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More than 75 arboviruses are indigenous to Australia, of which at least 13 are known to cause disease in humans. Alphaviruses are the most common arboviruses, notably including Ross River and Barmah Forest viruses, which contribute a significant public health and economic burden in Australia. Both can cause febrile illness with arthritic symptoms. Each circulates nationally across diverse climates and environments, and has multi-host, multi-vector dynamics. Several medically important flaviviruses also circulate in Australia. Infection with Murray Valley encephalitis or Kunjin viruses is less common but is associated with brain inflammation. Key research priorities for Australian arboviruses aim to understand clinical manifestations, develop timely diagnostics, and identify transmission cycles that permit the maintenance of arboviruses. While these can now be answered for a handful of notifiable alpha- and flaviviruses there are others for which non-human vertebrate hosts and competent arthropod invertebrate vectors are still to be identified and/or whose role in transmission is not well understood. One or more of these 'neglected' arboviruses may be the causative agent of a proportion of the many thousands of fever-related illnesses reported annually in Australia that at present remain undiagnosed. Here, what is known about enzootic cycling of viruses between arthropod vectors and mammalian and avian reservoir hosts is summarised. How and to what extent these interactions influence the epidemiology of arbovirus transmission and infection is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To describe a single-staged procedure for the management of neglected subaxial cervical spine injuries. Between January 2012 and December 2014, 12 patients presented to us with healed cervical sub axial dislocations. The deformities could not be reduced using skull traction. Eight were operated with anterior cervical corpectomy. American spinal injury Association (ASIA) grade, Neck Disability index (NDI), and Visual analog scale (VAS) score were recorded throughout the patient course and CT was done at 12 months for assessment of fusion. Four patients improved from ASIA C to ASIA D, two patients improved from ASIA B to ASIA E, one patient improved from ASIA D to ASIA E and one patient remained static at ASIA B. All patients except one showed evidence of fusion on CT scan at 12 months. NDI improved from preoperative range (18–32, mean 25) to postoperative range (8–16 mean, 11.25), VAS from preoperative range (3–6, mean 4.25) to postoperative range (1–3, mean 1.75). Single-stage in situ fixation does not disrupt ongoing natural healing and has good clinical and radiological outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is an editorial from the journal Frontiers in Veterinary Science titled "Wildlife parasitology: emerging diseases and neglected parasites." The editorial highlights the importance of research in the field of wildlife parasitology and provides a summary of the articles included in the research topic. The articles cover a wide range of parasitic infections in various wildlife species from different regions of the world. The editorial emphasizes the need for One Health approaches to address these parasitic infections and acknowledges the contributions of wildlife parasitologists in advancing knowledge in this field. [Extracted from the article]

Key Clinical Message: This case report describes our experience of surgical strategies of two patients with neglected subaxial cervical spine fracture‐dislocation that came to our center with subsequent follow‐ups. Subaxial cervical spine fracture‐dislocation must be immediately diagnosed and treated. However, it can be neglected in some cases, especially in developing health care systems and patients with low socioeconomic status. We reported two neglected subaxial cervical fracture‐dislocation with a mean age of 54 years old who presented with axial cervical pain, and decreased muscle forces. In one out of two, cervical closed traction was applied, then unsuccessful result led to circumferential decompression and fixation via anterior–posterior (AP) approach. Accordingly, we used AP approach without applying closed reduction in another patient successfully. Except one of our cases who died after 2 weeks of surgery due to aspiration pneumonia, other one found complete improvement at the end of 6‐month follow‐up. Our study emphasizes the importance of AP approach in patients with irreducible joint dislocations. The approach can minimize the surgical risks and increase the cost–benefit as compared to three or more staged approaches. Our approach is less intensive than some other AP approaches while is a safe and efficacious procedure since the posterior reduction is not performed before discectomy and decompression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leishmaniasis, a zoonotic parasitic disease transmitted by infected sandflies, impacts nearly 1 million people yearly and is endemic in many countries across Asia, Africa, the Americas, and the Mediterranean; despite this, it remains a neglected disease with limited effective treatments, particularly in impoverished communities with limited access to healthcare. This study aims to repurpose approved drugs for an affordable leishmaniasis treatment. After the screening of potential drug candidates by reviewing databases and utilizing molecular docking analysis, delamanid was chosen to be incorporated into solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNPs). Both in cellulo and in vivo tests confirmed the successful payload release within macrophages and through the epidermis following topical application on murine skin. The evaluation of macrophages infected with L. infantum amastigotes showed that the encapsulated delamanid exhibited greater leishmanicidal activity compared with the free drug. The process of encapsulating delamanid in SLNPs, as demonstrated in this study, places a strong emphasis on employing minimal technology, ensuring energy efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and reproducibility. It enables consistent, low-cost production of nanomedicines, even on a small scale, offering a promising step toward more accessible and effective leishmaniasis treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is classified into five distinct genotypes, with genotypes 1 and 3 historically showing higher activity. These genotypes are the primary agents of viral encephalitis in the Asian continent. Genotypes 4 and 5 have remained silent in low-latitude tropical regions since their discovery. From 2009, the hidden genotype 5 suddenly emerged simultaneously in mosquitoes from the Tibetan region of China and those from South Korea in East Asia. The detection of genotype 5 of JEV in these mosquitoes was associated with cases of viral encephalitis in the local population. Similarly, in 2022, the long-silent genotype 4 of JEV emerged in Australia, resulting in a local outbreak of viral encephalitis that primarily affected adults and caused fatalities. The emergence and outbreaks of genotypes 4 and 5 of JEV present new challenges for the prevention and control of Japanese encephalitis (JE). This study not only analyzes the recent emergence of these new genotypes but also discusses their implications in the development of JE vaccines and laboratory tests for newly emerging JEV infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: After four weeks from injury, tears of the Achilles tendon are considered chronic. Their management is challenging, and the use of a graft is suggested when the gap between proximal and distal stumps is greater than 6 cm. The present study systematically reviews the outcome of free tendon grafts in chronic ruptures of the Achilles tendon, evaluating clinical outcomes, complications and return to sport. Methods: The present study was conducted according to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase, and Web of Science databases were accessed in February 2023. All the published clinical studies reporting clinical outcome, return to sport and complications of free tendon grafts used the treatment of chronic rupture of the midportion of the Achilles Tendon were accessed. The mean CMS (Coleman Methodology Score) of 65.7 suggested an overall good quality of the available published articles, attesting to the low risk of bias. Results: Data from 22 articles (368 patients with a mean age of 47 years) were retrieved. The average time from rupture to surgery was 25.1 week. At last follow-up, the AOFAS (American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Surgery) and ATRS (Achilles Tendon Total Rupture Score) scores improved of 33.8 (P = 0.0004), and 45.1 points (P = 0.0001) respectively. Return to activity was reported in 105 patients, and 82 (78.1%) had no activity limitations, while 19 (18.1%) had limited recreational but not daily activity limitations, and 4 (3.8%) reported limitations in daily activities. Return to sport data was reported in six studies, and 45 of 93 (48.4%) patients returned to sport at an average of 22.6 weeks. Conclusion: In chronic tears of the Achilles tendon, with a gap of at least 6 cm, free tendon grafts allow predictable return to sport and acceptable recovery function. Level of evidence: Level IV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crusted scabies is a complicated, rare, and highly contagious form of scabies. Frequently seen in malnourished, immunocompromised patients. We reported two cases of crusted scabies. In Case 1, we reported a 9-year-old girl developing crusted scabies after inappropriate treatment as atopic dermatitis and was given oral corticosteroid for a year. In Case 2, we reported a 37-year-old man who presented with loss of consciousness and dyspnea. He was diagnosed with and treated for scabies 3 months back. However, patient did not comply with the treatment course and developed crusted scabies. We want to emphasize the substantiality of proper early diagnosis and effective treatment as well as patient's compliance with the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxoplasma gondii is the most prevalent parasite that mostly affects warm-blooded animals, including humans. According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), this parasite infects about one-third of the world's population of people. Lack of information regarding toxoplasmosis in the population of domestic and stray dogs and cats in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa was a major factor in the decision to conduct this study. Our aim was to use serological technique to establish the seroprevalence of T. gondii in dogs and cats. In this study, 405 dogs and 405 cats, blood samples were collected from various veterinary hospitals and privates pet clinics and an ELISA test was used to determine anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies. Information on four risk factors age, sex, deworming of dogs and cats and, area was collected from the owners by questionnaire. Total seroprevalence in dogs, and cats was 45.18% (183/405), and 51.60% (209/405), respectively. No significant difference was documented on basis of age and gender between dogs, and cats. Dogs and cats from urban areas showed lower seroprevalence than rural areas. Dogs that had received deworming showed lower seroprevalence. This research indicates that neglected parasite Toxoplasma gondii is prevalent in dogs and cats in Pakistan, which may have great public health importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cervical fibroids are rare neoplasms of uterine origin whose management has not been standardized. Cervical fibroids, which can be challenging in surgical management, can become a difficult problem for the surgeon when neglected or asymptomatic and reach gigantic dimensions. Suspending the aorta abdominalis or arteria illiaca communis with vascular tapes and balloting the uterus with the help of vaginal taping while searching for the correct cleavage may reduce the risk of intraoperative hemorrhage and adjacent organ injury, as well as may be guide for the steps of the operation. Management of neglected giant cervical fibroids may not be suitable for testing alternative treatment methods to surgery used in the treatment of uterine neoplasms. However, surgical management will also be challenging. For this reason, the technique we describe can help the surgeon with clues that should be considered in the surgical management of these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rabies continues to be a serious threat to global public health endangering people's health and public health safety. In the People's Republic of China, multi-sectoral and comprehensive prevention and control strategies have aimed to extensively curb human rabies transmission. Here, we examine the current state of rabies infection in China, explore strategic interventions put in place in response to WHO's ambition of "Zero rabies deaths by 2030" and critically assess the constraints and feasibility of dog-mediated rabies elimination in China. Methods: This study analyzed and evaluated the process towards dog-mediated rabies elimination in China from five perspectives: namely, human, dog, policy, challenge, and prospects. Evidence-based data on progress of dog-mediated rabies elimination in China was derived from a number of sources; a literature search was undertaken using PubMed, Web of Science and CNKI databases, distribution data for human rabies cases as derived from the Data-center of the China Public Health Science and policy and document data were obtained from official websites of the relevant China ministries and commissions. Results: The incidence of human rabies cases in China have shown a downward trend year-on-year since 2007. Implementation of a government-led, multi-sectoral "One Health" approach to combating rabies has driven down the total number of rabies deaths nationwide to around 200 in 2020. The number of provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs) reporting human cases of rabies has also decreased to 21 in 2020, 13 of which reported less than 10 cases. Furthermore, the number of outpatient visits seeking rabies post-exposure prophylaxis has risen dramatically over the past two decades, with demand being 15 times higher than it was initially. There remain however, significant gaps in rabies elimination outcomes across the different regions of China. To date the target of achieving a canine rabies vaccination rate of > 75% has not been met. The challenges of rabies immunization of dogs and dog management in underdeveloped cities and rural areas need to be addressed together with more effective animal surveillance and rabies risk from and too wildlife and livestock. Conclusions: The Chinese government-led, multi-sectoral "One Health" approach to combating rabies and has made significant progress over the past decade. Development and adoption of more cost-effective One Health strategies can achieve more nationally beneficial rabies elimination outcomes. The ambitious target of "Zero rabies deaths by 2030" can be met through establishment of long-lasting herd immunity in dogs by means of dog mass vaccination campaigns, dog population management, epidemiological surveillance and the application of large-scale oral rabies vaccine to eliminate rabies in wild animals coupled with deployment of cost-effective human post-exposure prophylaxis, and community education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Economic Botany is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Rihan Journal for Science Publishing is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To determine the frequency of neglected renal calculi in patients with acute kidney injury. Material and Methods: This was a descriptive study conducted at the division of nephrology, Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar, from 26/09/2021-26/03/2022. Data was collected from 214 patients with acute kidney injury (AKI). Detailed clinical history was taken to confirm the patient did not know about the presence of previous stone disease. After confirming the acute kidney injury, bio-chemical investigations including serum urea, serum creatinine, serum calcium, urine analysis, and radiological investigation i.e. ultrasound KUB, X-ray KUB. When needed IUV and CT scan KUB was also done for the confirmation of the renal stones. Results: In this study, the mean age was 52 years ± 13.81. Sixty-seven percent of patients were male, while 33% were female. Twelve percent of patients had neglected renal calculi, while 88% of patients didn't have neglected renal calculi. Conclusion: Our study concluded that 12% of patients presented with Acute Kidney Injury at a tertiary care hospital had neglected renal stones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD) are a group of endemic diseases that cause up to one million deaths annually. Leishmaniasis and Chagas Disease are classified as NTD whose current treatments are of limited access. There is an urgent need to develop new agents to combat or alleviate the symptoms of these pathologies. The present work highlights the activities of several natural products and their derivatives which have been tested against the causative parasites of both diseases. The activities of natural products illustrate their potential to assist in the combat against NTD. Research in this area could provide an opportunity to advance medical research and to provide treatments to low- and middle-income countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malaria elimination includes neglected human malaria parasites Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale spp., and Plasmodium malariae. Biological features such as association with low-density infection and the formation of hypnozoites responsible for relapse make their elimination challenging. Studies on these parasites rely primarily on clinical samples due to the lack of long-term culture techniques. With improved methods to enrich parasite DNA from clinical samples, whole-genome sequencing of the neglected malaria parasites has gained increasing popularity. Population genomics of more than 2200 P. vivax global isolates has improved our knowledge of parasite biology and host-parasite interactions, identified vaccine targets and potential drug resistance markers, and provided a new way to track parasite migration and introduction and monitor the evolutionary response of local populations to elimination efforts. Here, we review advances in population genomics for neglected malaria parasites, discuss how the rich genomic information is being used to understand parasite biology and epidemiology, and explore opportunities for the applications of malaria genomic data in malaria elimination practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: A Monteggia fracture is an infrequent injury in children. It can be missed during an initial consultation in 20–50% of patients. Chronic radial head dislocation may lead to several complications. Thus, surgical reconstruction of chronic Monteggia injuries is justified. The aim of this study is to analyze the single tertiary center experience in the treatment of neglected Monteggia fractures. (2) Methods: A retrospective study of patients treated for missed Monteggia fractures was conducted. Hospital records, operative charts, follow-up records and a set of X-rays were analyzed for each patient. Radiographic results were graded as good, moderate or poor. The functional status of elbows was estimated using the Mayo Elbow Performance Index. (3) Results: A total of 13 patients (8 boys and 5 girls) aged 4–12 years (mean 7.15) were treated during the study period. An angulation osteotomy of the ulna was performed in ten patients and a radial shortening osteotomy in three patients. A Bell–Tawse annular ligament reconstruction was performed in five patients, and a direct repair was performed in two patients. Eight patients had radiocapitellar trans-fixation. There were nine good radiographic results, three moderate and one poor. The functional result was excellent in nine patients, good in three and poor in one. (4) Conclusions: Our work has many limitations (only 13 patients and different types of operations), and conclusions should be drawn very carefully from such a small and diverse group. The surgical reconstruction of neglected Monteggia fractures in children should be attempted in all patients. Angulation and elongation osteotomies of the ulna are suitable for most patients. If there is a marked overgrowth of the radius, gradual ulnar lengthening and radial head reduction using the Ilizarov method may be a better option. Annular ligament reconstruction is not mandatory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of international sustainability policies currently in negotiation will shape biodiversity conservation for decades to come. However, discussions of current sustainability policy have a huge blind spot: the absence of Fungi, one of the eukaryotic Kingdoms. Wild fungi are a key component of natural ecosystems (e.g., through parasitic symbiosis), maintain soil fertility by decomposing organic matter, and facilitate uptake of water and nutrients through mycorrhizal association with plant roots, enhancing carbon sequestration. Moreover, the harvest, use, and trade of wild fungi are essential economic and cultural activities, supporting livelihoods and providing food and medicinal ingredients. Still, the sustainability of wild fungi use is hard to assess because there is a lack of attention from research, legislation, and society at large. Here, we present a way forward for including wild fungi in international sustainability policy. We layout four key steps to foster a much‐needed policy and societal transformation: acknowledge the existence of Fungi as an independent Kingdom; tailor sustainability policy targets to include Fungi; implement comprehensive monitoring of wild fungi status and trends; and promote responsible use of wild fungi as a livelihood opportunity in rural areas. These steps can facilitate a transition toward better recognizing, valuing, and conserving the ecosystem services wild fungi provide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food security relies mainly on a few major crop species such as wheat, maize and rice, cassava and yam. Many of the cultivated plant species such as Tigernut (Cyperus exculentus) are still considered invasive plants and are neglected and underutilized. However, they may play a crucial role in food security, nutrition, and income generation among poor rural people. In the perspective to valorization of the species, this systematic review aimed at identifying the biology, production constraints and uses of tigernut for future research directions. Extensive searches were carried out and studies were screened and extracted using established systematic review methods. A total of 175 papers from Africa, America, Asia, and Europe met the inclusion criteria. Thematic synthesis was used to synthesis data and findings are presented under three framework aspects. Approximately 52% of the studies were undertaken in Europe while 21.71% were undertaken in Africa. Most of the papers reviewed for the study were published between [2010 and 2015]. The results highlighted the critical research gaps in ecology, plant demography, genetic diversity using SSR makers, genomics and evolutionary biology. Further, production constraints and solution approaches for the conservation and promotion of the species were the other gaps identified in the reviewed studies. Production constraints were specifically related to the insufficient mineral fertilizers, difficult in harvesting and post-harvest losses. Tigernut is used in more fields such as food, medicinal, cosmetic, biofuel and fishing and fish breeding. Such investigations would help in decision-making and elaboration of breeding strategies, and advancing steps towards sustainable use and the valorization of the species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The present study aimed to assess the magnitude and factors associated with neglected and non-consented care during childbirth in public health facilities in Central Tigray, Ethiopia.Methods: A health facility-based cross-sectional survey supplemented by a qualitative study was conducted from April to May 2020 among women giving birth. We included 415 participants and recruited via a systematic random sampling technique. To collect the data, a pre-tested, face-to-face exit interview using an interviewer-administered structured questionnaire was used. Neglected and non-consented care and its outcomes (yes and no) were the dependent variables, and Socio-demographic data such as (age, educational level, region, and income), and other variables associated with compassionate and respective maternity care were the independent variables. We applied bivariate and multivariate logistic regression to determine predictors for non-consented and non-confidential care components of disrespect or abuse. The in-depth interviews were analyzed using content analysis.Results: Among the participants, 82.4% and 78.6% had neglected care and non-consented care among women giving birth respectively. No formal education level (AOR: 0.37, 95%, CI (0.18-0.78)) and primary education level (AOR: 0.18, 95%, CI (0.05-0.57))., mode of delivery (AOR 3.79, 95% CI 1.42-10.09), sex of skilled healthcare providers (AOR: 0.56, 95%, CI (0.34-0.93)), number of deliveries in a health Centre (AOR: 1.89, 95% CI (1.03-3.47)) predicted non-consented care, and history ANC (AOR: 8.10, 95% CI (1.33-49.51)), and federal government employee (AOR: 0.24, 95% CI (0.07-0.78)) predicted neglected care during childbirth. In-depth interview result shows the mode of delivery and sex of healthcare providers were factor associated with non-consented care and women's stay at health facilities were factor associated with neglected care.Conclusion: The level of neglected and non-consented care during delivery was high reflecting substantial mistreatment. Educational level, mode of delivery, sex of skilled healthcare providers, and the number of deliveries in a health Centre were associated with non-consented care, and history ANC and Federal Government employees were associated with neglected care during childbirth. These findings imply the urgent needs or intervention including strengthening of awareness of both patients and healthcare providers on patients' rights and responsibilities and training service providers in patient-centered care and interpersonal communication and relationships to minimize mistreatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ankle fractures are very frequent and they can present a variety of clinical features. Dislocated or unstable ankle fractures are generally treated with surgical anatomical reduction and internal fixation. Most of these fractures heal very well. However, some of these fractures fail to reduce and become malunited. Early biomechanical studies have demonstrated that lateral talar shift greater than 1mm may cause a loss of over 40% of the tibiotalar contact area. Aim of the Work: The aim of the treatment is to obtain an ankle with normal alignment and function which exhibits no pain with preventing any degenerative changes that may take place in the future. Surgical options include refixation of non-united medial or lateral malleolus, lengthening of fibula, repair of neglected syndesmotic injury, and repair of other ligamentous injury. Patients and Methods: Our study included 30 patients with malunited ankle fractures. The outcomes were compared pre and post operatively. The Inclusion criteria were patients with malunited or neglected ankle fractures, both sexes and Age between 20 - 60 years old. While, Exclusion criteria were patients suffering from peripheral vascular insufficiency, advanced ischemia, peripheral neuropathy, advanced tibiotalar osteoarthritis, soft tissue compromise, stiff ankle, infected non-union and skeletally immature patients. Results: The AOFAS in patient with syndesmotic affection showed improvement from mean ±SD 48.35±12.99 preoperatively to 82.71±10.32 postoperatively, while in patients with non syndesmotic affection showed improvement from 60.46±18.91 preoperatively to 86.77±20.79 post operatively. This means that this is significant increase in AOFAS score in both groups but its more obvious among patients with syndesmotic affection. The FAAM score in patient with syndesmotic affection showed improvement from mean ±SD 46.47±15.96 preoperatively to 82.41±8.05 postoperatively, while in patients with non syndesmotic affection showed improvement from 54±18.96 preoperatively to 79.77±16.45 post operatively. It means that there is increase in FAAM score in both groups but its more significant among patients with syndesmotic affection. The FADI score among patients was mean ±SD 49.87±11.39 preoperatively and 77.07±11.89 two years postoperative, there was statistically significant higher mean value of FADI in follow up compared to pre-operative. Conclusion: There is statistically significant improvement in functional and radiological outcomes in patients with syndesmotic affections more than patients with non syndesmotic affection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Djoussour El-maarefa is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Al-Frahids Arts is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Due to the complexity of retrieving skin-dwelling microfilariae, filarioids of dogs presenting dermal microfilariae (e.g. Cercopithifilaria spp., Onchocerca lupi) are relatively unknown compared to Dirofilaria spp. and Acanthocheilonema spp. whose microfilariae circulate in the blood. Although Cercopithifilaria spp. and O. lupi filarioids are distributed worldwide, there is a paucity of information on their occurrence in Iran. The aim of this study was to investigate these filarioids in a large population of dogs from different regions of Iran. Methods: From October 2018 to September 2020, skin biopsies were obtained from dogs housed in shelters (n = 557) and privately owned dogs (n = 26) in seven provinces of Iran (Hamedan, Kermanshah, Yazd, Mazandaran, Khuzestan, Lorestan, Esfahan), as well as from three road-killed jackals (Canis aureus) and three cats (Felis catus) in Hamedan province. The skin biopsies were first soaked in saline solution at room temperature overnight, and examined for dermal microfilariae under the microscope. Positive skin specimens and sediments were tested by PCR for a 304-bp region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene and amplicons were sequenced. Results: Microfilariae of Cercopithifilaria spp. were found in skin biopsies of 32 of the 583 (5.5%) dogs tested, with infection rates of up to 25% in Kermanshah. No microfilariae were recovered from skin biopsy samples collected from dogs in Khorramabad and Ahvaz, nor from the examined jackals and cats. None of the privately owned dogs were found to be infected. Morphologic and morphometric characteristics of the microfilariae were consistent with C. bainae. Eighteen skin samples were positive for the cox1 gene, of which 15 sequences showed a nucleotide identity of 100% and three of 93.4% with the reference sequence of C. bainae available in GenBank (haplotype I; GenBank accession number: JF461457). Conclusions: The data from this study broadens current knowledge on the geographical distribution of C. bainae in dogs in Middle Eastern countries. Further studies on different wild canine species in the country (e.g. jackal, fox, wolf) could provide further information on the epidemiology of these filarioids. A particular focus should be put on zoonotic O. lupi given the reports of its presence in human patients from this country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The findings of Sulzyc-Bielicka et al.[[46]] have led to the conclusions that (1) I Cryptosporidium i spp. infections appear significantly more frequently in patients with colorectal cancer, before oncological treatment, than in controls, regardless of age and sex; (2) amongst patients with colorectal cancer, the I Cryptosporidium i spp. infection is not associated with the colorectal cancer stage, grade, or location, or with patient age; and (3) males were significantly likely to have an increased frequency of I Cryptosporidium i spp. infections, with the presence of colorectal cancer old or young. Keywords: Cryptosporidium spp.; colon cancer; morbidity; association; neglected; public health EN Cryptosporidium spp. colon cancer morbidity association neglected public health 61 71 11 10/26/22 20211210 NES 211210 1 Introduction Cryptosporidiosis is a disease caused by I Cryptosporidium i spp., the intracellular obligate protozoan parasites with worldwide distribution[[1]]. [Extracted from the article]

Background: The importance of health policy implementation cannot be overemphasized in contemporary public health. Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) have negatively impacted society, affect quality of life and make the poor societies poorer. Several policies and strategies have been put in place across the world including the neglected tropical diseases programme in Ghana. Though chalked many successes, the programme continues to lag behind in the full attainment of various objectives. Several factors exist that determine how effective a programme is implemented. Identification of these factors on every programme is essential to determine where more programme resources need to be channelled. This study assessed the determinants of successful implementation of the neglected tropical diseases programme in Ghana.Methods: A qualitative approach with the case study design was employed. Purposive and snowball sampling techniques were used to identify key programme officers at the national, regional and district levels of programme implementation. Eighteen (18) Key informant interviews were conducted at all the three levels of the Ghana Health Service NTDs programme. Data were thematically analysed and presented.Results: Findings from the study revealed that determinants that influenced the successful implementation of the NTDs programme include donor support, education and training, partnerships, reliability of the health structure, integrative nature of the programme and management commitment. These determining factors cut across the inner settings of the implementing agency and the external environment.Conclusion: Neglected tropical diseases continuously affect Ghanaians, especially the poor. It is important for both policy makers and implementers to identify the factors that ensure the success of the programme in the Ghanaian context. Though the factors are independently sufficient, they synergistically lead to improved programme implementation. Empowering all units involved (local to national level) and maximizing the enabling factors identified to would improve upon implementation and ensure sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To analyse factors influencing functional outcome and neurological recovery in patients undergoing delayed surgery for traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) involving thoracolumbar spine. Methods: Retrospective analysis of 33 patients with thoracolumbar SCI who underwent delayed surgery (≥ 72hrs post-trauma) with a minimum follow-up of 1 year (average:32.55 months) was done. The parameters studied included age, sex, co-morbidities, mode of trauma, associated trauma, level and number of vertebrae involved, fracture morphology, thoracolumbar injury classification and severity score (TLICS), maximal spinal cord compression (MSCC), signal changes in the cord, neurological deficit as per the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) scale, lower extremity motor score (LEMS), bowel bladder involvement, time interval between trauma and surgery. Results: Mean time interval from injury to spine surgery was 24.45 days. At the end of 1-year follow-up, 17(51.5%), 12(36.36%), and 3(9.1%) patients had ≥ 1, ≥ 2, and ≥ 3-grade ASIA improvement, respectively. The mean LEMS rose to 33.86 from 17.09 (P < 0.001). 8 out of 20 patients with bladder involvement showed improvement. 4 patients succumbed, 22 were ambulatory, and 7 remained non-ambulatory. On comparing various parameters, pre-operative LEMS score (P-value: < 0.001), cord signal changes (P-value:0.002), and presence of cord transection (P-value:0.007) differed significantly in the above-mentioned three groups, while age (P-value:0.442), average TLICS (P-value:0.872), time from injury to surgery (P-value:0.386) did not differ significantly. Conclusion: This study highlights that there is still a significant scope for neurological improvement even after delayed surgery in patients with thoracolumbar SCI. The lower the LEMS score at the time of presentation, signal changes in the cord and presence of cord transection have a significant influence on unfavourable clinical outcomes at the end of 1-year post-surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cerebral myiasis is a rare condition caused by a parasitic infestation of fly larvae feeding on the host's necrotic or living tissue. Only 16 cases of cerebral myiasis have been published. We presented the case of a 72-year-old man with a neglected infestation of an extensive ulcerative cancer of the scalp. A large cranial lesion, with exposed brain and dura mater and severe Sarcophaga carnaria maggot infestation, was evident. We gently removed the maggots and covered the defect with thick gauze and sodium hypochlorite solution dressing. We additionally present a review of the literature to highlight shared features and suggestions for care management. In all cases, there was an absence of fatal meningitis and encephalitis, which is surprising given the open skull erosion with prolonged cortical exposure and points to the protective effects of larvae wound infestation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fritz Schumacher (1869-1947), German town planner and reformer, is often mentioned as a 'conservative modernist' or as an 'unmodern architect' and neglected in the works on the origins of modern housing and urban development. Schumacher was a visionary and pragmatic, a reformer and a realist at the same time. Schumacher's oeuvre and its full impact are not specific to Hamburg, but are integrated into the regional, national and international discourse on the reform of the metropolis. His ideas, his concepts for reform, his methods and his ability to ensure that the plans are implemented promptly, are current and forward-looking. The breadth of his work in Hamburg and Cologne is outlined in this contribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare the clinical outcomes of meniscus repair and meniscus resection with concurrent anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction in patients with ACL rupture and neglected or delayed medial meniscus tears.Methods: Thirty patients with ACL ruptures and unstable vertical longitudinal medial meniscus tears were included. Patients were divided into two groups. Group I included 15 patients who underwent meniscal repair and Group II included 15 patients who underwent meniscectomy. The knee range of motion, McMurray test, Lachman test, pivot shift test, Lysholm Knee Scoring Scale, International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) Questionnaire, Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) Knee score, and Tegner activity (TA) scale were used to assess all patients.Results: The median follow-up time was 3.6 (0.5-6.5) years. Median age was 28 (16-36) years. Fourteen patients (93.3%) in Group I and six patients (40%) in Group II returned to their preinjury sport activity level (P = .007). Median maximum knee flexion was 132° (121°-140°) in Group I and 134° (121°-139°) in Group II (n.s.). All patients had full knee extension and negative McMurray test results. Lachman and pivot shift test results were similar between groups. The median IKDC Questionnaire score was 99 (86-100) in Group I and 93 (70-100) in Group II (P = .016). The difference in Lysholm Knee Scoring Scale, HSS knee, and TA scale score between groups were not significant.Conclusion: Clinical outcomes of patients that underwent meniscus repair were better than those that underwent meniscus resection with concurrent ACL reconstruction. The technically complicated and costly meniscus repair may achieve better clinical outcomes than meniscectomy when treating a neglected or delayed meniscal tear with a concurrent ACL tear.Level Of Evidence: III. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tropical Medicine & International Health is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bilateral cervical facet dislocation is a serious injury that in majority cause neurologic deficit requiring prompt medical attention. Rarely, they retain normal neurology due to spontaneous decompression even though patients can have objective myelopathic or root compression signs. Neglected cases with normal neurology are uncommon with only few of them reported in the literature but their management is still a matter of debate. Here, we report a case of a 26-year-old female who had neglected bilateral facet dislocation with neck stiffness that was operated with posteroanterior approach with near-complete reduction and intact neurology. We describe the technique employed and discuss the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: There is vast literature supporting valgus osteotomy in fracture neck of femur. However, little or no distinction has ever been made to evaluate the success of the procedure in these two different scenarios-non-unions due to failed osteosynthesis and neglected fractures neck of femur. The aim of our study was to compare the results of valgus osteotomy in neglected neck femur fractures and non-union fractures of neck of femur.Methods: This is a single tertiary centre-based retrospective study. The records of all patients aged less than 45 years who underwent valgus osteotomy for neck of femur fractures from 2012 to 2017 were evaluated. Patients with fracture neck of femur of over one month's duration, where no previous surgical intervention was undertaken were placed in neglected fracture group. Patients with failed primary osteosynthesis surgery, either cannulated cancellous screw or dynamic hip screw, were placed in fixation failure group. There were 23 patients in neglected group and 17 patients in fixation failure group. Demographical details, fracture patterns, and preoperative radiograph, surgery time, blood loss, post-operative complications, union time, and non-unions were studied in both groups.Results: Osteotomy site united in mean time of 11 weeks in fixation failure group and 11.3 weeks in neglected group (p = .434). Time to radiological union of fracture was 16 weeks (12-23 weeks) for neglected fracture group compared to 25 weeks (20-32 weeks) for fixation failure group which was statistically significant (p = .02). Seven out of 17 fractures did not unite in fixation failure group compared to one non-union out of 23 patients in neglected group. (p = .004) There were two loss of fixation with implant failure in fixation failure group compared to none in neglected group (p = .174). Neither of the groups had any surgical site infection.Conclusion: Valgus osteotomy results in excellent union rates for neglected fractures of neck of femur. However, the union rates of valgus osteotomy are lower in neck femur fractures with failed implants compared to neglected fractures and the procedure should be cautiously used in such circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Neglected epiphyseal fracture-separations of the distal femur are rare. Still reported in developing countries, they lead to therapeutic issues. The objective of the study is to describe their characteristics and to propose treatment options.Materials and Methods: Ten years of ongoing study was held in our orthopedics department. All patients with a neglected epiphyseal fracture-separations of the distal femur after a knee trauma were included in the study. Pre-operative and post-operative data were collected and analyzed.Results: A total of 13 cases of neglected traumatic epiphyseal fracture-separations of the distal femur were found among 8616 in-patients of the department. It was mainly boys (9M/4F) around 16 years that were received 14 weeks after knee trauma. Most of the injuries were an AO-type 33-E/2.1 (Simple Salter-Harris' type II) (n=12) distal femur malunion (n=10). Associated complications were cutaneous opening (n=7), superficial infection (n=4), deep infection (n=4). Fractures were management surgically (n=12) by an open osteoclasis procedure (n=9), debridement (n=7) and a thigh amputation (n=1). The outcome was better if an open osteoclasis procedure was early performed in closed distal femur mal-union with a complementary rehabilitation program.Conclusion: Specialized trauma care facilities must be increased, and trauma education programs must be undertaken to avoid neglected epiphyseal fracture-separations of the distal femur in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Historical & Cultural Studies an Academic Magazine is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Over the past two decades, the Ponseti 'conservative' (non-surgical) method of clubfoot treatment has been almost universally adopted worldwide. As a result, the need for operative treatment for clubfoot has decreased dramatically. However, even Ponseti himself routinely used surgery for certain patients: at least 90% of feet need percutaneous tenotomy, and 15% to 40% may require tibialis anterior tendon transfer. Additionally, relapses are common, sometimes necessitating further surgical intervention. Relapses are recurrent deformities in previously well corrected feet. Residual deformities may be defined as persistent deformities in incompletely corrected feet. In addition, in many parts of the developing world, neglected clubfoot is still a major challenge. Many neglected feet can be treated with Ponseti principles, particularly in younger children. However, in older children and adults, surgical approaches are more likely to be needed. Major reasons for relapsed/residual clubfoot include incomplete application of the Ponseti principles, inability to adhere to the foot abduction brace protocol, failure to recommend a complete course of bracing and inadequate follow-up. Sometimes, despite excellent treatment, and perfect adherence to the bracing protocols, there are still relapses, related to intrinsic muscle imbalance. We describe several solutions that include reinstitution of Ponseti casting and 'á la carte' operative treatment. As an alternative for particularly stubborn cases, application of a hexapod external fixator can be a powerful tool. In order to be a full-service clubfoot specialist, and not only a Ponseti practitioner, one must have in their toolbox the full gamut of adjunctive surgical options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, both in developed as well as in developing countries the topic of "ageing" requires special att ention because the population of elderly people and the dependency ratio among them is high and continuously on the rise. This paper deals with the current condition of elderly women in the slum areas of Aligarh city, because these areas are the poorest and the most neglected segment of the society. The investigator has used a personal interview schedule from elderly women of these areas to know their participation in the economy. Due to lack of employment and lesser income, the young generation of these areas leaves their elder parents in a helpless condition. That is why they have no choice but to work and earn money for their basic needs i.e., food, shelter and clothes. The situation is even worst for women because they are illiterate so there is a slim chance of them gett ing respectable jobs, and they have to compromise to work as a domestic labourer, a bagger, a constructor, etc. Usually, elderly women of these areas take care of their grandchildren, and they help in domestic activities. As per the definition given by sociologists and theorists this work is not considered as productive. In this study, it is concluded that the elderly women are engaged in some activities but their participation in the rising economy is always neglected and people think that their contribution is not worth discussing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research we did our best to examine the rules used by languages to express this phenomenon of diminutive, through a comparative study based on the English, Kurdish, Arabic and others Languages, to recognize the energies of these languages, to compare and take advantages by organizing the facilitation of communication between these languages, and development to preserve the specificity of each language. Moreover, this study is an attempt to meet the benefit of morphology and diminutive across a major, diverse group of comparative morphological syntaxes in the above-mentioned Languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sacral chordoma is a locally aggressive malignant tumour originating from ectopic notochordal cells. The natural history of sacral chordoma is a slow growing tumour arising at the midline of the lower sacrum that can invade the sacrum and progressively increase in size expanding cranially and anteriorly. Metastasis is very rare even when the tumour is large. Sacral chordoma affects males more than females and is more commonly found in middle age and elderly patients.Case Presentation: A 25 years old female had neglected an extremely large midline sacral mass for 2 years. On presentation to hospital, she had been bed bound for the past 2 years. The sacral mass was so large that it prevented her from lying down supine and sitting on the wheelchair comfortably. Clinical examination showed a 40 cm × 30 cm × 20 cm hard mass over the sacrum that involved both buttocks and the gluteal fold. Neurological exam of bilateral lower limb was normal. Computed Tomography Scan of the Pelvis showed a large destructive sacrococcygeal mass measuring 43 cm × 38 cm × 27 cm with extension into the presacral space resulting in anterior displacement of the rectum, urinary bladder and uterus; and posterior extension into the dorsal soft tissue with involvement of the gluteus, piriformis, and left erector spinae muscles. Biopsy taken confirmed Chordoma. This patient was managed by a multidisciplinary team in an Oncology referral centre. The patient had undergone Wide En Bloc Resection and Sacrectomy, a complex surgery that was associated with complications namely bleeding, surgical site infection and neurogenic bowel and bladder. Six months post operatively the patient was able to lie supine and sit on wheelchair comfortably. She required extensive rehabilitation to help her ambulate in future.Conclusion: This is a rare case of neglected sacral chordoma in a young female treated with Wide En Bloc Resection and Sacrectomy associated with complications of this complex surgery. Nevertheless, surgery is still worthwhile to improve the quality of life and to prevent complications secondary to prolonged immobilization. A multidisciplinary approach is ideal and team members need to be prepared to address the complications once they arise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe the case of a man who was found with severe hypothermia and advanced myiasis involving five species of blow flies, which eventually led to a transtibial amputation of the man's right leg. A case of such a heavy and species-rich infestation with fly larvae in an urban environment is extraordinary and has, to our knowledge, never been described so far. Best practice in cases such as this one demands accurate species identification not only to ensure appropriate treatment and pest management but also, from a forensic point of view, to explore the possibility of third-party responsibility. The cooperation between physicians and forensic entomologists is highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rabies is a neglected disease despite being responsible for more human deaths than any other zoonosis. A lack of adequate human and dog surveillance, resulting in low prioritization, is often blamed for this paradox. Estimation methods are often employed to describe the rabies burden when surveillance data are not available, however these figures are rarely based on country-specific data. Methods: In 2013 a knowledge, attitudes, and practices survey was conducted in Uganda to understand dog population, rabies vaccination, and human rabies risk factors and improve in-country and regional rabies burden estimates. Poisson and multi-level logistic regression techniques were conducted to estimate the total dog population and vaccination coverage. Results: Twenty-four villages were selected, of which 798 households completed the survey, representing 4 375 people. Dog owning households represented 12.9% of the population, for which 175 dogs were owned (25 people per dog). A history of vaccination was reported in 55.6% of owned dogs. Poverty and human population density highly correlated with dog ownership, and when accounted for in multi-level regression models, the human to dog ratio fell to 47:1 and the estimated national canine-rabies vaccination coverage fell to 36.1%. This study estimates there are 729 486 owned dogs in Uganda (95% CI: 719 919 - 739 053). Ten percent of survey respondents provided care to dogs they did not own, however unowned dog populations were not enumerated in this estimate. 89.8% of Uganda's human population was estimated to reside in a community that can support enzootic canine rabies transmission. Conclusions: This study is the first to comprehensively evaluate the effect of poverty on dog ownership in Africa. These results indicate that describing a dog population may not be as simple as applying a human: dog ratio, and factors such as poverty are likely to heavily influence dog ownership and vaccination coverage. These modelled estimates should be confirmed through further field studies, however, if validated, canine rabies elimination through mass vaccination may not be as difficult as previously considered in Uganda. Data derived from this study should be considered to improve models for estimating the in-country and regional rabies burden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the seroprevalence of brucellosis and its risk factors in migratory nomads in the Fars province of Iran. Active brucellosis was defined as the combination of clinical symptoms, including fever, chills, night sweats, headache, low back pain, arthralgia, or myalgia, and positive laboratory testing, including either a serum agglutination test (SAT) ⩾1:80 with a 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) test ⩾1:40, or a SAT <1:80 combined with a positive Coombs Wright test (CWT) at a titre of at least threefold higher than SAT titre results. For the 536 participants, the female (316, 59%) to male (220, 41%) ratio was 1·4 and the participants' mean age was 32·4 ± 18·9 (range 1–96) years. Of all participants, 325 (60·6%) showed clinical symptoms; in symptomatic participants, the Rose Bengal plate test was positive in 33 (6·1%) cases, the SAT was positive in 18 (3·3%) cases, and the 2-ME test was positive in 30 (5·5%) cases. Positive SAT and 2-ME results were seen in 18 (3·3%) cases, but a negative SAT and a positive CWT were found in 36 (6·7%) cases. As a result, active brucellosis was detected in 54 cases, indicating a prevalence of 10% (95% confidence interval 8–12). In conclusion, we determined that brucellosis is a prevalent yet neglected disease in this nomadic population. Brucellosis control is not possible as long as these high-risk populations remain neglected. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Thoracolumbar fracture dislocation is seen more commonly in young individuals and is often associated with significant neurological deficits. Timely management of these spine injuries is important to prevent progressive neurological deficits and other complications like persistent back pain and spinal deformities. Cases of missed injuries in the cervical spine are more frequently reported than neglected thoracolumbar trauma. The treatment of neglected cases is more challenging and complicated when compared to those that present early. We report a case of a 36 year old male who presented to us 6 months after trauma, initially treated by a traditional bone setter. Earlier, he was diagnosed to have T12-L1 fracture dislocation with "trivial" lower limb weakness and now he presented with spinal deformity, back pain and persistent lower limb weakness. He was successfully managed with a high risk surgical intervention and his Spinal Cord Independence Measure (SCIM) score improved from 60 (preoperative) to 94 (at the latest follow up). The purpose of this case report is to highlight the negligence of the traditional bone setters in treating spinal injuries, challenges in the management during the late stages and the need for educating the general public and bone setters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Soil-transmitted helminthiases (hookworms, Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura) are extremely prevalent in school-aged children living in poor sanitary conditions. Recent epidemiological data suggest that Strongyloides stercoralis is highly unreported. However, accurate data are essential for conducting interventions aimed at introducing control and elimination programmes. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 396 randomly selected school-aged children in Amhara region in rural area in north-western Ethiopia, to assess the prevalence of S. stercoralis and other intestinal helminths. We examined stools using three techniques: conventional stool concentration; and two S. stercoralis-specific methods, i.e. the Baermann technique and polymerase chain reaction. The diagnostic accuracy of these three methods was then compared. Results: There was an overall prevalence of helminths of 77.5%, with distribution differing according to school setting. Soil-transmitted helminths were recorded in 69.2%. Prevalence of S. stercoralis and hookworm infection was 20.7 and 54.5%, respectively, and co-infection was detected in 16.3% of cases. Schistosoma mansoni had a prevalence of 15.7%. Prevalence of S. stercoralis was shown 3.5% by the conventional method, 12.1% by the Baermann method, and 13.4% by PCR, which thus proved to be the most sensitive. Conclusions: Our results suggest that S. stercoralis could be overlooked and neglected in Ethiopia, if studies of soil-transmitted helminths rely on conventional diagnostic techniques alone. A combination of molecular and stool microscopy techniques yields a significantly higher prevalence. In view of the fact that current control policies for triggering drug administration are based on parasite prevalence levels, a comprehensive diagnostic approach should instead be applied to ensure comprehensive control of helminth infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hookworm infection, a global problem of human, is caused by both Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus. These parasites are considered as important blood feeding nematodes. Hookworm is usually prevalent among the people who live with low socio-economic status. However, this tropical disease is neglected in most cases. This review was aimed at investigating the insights of hookworm infection of human considering its epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, treatment, immune mechanism, prevention, and control. This study showed how hookworm infection poses a global burden and infects 438.9 million people around the word annualy, and causes significant morbidity among the children and adult in endemic countries. Also, this review discussed how hookworm infection threatens the mankind causing serious health hazards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors present a case of isolated scaphoid dislocation in a 40-year-old male that was undiagnosed for 2 months. The patient was treated by open reduction, Kirschner wire fixation, interosseous ligament repair using a suture anchor and Blatt's dorsal capsulodesis. At 6 years followup, his radiographs of wrist showed a normal carpal alignment with a scapholunate gap of 3 mm and no evidence of avascular necrosis (AVN) of the scaphoid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Repair of the neglected achilles tendon ruptures can be challenging due to retraction of tendon stumps. Different repair and augmentation techniques were described. This study aims to investigate long-term results of neglected achilles tendon rupture repair with gastrocnemius flaps.Patients and Methods: Between 1995 and 2005, 21 neglected achilles tendon rupture reconstructions were performed with using gastrocnemius fascial flaps. Mean age was 32.1 years. Mean period between rupture and operation was 8.4 weeks. Ankle range of motion, calf circumference, heel raise test, Visual Analog Scale (VAS), American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) hindfoot and Foot and Ankle Disability Index (FADI) scores were checked.Results: The average gap length was 6.4 cm. Mean follow-up was 145.3 months. Median dorsiflexion/plantar flexion values for operated and uneffected sides were 18°/30° and 19°/30°, respectively. The mean values for AOFAS and FADI scores were 98.5 points and 98.9 %, respectively. VAS score was 0 point for all patients. With the numbers available, no significant difference could be detected in terms of ankle range of motion, calf circumference measures and dynamometric analysis. Mean time for return to daily activities was 11.1 (8-16) weeks after surgery. Prerupture activity level was achieved 14.1 months postoperatively. All patients were able to perform heel raise test.Conclusion: Repair of neglected achilles tendon ruptures with gastrocnemius flaps has satisfactory long-term results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Neglected fractures in young adults can be amongst the most difficult to treat in the spectrum of fractures of the femoral neck. Because of its complex anatomy and blood supply, timely fixation is paramount. When this does not occur, non-union and avascular necrosis are common complications. Here, we present a meta-analysis of three common options available to the surgeon treating such complications. Methods We identified 97 relevant papers by the keywords ‘femoral neck fractures’; ‘neglected’; ‘joint preserving’ and ‘young adults’; 23 met the inclusion criteria and reported on an overall population of 725 patients. Results Osteotomy with internal fixation had a union rate of 91.33% (95% CI 84.91–92.87). Fractures fixed by internal fixation with pedicled muscle graft proceeded to union in 86.25% (95% CI 78.92%–88.54%) of cases and those managed with free fibular graft in 88% (95% CI 78.35%–90.84%), respectively. Internal fixation alone, in this study, used as an illustrative control group, was successful in 76.5% (95% CI 65.58%–83.81%) of cases. Conclusion These findings show superiority of osteotomy with internal fixation in the management of non-united femoral neck fractures, and more complex options with potentially higher morbidity confer no patient benefit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An Italian team of orthopaedic surgeons joined Eritrean colleagues to perform a clinical study in ambulating children affected by neglected idiopathic congenital talipes equinovarus (clubfoot). This study reports the surgical strategy as well as clinical outcomes, early complications and relapse at a mid-term follow-up. Four expeditions of 7 days were organized between 2012 and 2015 from Italy to the Halibet Hospital of Asmara in Eritrea. In each expedition were included two experienced surgeons, two assistants and one anaesthesiologist. During these expeditions, a total of 468 patients were evaluated together with Eritrean colleagues and 45 cases of neglected talipes equinovarus in ambulating children were diagnosed and selected for surgery. Follow-up range was 1-3 years. During the four expeditions, the Eritrean team of orthopaedic surgeons learned to manage most cases of neglected talipes equinovarus. No major complications were reported. Sixteen feet were considered excellent, 25 good and four poor. No overcorrections were observed. Neglected congenital talipes equinovarus is the result of delayed treatment of congenital deformity in developing countries, and its treatment often requires extensive surgery. Collaboration with foreign expert surgeons may help local doctors to learn how to treat this disease. The current study demonstrates that surgical expeditions in developing countries, when organized in collaboration with local doctors, help to manage on site this severe deformity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]