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This study explains the concepts of proxy war and transnational crime and their impact on national stability, aiming to raise awareness and contribute ideas on anticipating these threats. Utilizing a qualitative descriptive approach, this research draws from the author's experience as a law practitioner and relevant secondary literature. The analysis involves comparing conventional wars and proxy wars, as well as the relationship between transnational crimes and national security, illustrated through case studies of the Russia-Ukraine and Israel-Palestine conflicts. The findings indicate that both proxy wars and transnational crimes significantly impact national stability and require serious responses through military and law enforcement approaches. The study underscores the importance of international cooperation in addressing transnational crime to prevent its exploitation by certain countries as a tool to destabilize others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As is known, in recent decades the scale of migration processes has increased, covering almost all continents. It is attempted to assess migration in Africa in the Sahel and sub-Saharan Africa, both legal and illegal; to identify its causes; and to establish a connection between conflicts and their consequences. In addition, the task was to analyze the main migration routes. The migration processes in countries such as Burkina Faso, Niger, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Central African Republic, Chad, and others are studied. The common feature of these countries is the weakness of state power structures, which are not yet capable of solving independently the problems of national security. The situation is complicated by extremist organizations such as Boko Haram, which terrorize the local population. The former metropolises cannot solve the problem of security either. The novelty of this study lies in establishing the relationship between conflicts and migrations. The conclusion is formulated that the problem of migration can be solved only if the countries of the region become politically and economically stronger and when foreign aid goes not for armaments but for development purposes. An important role in ensuring the security of the borders and the civilian population should belong to the national security forces, relying on international support. In the authors' opinion, in the short term, if the unstable military−political and economic situation in a number of states persists, migration on the continent will only intensify. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While freedom of expression or free speech is a fundamental human right of all, hate speech heralds danger for a country. Using a qualitative research approach, this study examines the connection between hate speech, ethno-religious conflicts, and political stability in Nigeria. This study argues that the threat to internal security in Nigeria is a resultant effect of social injustice in the country. In Nigeria, hate speech has been on the increase instigating ethnic and religious sentiment, mistrust, and conflicts. The study suggests that peace social justice and political inclusion should be adopted in running the affairs of the nation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essence and elements of the Ukraine's national security political and legal support process are researched in the paper. It has been proved that the democratic transition process in Ukraine leaded up to a change in approaches of understanding the essence of national security and practice of its support. Nowadays, a value-oriented approach plays a significant role in scientific thought and at the legislative level. It is deduced that democratic changes in the security and defense sector have not been completed and finally implemented in the process of implementing national security policy. Problems of economic and ideological nature, the unwillingness of society to systemic transformation, the polarization of political actors as for domestic and foreign policy priorities is often the obstacle to democratic transition in the field of national security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geographically, Indonesia has a high degree of possibility regarding natural disasters. As a state internal security keeper, the Indonesian Air Force should be in the front-line in dealing with natural disasters in line with the mandate of Law Number 34 of 2004, which is "protecting the whole nation and the whole of Indonesia's blood from threats and disruption to the integrity of the nation and state". The facts that occur in the field, the Indonesian Air Force still has some problems related to synergy with other institutions and agencies and the lack of defense equipment management. This study employs a descriptive analysis method with a specific data collection technique to validate the findings of this study. Thus, the findings of this study are the Indonesia Air Force need a disaster response SOP, need to enhance the capability and strength of defense equipment, need to establish a permanent unit for disaster management within the Air Force's organisational structure and establishing contingency budget allocations for the Air Force that are sufficient to carry out OMSP in order to support the TNI's main tasks. With these steps, a positive synergy will be realised in the operation in the disaster area between all stakeholder involved ultimately give a good impact to the national stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Higher education in Malaysia has an important political and social dimension. The importance of maintaining national stability and authority and addressing the problems of horizontal inequality are ultimately unavoidable influences on Malaysian educational institutions. These issues act to temper the promises and impact of liberalization and globalization in higher education. The discourse of higher education in Malaysia and the way in which we formulate arguments about higher educational institutions, globalization, the state and democratic needs must be understood in historical and political contexts. The establishment of a post-independence national education system was informed both by Malaysia's colonial inheritance and a desire to transcend its limitations. Malaysian public policy especially since the inculcation of the New Economic Policy has also had a strong focus on addressing inequality between ethnic groups in Malaysia and the legacy of horizontal inequality rooted in the unjust legacy of Malaysia's colonial past. To understand Malaysian higher education, one needs an historical understanding of its colonial past and a sense of the local conditions that inform the difficult political choices that policy makers have. The limits of globalization and liberalization in higher education can be understood in reference to these historical, social and political issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper argues that counselling psychological service has not been applied in negotiating national stability and or conflict resolution and peace-building as well as regional integration. It noted that through ignorance, nation states generally but specifically, Nigeria, over the years have neglected the evolvement and application of counselling services in articulating and facilitating national soccour in the Nigeria polity. Prominently applying the Emotional Dimensional Screening scale (EDSS) subsumed in the Counselling Behavioural Model (CBM), it found that 76.7% of the participants as against another 13.3% (who disagreed) reasoned that should political aspirants get subjected to psychological and behavioural screening test before appointments, the pace of corruption and other related national vices would have been mitigated. Furthermore, it found that despite thefact that 77.2% alluded that, though, they have had professional counselling psychological training and tutelage, their professional experience was atypical to political administration; and that additional training was needed to contribute to national orientation of governance and tofacilitate political transformation comprehensively. Prominent in the recommendation was that leadership emotional screening and audition in guiding behavioural outcome should become the vogue. It also iterated thatfunctional regional equanimity should be the biproduct of membership Psycho-emotional Screening in modifying collective behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues that it is only through the breakup of the Soviet empire that lasting stability can come to Eastern Europe. It suggests that, notwithstanding Mikhail Gorbachev's recent cease-fire with nine republics, the Soviet Union's collapse is not a preference but an inevitability; that protracted collapse is far more dangerous than rapid collapse; and that stability and security can be enhanced by accelerating Soviet collapse and skillfully managing the post-Soviet order. Because Soviet perceptions of the relative costs and benefits of crackdown and empire will depend so heavily on the West in general and Washington in particular, the U.S. ability to formulate an appropriate policy will be of critical importance. The U.S. and its allies must at last realize that the road to stability goes through the republics, not through Moscow. if the West does not act to stabilize Eastern Europe, the consequences of this inactivity will be tragic. Since the contradiction between perestroika and the disintegrative forces it spawned cannot be reconciled within the framework of any kind of Soviet Union, sooner or later Moscow will have to abandon perestroika and try to smother the republics. And when a superpower becomes embroiled in a civil war that it cannot win, only one conclusion appears certain: everybody--Moscow, the republics, Central Europe, and the West--will be the losers.