systems than action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent developments in the cognitive sciences and artificial intelligence suggest ways of answering the most serious challenge to Peirce's notion of abduction. Either there is no such logical process as abduction or, if abduction is a form of inference, it is essentially unconscious and therefore beyond rational control so that it lacks any normative significance. Peirce himself anticipates and attempts to answer this challenge. Peirce argues that abduction is both a source of creative insight and a form of logical inference subject to a degree of conscious control. In this paper I shall sketch a developing account of abduction that is suggested by the work of Paul Churchland, Paul Thagard, Chris Eliasmith, William Wimsatt, Owen Flanagan, and others. I shall argue that a credible account of abduction will require that we approach the phenomenon from both higher and lower levels as represented by these approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]