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The article presents the results of the study of the oil collecting and oil dispersing properties of the quaternary ammonium salts formed by undecanoic and tetradecanoic acids, which are monobasic carboxylic acids, with triethanolamine (TEA) in distilled, drinking, and sea waters contaminated with Balakhani Oil. The surface activity property of the products of different concentrations of these complexes was calculated using a tensiometer, and the elemental composition was calculated using the calculation method. A comparative study of the element composition of the salts of both acids formed with TEA shows that the mass fraction of carbon in the complex formed by tetradecanoic acid with TEA is higher than in the other complex. Comparison of the surface activity property of the complexes formed by undecane and tetradecanoic acid with TEA shows that the complex compound formed by tetradecanoic acid with TEA shows more surface activity property. Therefore, as the mass fraction of carbon element increases in the complexes formed by undecane and tetradecanoic acid with TEA, the complex compound shows more surface activity properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antagonism against Botrytis cinerea is often carried out using yeast as direct antagonists. Aureobasidium pullulans strain AP1 was tested in two different formulations: wettable powder (WP) and oil dispersion (OD). By in vitro assays, the viability of the strain cells was constantly evaluated for seven months and the OD formulation ensured the highest cells viability. The efficacy of the formulations was assayed by evaluating the production of volatile and non-volatile metabolites. Results showed that the formulation affected the non-volatile less than the volatile metabolites. Both AP1 WP and AP1 OD non-volatile metabolites displayed almost 50% of mycelial pathogen inhibition. Comparing the two products, the lowest EC50 value (518.15 mg L− 1) was detected for the AP1 OD formulation that was thus chosen for postharvest in vivo assays. The preventative treatments (200, 400, 800 mg L− 1) were active in reducing the pathogen incidence on table grape on average by 52%. Instead, in the curative application assay, the highest concentration (800 mg L− 1) reduced grey mold incidence by 86%. The present study reported the potential of two new formulations to use against the postharvest grey mold of table grape for a possible further commercial product development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, the wide application of surfactants in various fields such as detergents, foam and emulsion stabilizers, fluorogens, hydrophobizers, corrosion inhibitors makes their synthesis considered one of the urgent issues. In the article, the results of the study of oil collecting and oil dispersing properties of the quaternary ammonium salt formed by triethanolamine (TEA) of heptanoic acid, which is a monobasic carbonic acid, in distilled, drinking, and seawater contaminated with Balakhani oil are given. The surface activity property of the products of different concentrations of this complex was calculated using a tensiometer, and the element content was calculated using the calculation method. The complex formed by heptanoic acid with TEA shows high surface activity by reducing the surface tension from 71.98 mN/m to 26.3 mN/m at that boundary. In the quaternary ammonium salt of heptanoic acid with TEA, the mass fraction of carbon is 55.9%, the mass fraction of hydrogen is 10.5%, the mass fraction of oxygen is 28.6%, and the mass fraction of nitrogen is 5%. The complex of heptanoic acid and TEA exhibits the ability to accumulate oil in seawater, both in the pure and 5% percent form of the reagent. Solutions of various concentrations of the complex formed by heptanoic acid with triethanolamine are well soluble in ethyl and isopropyl alcohols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article, the results of the study of the quaternary ammonium salt formed by hexadecanoic acid, a monobasic carbonic acid, with monoethanolamine, in laboratory conditions, in distilled, drinking, and sea waters contaminated with Balakhani oil with different degrees of mineralization, are given. The surface activity property of the products of different concentrations of this complex was studied using a tensiometer, the element composition was calculated by calculation, and the composition and structure were confirmed by infrared spectroscopy. The result of investigating the composition of the complexes formed by hexadecanoic acid with monoethanolamine by infrared spectroscopy proves that the reaction proceeds according to the scheme indicated in the article. As a result of the research, it was determined that the mass share of carbon in the salt obtained on the basis of hexadecanoic acid and monoethanolamine is 68%, the share of hydrogen is 12.6%, the share of oxygen is 15%, and the share of nitrogen is 4.4%. The salt obtained on the basis of hexadecanoic acid and monoethanolamine shows high surface activity by reducing the surface tension at the water-air interface from 71.98 mN/m to 30.9 mN/m. The synthesized reagent has strong oil-collecting and oil-dispersing properties. With the application of this complex, it is possible to remove thin layers of oil from the water surface. The obtained complex is well soluble in ethyl and isopropyl alcohols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Suspension concentrate (SC) is one of the most widely used formulations for agricultural plant protection. With the rapid development of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) plant protection, the problems of spray drift, droplet rebound and poor wettability in the application of SC from UAVs have attracted wide attention. Although some tank‐mix adjuvants have been used to enhance dosage delivery for UAV, their effects and mechanisms are not fully clear, and few formulations are specifically designed for UAV. RESULTS: The type and concentration of tank‐mix adjuvant affect the dosage delivery of SC. MO501 can significantly reduce DV<100μm, and inhibit droplet rebound on peanut leaves at concentrations ≥0.5%. Silwet 408 can achieve complete wetting and superspreading after adding ≥0.2% concentrations, but only ≥0.5% can inhibit rebound. XL‐70 shows excellent regulation ability even at low concentration, and 0.2% concentration can simultaneously suppress impact and promote spreading. Besides, the formulation oil dispersion (OD) can significantly reduce the driftable fine fraction and inhibit rebound at dilution ratios of ≤250‐fold, thus enhancing dosage delivery. CONCLUSION: SC is prone to rebound on hydrophobic leaf surfaces and shows poor wetting and spreading properties. Appropriate types and concentrations of tank‐mix adjuvants and formulation improvement are two effective strategies for improving the dosage delivery of pesticides, whereas the addition of inappropriate adjuvants may cause potential risks instead. These findings provide guidance for the rational selection of tank‐mix adjuvants and potential applications of OD for UAV plant protection. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the presented thesis, various physical indicators of quaternary ammonium salts formed by cis9-octadecene and octadecanoic acid with triethanolamine (TEA) were determined, and their structures were identified by IR spectroscopy. The surface-active property of this substance was checked by tensiometer using solutions of different concentration of the reagent at the water-air boundary. Also, the specific electrical conductivity of aqueous solutions of the obtained substance with different concentrations was studied using a conductometer. The oil-accumulating and oil-dispersing ability of the synthesized substance was studied on the surface of waters with different levels of mineralization, and the oil-accumulating and oil-dispersing abilities were studied. Oil accumulation and oil dispersing ability depends on oil layer thickness, water hardness, ions in water, oil density and hydrocarbon chain length, etc. the influence of factors has been studied. A comparative study of the properties of quaternary ammonium salts formed by cis 9-octadecene and octadecenoic acids with triethanolamine shows that the quaternary ammonium salt formed by octadecanoic acid with TEA shows greater surface activity properties than the quaternary ammonium salt formed by cis 9-octadecene with TEA, both salts are antimicrobial property, high electrical conductivity property, good oil collecting reagent property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil–air lubrication has proven to be very effective for high-speed bearings because the oil supply in the form of droplets can be precisely controlled. This work uses optical interferometry to study the mechanism of lubricating film formation in rolling point contact with oil droplet lubrication. The effect of a double oil drop pair, where two oil droplets are positioned in mirror images about the central axis of the lubricated track, is examined. The process by which pairs of oil droplets approach and lubricate a bearing contact is analysed. This study also covers the effect of multiple oil droplets supplied in a tailored or a random dispersion pattern. Additionally, the effects of oil viscosity, entrainment velocity, and droplet distribution on starvation are also investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ionic liquid (IL) surfactants were prepared from 1-bromododecane and ethanolamines (2-dimethyl- and 2-diethylethanolamines) in an equimolar ratio to reveal how their oil-collecting and dispersing ability is influenced by the structure of the alkyl fragment. The surface activity of the substances synthesized was studied tensiometrically, and the electrical conductivity, conductometrically. The effect exerted on the colloid-chemical parameters of the surfactants by the replacement of the methyl fragment in the head group by the ethyl fragment is described. The relative oil-collecting and oil-dispersing ability of these substances was evaluated under laboratory conditions by the example of a thin oil film on the surface of waters with different levels of mineralization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unreasonable use of chemical pesticides has caused serious damage to crops and the ecological environment. The botanical pesticide matrine has attracted attention as an environmentally friendly pesticide. Compared with traditional spraying methods, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) spraying has the advantages of safety, rapidity, uniform droplets, low dosages, and no terrain or crop restrictions. In this study, matrine OD was prepared according to the application requirements of flight prevention preparations using three different emulsifiers. The stability, wettability, particle size and distribution, and spraying performance of matrine OD were studied. The results indicated that when the amount of emulsifier was 8%, the three types of matrine OD had good stability. The stability, wettability, particle size and distribution, and spray performance of the suspension prepared using emulsifier VO/03 were better than the other two emulsifiers. Therefore, matrine OD prepared using 8% VO/03 could be used for ultra-low-volume sprays and aerial applications. In this study, we provide a theoretical basis and technical guidance to develop pesticide formulations for aerial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] To determine the effectiveness of a dispersible oil suspension of Lecanicillium lecanni for the control of Aphis gossypii. [Methods] The toxicity of the suspension to A. gossypii was determined by the impregnation method and its effectiveness in a greenhouse by the five-point sampling method. The effect of temperature and humidity on its toxicity was determined by conducting trials under controlled temperature and humidity. [Results] Two dispersible oil suspensions of L. lecanni (1and 2) were found to be the most toxic after 120 h with LC50 values of 1.21 x 105 cfu/mL and 2.08 x 105 cfu/mL, respectively. There was a significant difference in the concentrations of the two formulations on the 14th day after application in the field. The best protection was provided by 4 x 106 cfu/mL and 2 x 106 cfu/mL of formulation 1, which had a lethality of 97.89% and 97.87%, respectively. There were also differences in the optimal temperatures for the two formulations. The optimal temperatures for Formulation 1were 25 °C and 28 °C, at which the adjusted mortality rates on the 5th day of 96.34% and 94.09%, respectively. The optimum temperature for Formulation 2 was 28 °C, at which the highest corrected mortality rate was 93.03%. There was no significant difference between the two formulations under the same relative humidity conditions; the optimum relative humidity was 67% of higher 5 days after treatment at which mortality was > 90%. Mortality for both treatments was around 70% at a relative humidity of about 30%. [Conclusion] Dispersible oil suspensions of L. lecanni are highly toxic to A. gossypii and ambient temperature and humidity have little effect on their toxicity to this pest. Such dispersible oil suspensions therefore appear to be a useful fungal insecticide for controlling A. gossypii populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large amounts of waste cooking oil from residential areas can cause adverse effect on the environment if not disposed properly. Fungi have a higher tolerance to hydrocarbon toxicity due to their physiology and adaptation to the environment. Consequently, they can be employed in bioremediation to reduce waste oils release to the environment. This work aims to bio-remove and biodegrade the waste cooking oil using a newly isolated strain Aspergillus flavus USM-AR1, in stirred tank reactor (STR). The strain showed remarkable removal activity of waste cooking oil. The removal efficiency of waste cooking oil reached 97% on day 3 of cultivation. This was attained when the culture was agitated at 400 rpm, maintaining the Reynold's number of that obtained in the shake flask culture. Fortuitously, the best dispersion of waste cooking oil was also obtained at 400 rpm. The highest cell surface hydrophobicity (MATH) at 76.42% was observed at day 3 of cultivation. The maximum biosurfactant and emulsification activity occurred at day 2 of cultivation, which were 43 mm and 44%, respectively. Cell surface hydrophobicity and biosurfactant produced by strain Aspergillus flavus USM-AR1 played an important role in bio-removal of waste cooking oil, making this strain a prospective candidate for treating waste cooking oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ships that transport oil or derivatives on the Lower Amazon River waterway are at a considerably high risk of suffering spills, with severe environmental and socioeconomic consequences. The present study is aimed at modeling and simulating the oil dispersion and magnitude of these accidents in terms of the vulnerability of biological resources, considering two oil types most often transported by medium-sized tankers in the region (S500 and S10). The study method was as follows: (a) secondary data were collected from local species, and the coastal sensitivity index (CSI) was calculated, obtained from Brazil's Letters of Environmental Sensitivity to Oil Spill (Cartas de Sensibilidade Ambiental ao Derramamento de Óleo (SAO)); (b) ship traffic information was obtained from Brazil's Statistical Yearbook of Waterway (Anuário Estatístico Aquaviário (ANTAQ)); (c) modeling and numerical simulation of oil spills in water were performed, in order to investigate dispersion scenarios (SisBaHia); (d) three numerical scenarios of oil plume dispersion (in May and November) were integrated to assess species vulnerability in three zones of environmental interest (I, II, and III). Some species identified in zone II were considered to be the most vulnerable (fish, plankton, aquatic mammals, amphibians, aquatic invertebrates, trees, and plants), with the mammal Sotalia fluviatilis being at risk of extinction (Gervais & Deville, 1853). The simulated scenarios showed that contingency plans should have a minimum response time of 3 h and a maximum response time of 72 h to prevent the oil plumes from dispersing as far as 170 km longitudinally, depending on the zone, season, and tidal phase. Thus, a total of 62 sites of biological resources were identified in the literature recorded from 2016. Considering them, 324 species of flora and fauna were recorded, distributed in the following seven groups: (i) 49 tree and plant species, (ii) 37 amphibian species, (iii) 2 aquatic invertebrate species, (iv) 23 invertebrate species, (v) 1 aquatic mammal species, (vi) 95 fish species, and (vii) 117 planktonic species. A failure to respond to these accidents would impact immense intact aquatic areas and ecosystems, with unpredictable consequences for local biodiversity conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In some applications, including the interaction of surfactants with petroleum products, the use of magnetic surfactants is a good idea for collecting the oil leaked from ships on seawater; however, the high use of these materials in various industries has resulted in environmental pollution. In this paper, first, by adding Iron (III) chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3(H2O)6), Nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate (NiCl2(H2O)6), Cobalt (II) chloride hexahydrate (CoCl2(H2O)6), surfactants of magnetic cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide were prepared. Then, for the first time, with the help of these salts, the natural surfactant extracted from the Licorice roots has been magnetized as an environmentally friendly surfactant. Next, the surface properties of these materials were examined and the performances of magnetic and non-magnetic samples were compared. Ultimately, a mixture of synthetic and natural magnetic surfactants was used to disperse the oil, and the emulsion produced was collected by the magnet, and its performance was compared with the mixture of natural and synthetic non-magnetic surfactants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming the production of lipopeptides biosurfactants (BioS), we isolated a new strain identified as Bacillus subtilis ZNI5 from a hydrocarbon contaminated soil. Lipopeptides purification by anionic exchange chromatography and identification by Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (RP-HPLC–MS) permitted the selection of different homologues divided into four families. The first family corresponds to Surfactin isoforms with molecular weights of 1007, 1021 and 1035 Da; the second family correspond to Iturin isoforms with molecular weights of 1028, 1042 and 1056 Da; the third family correspond to a single isoform called Licheniformin with molecular weight of 1410 and the fourth family correspond to newly identified isoforms named Inesfactin with molecular weights of 973 and 987 Da. Regarding the functional properties of the ZNI5 BioS, it was characterized as a powerful surface-active agent that decreases the Surface Tension of water from 72 mN/m to about 32 mN/m with a CMC value of 350 mg/L more efficient than chemical surfactants (Triton X100; CTAB and SDS). Moreover, it has the capacity to disperse oil to about 80 mm at a concentration of 800 mg/L showing close efficiencies to the listed chemical surfactants. In addition, the physic–chemical characterization of the surface activities of ZNI5 BioS showed great thermal, pH and salts activity and stability enabling its use in the bioremediation fields and for diverse industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the latest decades, oil marine pollution has posed a vital threat for global ocean health, since spillages of any scale are related to environmental, social and financial impacts. The worldwide increase in oil and gas demand, and the parallel rise in oil and gas production, exploiting particularly coastal and offshore marine deposits, have significantly increased the risk of accidental oil release to the sea. In the present study, an operational oil spill model was applied to test the oil dispersive properties and to reveal the relative magnitude of weathering processes, after an accidental oil spill release along the main tanker transportation route in the North Aegean Sea. Numerical simulations were implemented using the OpenOil transport and fate numerical model, a subclass of the OpenDrift open-source trajectory framework. This model integrates algorithms with several physical processes, such as oil entrainment, vertical mixing, oil resurfacing and oil emulsification. The oil dispersion model was coupled to real-time met-ocean forecasts received from NOAA-GFS and CMEMS. Present simulation results have focused on the impact of turbulent kinetic energy, induced by the background flow field, on the horizontal spreading of particles, as well as on the evolution of oil mass balance and oil mass properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dispersion of oil droplets in rivers was numerically investigated for uniform flow in a hypothetical wide river with a depth of 3.0 m. The river hydrodynamics profile was used in conjunction with the VDROP model to produce the oil droplet size distribution (DSD), whereas the NEMO3D model was used to track the movement of the oil droplets. Results suggest that the gradient of eddy diffusivity significantly affected the upward-normal (i.e., quasi-vertical) transport of the droplets, and caused them to mix rapidly through the depth. We also found that an increase in buoyancy resulted in a decrease in the streamwise variance and spreading coefficient. Oil droplets broke up due to the relatively large energy dissipation rates in the river at approximately 1.0 m below the surface and deeper. The droplet breakup varies DSD in the river water column, which may subsequently affect other chemo-physical processes (e.g., oil-particle aggregation). The breakup efficiency is affected by a system-dependent parameter Kb , which reflects the uncertainty of a system. The steady-state DSD was bimodal for the case Kb=0.05 , whereas it was unimodal for larger Kb values (i.e., Kb=1.0 and 0.25), respectively. More small-sized droplets were generated and persisted in the deep-water column with larger Kb values. The droplet breakup also enhanced the streamwise spreading of the plume. The effect of droplet entrainment on oil dispersion was studied by assuming constant entrainment probabilities of surface oil droplets. The oil DSD varied with different droplet entrainment probabilities, and the number of oil droplets generated in the water column decreased significantly with a decrease in the entrainment probability of the oil droplets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil dispersion under a deep-water plunging breaker of height 0.15 m was studied by coupling the Lagrangian particle tracking code (NEMO3D) with the population balance model (VDROP). The wave hydrodynamics obtained in Part I (Cui et al. in Environ Fluid Mech 2020 (in press)) was used as input. It was observed that droplet inertia and major forces on droplets significantly impacted the transport of oil droplets under wave conditions, and neglecting it caused less entrainment into the water column and horizontal spread of oil plume. For droplets less than 400 microns, the droplet size distribution (DSD) tended to follow a power-law distribution with an exponent close to − 2.3, which was consistent with earlier experimental observations by Delvigne and Sweeney (Oil Chem Pollut 4(4):281–310, 1988). The distribution of large size droplets evolved with time and showed agreement with a power-law distribution having an exponent of − 9.7 about 20 s after the passage of the wave train. Reducing the interfacial tension enhanced droplets breakup and increased the exponent of power-law distribution to − 6.1 for droplets smaller than 400 microns. It was also found that neglecting the vertical gradient of eddy diffusivity led to the accumulation of oil droplets in low eddy diffusivity regions at the bottom part of the wave breaker. The investigation herein could be used to obtain design values for breakers that could be used in oil spill models to predict the oil droplet size distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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One simple, efficient, reliable, and inexpensive method to protect the inner surface of slim tubes prior to exposure to corrosion is to apply a dispersed oil fraction through a nozzle and a mixing valve to prepare a mixture of air and oil applied on the texture in a suitable form. The problem, in particular, is in transporting the oil micro particles to the distal end of the lean tube. The method also has an ecological effect, since other known "soaking" methods of oil application onto the inner surface of slim tubes require long and laborious cleaning methods with higher oil consumption. This method was experimentally verified by measurement and modal simulation in Ansys CFX 19.1 software. The results indicate the possibilities of using the method in practice. However, there are a few rules and recommendations to follow when applying this solution strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formulation of mycopesticides may require a physical separation of conidia from the substrate and subsequent drying. In the present study, Beauveria bassiana conidia produced by solid-state fermentation were harvested either through a dry or washing protocol. Washed conidia were used to design a water-dispersible granule (WG) formulation, whereas sieved conidia were mixed with an emulsifiable oil to achieve an oil-based formulation (OD). Potential harmful effects caused by the formulation type on the storage stability and insecticidal activity against Hypothenemus hampei were assessed. As expected, the time for initial conidial germination to drop 50% (GT50) in all treatments was deeply influenced by storage temperatures, which varied from over 180 days at 4 °C to less than 90 days at 35°C. In all four tested temperatures, GT50s for unformulated dry conidia were significantly higher than for those formulated as WG, and the latter was similar to conidia formulated as OD in the two highest temperatures. Residual water content in the OD formulation (1,600 vs. 340 ppm) had a negative influence on conidial survival under storage, whereas WG granules immediately dried after the washing protocol showed conidial germination similar to granules exposed to a slower dehydration regime. Mortality of H. hampei adults exposed to different concentrations of B. bassiana formulated as WG was slightly lower (10-15%) than either the OD or the unformulated conidia. In brief, we have demonstrated that formulation type and their moisture level can affect the storage stability and insecticidal activity of B. bassiana conidia toward the coffee berry borer. Of particular importance, we have shown that drying oils prior to formulation could improve the storage of mycopesticides, an approach that may find industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Group and elemental compositions and structures of hydrocarbon dispersions in super-viscous oil resulting from steam and heat exposure at 140-190°C and 3-6 atm in the presence of hexane and benzene are established using simplified models of terrigenous and carbonate reservoirs. A relationship between the composition and structure of the oil dispersions after steam-heat action and a temperature dependence of viscosity are established. Solvate shells of increased thickness around complex structural unit nuclei and a greater proportion of dispersion medium are distinctive features of the low-viscosity displaced oil. Studies show that the dispersion medium impacts greatly the formation and properties of the oil dispersion. Benzene in the displacing agent decreases the degree of dispersion of the system and the viscosity of the displaced oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the applicability of eight types of biomarkers namely, adamantanes, diamantanes, sesquiterpanes, steranes, terpanes, TA-steranes, MA-steranes, and alkylated PAHs, to characterize chemically dispersed oil (CDO) after the 60-day weathering. The stability of diagnostic ratios of the selected biomarkers was evaluated and summarized. The results indicated that the concentrations of biomarkers with low molecular weight, such as adamantanes, diamantanes, and sesquiterpanes, in CDO were markedly affected by weathering and the associated diagnostic ratios were changed extensively. Most of the alkylated PAHs were degraded during weathering as well. These biomarkers thus were not recommended for characterizing CDO. The majority of the terpanes, steranes, TA-steranes, and MA-steranes could be used for weathered CDO fingerprinting due to the relatively stable diagnostic ratios. The findings could help to identify applicable biomarkers for fingerprinting of weathered dispersed oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the degree and rate of absorption of orally administered dose of Ca, Mg and Fe in oil and water dispersion mineral prescriptions in comparison with mineral raw material mixing powder, plasma and liver Ca, Mg and Fe concentrations and pharmacokinetic profiles of plasma and liver Ca, Mg and Fe concentration-time were observed after administration of oil and water dispersion mineral prescriptions and mineral raw material powder. Ca, Mg and Fe contents in plasms and liver homogenate were measured by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The time course of plasma Ca concentrations indicates that AUC and Cmax of plasma Ca following oil dispersion prescription could be the most great compared with water dispersion prescription and raw material mixing powder, suggesting that Ca in oil dispersion prescription is more bioavailable from gastrointestinal tract than that in water dispersion prescription and raw material mixing powder and absorption rate of Ca in Oil dispersion prescription is more rapid than that in Water dispersion prescription and Raw material mixing powder. The time to reach peak of plasma Mg after administration of Oil dispersion prescription is less than that after administration of Water Dispersion prescription and Raw Material Mixing Powder suggesting that absorption rate of Mg in Oil dispersion prescription may be more rapid compared with other two prescriptions. The liver Ca, Mg and Fe levels in early time period following administration of these three prescriptions increase rapidly, and then decrease, suggesting that Ca, Mg and Fe absorbed in these three prescriptions are contributed to liver tissue at the beginning and then rc-contributed in body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biosurfactant production optimization by Candida tropicalis UCP0996 was studied combining central composite rotational design (CCRD) and response surface methodology (RSM). The factors selected for optimization of the culture conditions were sugarcane molasses, corn steep liquor, waste frying oil concentrations and inoculum size. The response variables were surface tension and biosurfactant yield. All factors studied were important within the ranges investigated. The two empirical forecast models developed through RSM were found to be adequate for describing biosurfactant production with regard to surface tension (R² = 0.99833) and biosurfactant yield (R² = 0.98927) and a very strong, negative, linear correlation was found between the two response variables studied (r = -0.95). The maximum reduction in surface tension and the highest biosurfactant yield were 29.98 mNm-1 and 4.19 gL-1, respectively, which were simultaneously obtained under the optimum conditions of 2.5% waste frying oil, 2.5%, corn steep liquor, 2.5% molasses, and 2% inoculum size. To validate the efficiency of the statistically optimized variables, biosurfactant production was also carried out in 2 and 50 L bioreactors, with yields of 5.87 and 7.36 gL-1, respectively. Finally, the biosurfactant was applied in motor oil dispersion, reaching up to 75% dispersion. Results demonstrated that the CCRD was suitable for identifying the optimumproduction conditions and that the new biosurfactant is a promising dispersant for application in the oil industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combating the pollution with hydrocarbons includes preventive methods but also intervention methods. In present worldwide, are used five methods to combat the pollution with hydrocarbons. Using either of these methods involve a number of factors such as: weather limit conditions, technical features of intervention equipment, boundary conditions on the state of the pollutant and a number of advantages and disadvantages depending on the type of method chosen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of modified-bentonite-enhanced oil dispersion in water and oil-mineral aggregate (OMA) formation was studied in the laboratory. The effect of modification on the surface properties of bentonite was characterized. The hydrophobicity and surface electric properties of bentonite were significantly improved by attaching cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide to its surface. The results showed that surface properties of bentonite played an important role in OMA formation. Spherical droplets of OMAs were formed with natural bentonite and elongated solid OMAs and flake OMAs were formed with modified bentonite as observed by fluorescence microscopy. The effects of shaking time, oil concentration and mineral content were also studied. It was suggested that oil concentration and mineral content were critical factors and OMA formed rapidly with both types of bentonite. Modified bentonite had better performance on OMA formation than hydrophilic natural bentonite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the study was to compare the dispersion and oxidative stability of omega-3 fatty acid oil in high- and low-quality surimi gels during 4-mo refrigerated and frozen storage. Low-quality surimi was prepared by subjecting Alaska pollock surimi to 7 freeze–thaw cycles. Surimi gels were prepared with 4% modified starch, 2% salt, and 0.5% or 1% algal DHA or concentrated fish EPA-DHA oil, and stored at −18 or 3 °C for 4 mo after being vacuumed packed and pasteurized. The effect of surimi gel properties on oil dispersion was examined using light microscopy equipped with image process software. The extent of lipid oxidation was monitored by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), peroxide value (PV), and fatty acid methly esters (DHA and EPA). Very fine and uniform oil dispersion was observed in the high-quality surimi gel with the average droplet size of 12.37 μm2 and dispersion of 1.73 × 10−3 droplets/μm2 compared to 84.32 μm2 and 0.57 × 10−3 droplets/μm2 in the low-quality gel. Throughout the 4 mo storage, TBARS and PV of high-quality surimi gel were significantly ( P < 0.05) lower than those of low-quality surimi gel. The decreases in omega-3 fatty acids in the high-quality surimi gels were lower than those in the low-quality surimi gels under both storage conditions. Results confirm that a highly cohesive gel matrix is required to have a fine dispersion and oxidative stability of omega-3 fatty acids in the surimi gel system. Practical Application: Uniform dispersion and oxidative stability of omega-3 fatty acid oil can be achieved in the highly cohesive surimi gel system without use of antioxidants. This suggests that surimi can be used as a protein-based carrier in developing high omega-3 fatty acids-containing seafood products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge of the droplet size distribution (DSD) of spilled oil is essential for the accurate prediction of oil transport, dissolution, and biodegradation. Breaking waves play important roles in oil droplet formation in oceanic environments. To understand the effects of breaking waves on oil DSD, oil spill experiments were designed and performed in a large-scale wave tank. A plunging breaker with a height of about 0.4 m was produced using the dispersive focusing method within the tank. Oil placed within the breaker resulted in a DSD that was measured using a shadowgraph camera and found to fit a Gaussian distribution N (µ = 1.2 mm, σ2 = 0.29 mm2). For droplets smaller than 1500 µm, the number-based DSD matched the DS1988 correlation, which gives N(d) ~ d−2.3, but this was N(d) ~ d−9.7 for droplets larger than 1500 µm. An order of magnitude investigation revealed that a Gaussian volume-based DSD results in a number-based DSD that may be approximated by d−b (with b ≈ 2) for small diameters (relative to the mean), which explains the occurrence of the DS1988 correlation. With the measured wave hydrodynamics, the VDROP model was adopted to simulate the DSD, which closely matched the observed DSD. The present results reduce the empiricism of the DS1988 correlation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]