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In this study, new monolithic poly(9-anthracenylmethyl methacrylate-co-trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TRIM) columns, referred as ANM monoliths were prepared, for the first time, and were used for the separation media for biomolecules and proteomics analysis by nano-liquid chromatography (nano-LC). Monolithic columns were prepared by in situ polymerization of 9-anthracenylmethyl methacrylate (ANM) and trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TRIM) in a fused silica capillary column of 100 µm ID. Polymerization solution was optimized in relation to monomer and porogenic solvent. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and chromatographic analyses were performed for the characterization studies of ANM monoliths. The ANM monolith produced more than 46.220 plates/m, and the chromatographic evaluation of the optimized ANM monolith was carried out using homologous alkylbenzenes (ABs) and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), allowing both strong hydrophobic and π-π interactions. Run-to-run and column-to-column reproducibility values were found as <2.91% and 2.9–3.2%, respectively. The final monolith was used for biomolecule separation, including both three dipeptides, including Alanine-Tyrosine (Ala-Tyr), Glycine-Phenylalanine (Gly-Phe), and L-carnosine and five standard proteins, including ribonuclease A (RNase A), α-chymotrypsinogen (α-chym), lysozyme (Lys), cytochrome C (Cyt C), and myoglobin (Mb) in order to evaluate its potential. Both peptides and proteins were baseline separated using the developed ANM monolith in nano-LC. The ANM monolith was then applied to the protein and peptide profiling of MCF-7 cell line, which allowed a high-resolution analysis of peptides, providing a high peak capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Practical aspects of the successful preparation of monolithic poly(methylsilsesquioxane) (PMSQ) aerogels with glasslike transparency via ambient pressure drying (APD) are discussed in detail. Two-step acid-base process starting from methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) in the presence of nonionic poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(propylene oxide)-block-poly(ethylene oxide) surfactant and the use of strong base as polycondensation catalyst resulted in fine mesoporous structure, showing low bulk density (0.148 g cm−3) and glasslike transparency (95% at 10 mm thickness). Cracking and irreversible shrinkage during APD have been prevented by optimized aging and drying processes. In particular, aging in an aqueous alcohol solution containing a low concentration of MTMS under controlled temperature has been found to be crucial in obtaining PMSQ aerogels with crack-free, low-density, glasslike transparency, and monolithic nature. A large-area APD aerogel in 93 × 93 × 6 mm3, with thermal conductivity of 15.6 mW m−1 K−1, has successfully been obtained due to optimizations of aging and drying conditions. Similar APD aerogels have also been obtained when alkali metal hydroxides, especially lithium hydroxide, are employed as base catalysts. These findings are expected to play important roles in designing industrial productions of monolithic aerogels for thermal superinsulation and other applications. Highlights: Poly(methylsilsesquioxane) aerogels with glasslike transparency were prepared from methyltrimethoxysilane. Aerogels were obtained also by ambient pressure drying in addition to supercritical drying. A large-area aerogel monolith with low thermal conductivity was successfully obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly(butyl methacrylate‐co‐ethylene dimethacrylate) monolith was in situ prepared in a liquid chromatography capillary column with a 75 μm internal diameter. This monolith offered high permeability (5.3 ± 10−14 m2) and good peak capacity (140 for a 15 cm column length at 300 nl/min with a 20 min gradient time). This is exemplified by its separation ability in reversed mode for subunit analysis of monoclonal antibodies after IdeS digestion (middle‐up analysis). The potential of this column was also illustrated for the fast analytical control of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in standardized infusion bags prepared in advance in a pharmacy department. Linearity analysis revealed the column's capability for accurate quantification analysis of the different dose bandings (in mg) of monoclonal antibodies in <2 min. In addition, lifetime analysis data indicated that the column can be highly reproducible and has a long lifetime with stable and low back pressure. The variations observed on the peak shape and area between unstressed (intact) and stressed monoclonal antibodies indicated that our nano liquid chromatographic method was stability indicating. In addition, using a gradient elution mode, the presence of minor components in the infusion bags was visualized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study demonstrated the production of activated carbon monoliths from biomass waste (Delonix regia pods) using a facile method. This was achieved using solvated polystyrene as the binder, which has never been achieved in the past, and KOH as the activating agent. The monolith's pore structures, functional group, morphology, and elemental composition were all investigated. According to the results, the monolith was found to have mesoporous properties, with a surface area of 314.9 m2/g and a pore size of 2.45 nm. Several functional groups, including nitro, carboxyl, and carbonyl groups, were identified, which confirms the potential applications of the monolith. Meanwhile, the KOH activator causes the production of particles with various clusters. The results demonstrated that solvated polystyrene has the ability to function as a binder in monolithic formation and are comparable to those of earlier investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drying shrinkage during ambient pressure drying of silica gels is made reversible by preventing condensation reactions of surface silanol groups via surface modification. This partial recovery of the gel volume and structure is referred to as the spring-back effect (SBE) and enables the production of monolithic silica aerogels by evaporative drying. The SBE is sometimes completed by annealing at mild temperatures. Similarities between drying-related deformations and deformations induced by mechanical stimuli suggest analogous underlying mechanisms. While the causes of drying shrinkage are relatively well-known, it remains unclear how the relaxation of the structure by drying and annealing occurs across the different length scales. Here we show a complete structural recovery of silica aerogels at the macro- and nano-scale enabled by annealing. We propose that residual deformations after drying and mechanical compression are caused by the entanglement of silica clusters that can be unraveled by annealing at 230 °C. The deformation under loading is interpreted as two different re-arrangement mechanisms for dry and annealed gels, by the sliding of the silica clusters along the loading direction and by the compression of large pores beyond the fractal structure, respectively. Our results demonstrate how the shape and structure of silica aerogels can be restored and controlled by thermal activation, broadening the various applications of these materials. We also emphasize how tuning silica gels to promote a two-step SBE by annealing can pave the way toward the production of larger monolithic aerogels by APD. Highlights: Two-step spring-back of silica aerogels upon annealing at 230 °C. Residual solvent and silica cluster entanglement hinder full re-expansion. Annealed aerogels show a near-zero Poisson's ratio during compression. Interpretation of fractal dimension evolution during deformation of mesoporous materials. Annealing allows full recovery of macro- and nano-structure, highlighting programmable nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solvothermal synthesis is the predominant method for creating new structured covalent organic frameworks (COFs), yet it grapples with challenges in controlling shape and morphology. This issue is attributed to the unregulated solvent‐feeding process, which results in rapid polymerization and uncontrolled phase separation. Consequently, a two‐step solvent‐feeding process is reported for the solvothermal shaping of imine‐linked COF monoliths with hierarchical porosity. The synthesis conditions for COF powders reported in existing literature are directly utilized without extensive optimization; however, solvents are divided into two segments prior to feeding. A minor segment of solvents is employed to dissolve monomers, which polymerize in situ to form amorphous monoliths. Subsequently, the remaining organic solvent, along with an acetic acid aqueous solution, is added for crystallization. The versatility of this two‐step feeding process in producing COF monoliths is illustrated. The high‐quality COF monoliths demonstrate benzene uptakes ranging from 6.0 to 16.8 mmol g−1 at 298 K. This study confirms that the two‐step solvent feeding process can be effectively integrated with the conventional solvothermal method to enhance the solution‐processability of COFs. It is anticipated that this modified solvothermal approach can readily shape COFs to meet practical application requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Staphylococcus aureus Protein A was immobilized on an in‐house made neutravidin poly (glycidyl methacrylate‐co‐ethylene dimethacrylate) capillary column with a 25 µm internal diameter, a length of 30 mm and a mass loadability of 60 ng. The immobilized quantity of protein A on the organic monolith was very low, in the pico mole range (1.80 pmol). This was of significance importance when working with less available or expensive purified enzyme. This capillary column was integrated into a nano liquid chromatographic system and used for the fast determination without dilution of the doses of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in standardized infusion bags prepared in advance in a pharmacy department. This chromatographic method was linear in the studied concentration range with good precision and accuracy. Heat stressed studies indicated that the protein A affinity capillary column was able to monitor degraded mAbs. As well, the high specificity of this column to capture immunoglobulin G2 in cell culture supernatant was visualized. As the mAbs are produced through genetic engineering of animal cells this last result demonstrated that this novel protein A column could be used in the feature for rapid screening of immunoglobulin G concentration in cell culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cylindrical column with packed stationary phase is the workhorse of liquid chromatography systems. These stationary phases are commonly classified on the basis of different form factors namely, beads and monoliths for protein chromatography. Monolithic rods are one of the important geometries derived from polymers through complex polymerization schemes with additional requirements such as cross-linkers and specific reaction conditions. To address these practical difficulties and enable ease of fabrication at laboratory scale, acrylic copolymers are hypothesized to perform as a monolithic stationary phase suitable for protein chromatography. The present work proposes a rapid fabrication technique to obtain monolithic rods that could be reconditioned without any of the above additional steps. It is characterized with monolith diameter that could be controlled using acrylic copolymer concentration. Formation of the copolymeric stationary phase inside microchannel led to annular geometry and in turn, demonstrated fabrication of moon-shaped channels (MSCs) for the first time in literature. An online monitoring system facilitated tracer breakthrough analysis with MSCs to report sharp peak front and an estimate of channel void volume. Breakthrough curves with single protein validated the selection of blue dextran as tracer and indicated retention of proteins due to electrostatic interactions on the functional copolymer surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we successfully fabricated biocomposite monoliths using a facile, cost-effective, and friendly method via the thermally induced phase separation method using Polystyrene, Lignin, and OV-POSS. The properties of the prepared composites were estimated using Fourier transform infrared measurement (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). Furthermore, wettability properties were studied using water and oil. FTIR analysis indicates Polyester, Lignin, and OV-POSS were physically blended. The investigation by SEM showed the successful merging of components. Moreover, it revealed that OV-POSS nanoparticles acted as a support for reduced surface roughness. TGA measurements revealed that thermal stability was much better with increased OV-POSS loading. OV-POSS modified monolith exhibited hydrophobic with water contact angles of more than 130°. Results indicate that the produced monolith has a good sorption behavior to oils and organic liquids, whereas PL10L-0.3P showed higher sorption capacities followed by PL10L-0.1P, PL10L, and PL, respectively. The performance of the monoliths on oil/water separation was investigated through the selective removal of oil or organic solvent from water. Hence, the monoliths showed high separation efficiency above 90% and good reusability. The analysis showed that the adsorption for the oil and solvent process followed the pseudo-second-order model with a linear regression coefficient (R2) of > 0.999. The equilibrium data fit well with the Langmuir model. Besides, thermodynamic parameter analysis results showed that the adsorption was spontaneous and endothermic. An economic study examining the obtained resulted in a rate of investment (ROI) of 38.12%, a breakeven point (BEP) of 44.70%; this research is expected to be useful for the monolith industry that has attractive potential in practical industrial water treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cloud computing has become a popular choice for deploying web applications, but the selection of the appropriate architecture for different application types remains a challenge for businesses. In this study, we conducted performance and cost analyses of three architectures: Monolith, Microservice, and Serverless (specifically Lambda and Fargate) to provide businesses with valuable insights for decisionmaking. To ensure the relevance of our findings, we conducted tests on an application designed for static, database, and batch job services, deployed on AWS. Using JMeter, we simulated traffic with varying levels of high, medium, and low intensity, distributing 500 requests across six test scenarios. The results and subsequent analysis revealed that Lambda outperformed the other architectures significantly, while Fargate and Microservice architectures exhibited lower performance in comparison. However, cost played a crucial role in architecture selection. Fargate proved to be exceptionally expensive, with costs escalating further when batch jobs were involved. On the other hand, Lambda demonstrated lower overall costs compared to the other architectures, especially when batch jobs were running under low traffic conditions. However, the cost advantage diminished when running batch jobs in higher traffic scenarios, surpassing the expenses of Monolith and Microservice architectures. The findings highlight the superior performance of Lambda, but also emphasize the importance of considering costs and specific workload requirements when selecting an architecture. Lambda outperformed other architectures by reducing average response time by 25% and cost by 15% under low-traffic scenarios compared to Monolithic and Microservice architectures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The climate crisis, driven by increasing CO2 levels in the atmosphere, has heightened the need for new, environmentally friendly energy sources. Hydrogen gas, which can meet our energy needs, has become a particularly intriguing topic. This study investigated the partial oxidation reaction of methane with cordierite monolith catalysts. The Ni-coated catalysts were supported with γ-Al2O3, CeO2, ZrO2, and CeO2-ZrO2. The catalysts were tested at temperatures of 750, 800, and 850 °C with different flow rates and methane feed concentrations (2%, 5%, and 10%). It was demonstrated that catalyst activity varies depending on these parameters. It has been found that high gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) and CH4 feed rates decrease catalyst activity. The obtained reaction results indicated that the optimal reaction parameters were 800 °C, a GHSV of 1 × 104 h−1, and a CH4 feed concentration of 2%. By optimizing these parameters, catalysts with high CH4 conversion and selectivity for H2 and CO were achieved. The prepared catalysts were characterized using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), and temperature-programmed reduction (TPR). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the evolving landscape of software architecture, the shift from monolithic structures to agile, scalable microservices has revolutionized cloud-native application development. However, the inherent dynamism of microservices can lead to the inadvertent creation of unnecessary microservices, introducing complexity and inefficiency. Moreover, with a lack of control mechanisms in evolution, systems can lead to what is known as architecture degradation. This research ventures into the emerging domain of microservice-to-microservice transformation, a concept focused on optimizing existing cloud-native systems. We experiment with a machine learning methodology initially designed for monolith-to-microservices migration, adapting it to the complex microservices landscape, with a specific focus on the train-ticket application (Zhou in Association for Computing Machinery, https://doi.org/10.1145/3183440.3194991), which is an established system benchmark in the community. To identify the optimal microservice distribution, we employ a combination of the Variational Autoencoder and fuzzy c-means clustering. Our results demonstrate a close resemblance to the original application in terms of structural modularity. Though they fall short of achieving the ideal interface number exhibited by the original microservices, our findings highlight the potential of automated microservice composition, effectively narrowing the gap between human-designed and machine-generated microservices and advancing the field of software architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Materials with monolithic structures, such as epoxy monoliths, are used for a variety of applications, such as for column fillers in gas chromatography and HPLC, for separators in lithium-ion batteries, and for precursor polymers for monolith adhesion. In this study, we investigated the fabrication of epoxy monoliths using 1,3-bis(N,N-diglycidylaminomethyl)cyclohexane (TETRAD-C) as the tetrafunctional epoxy and 4,4′-methylenebis(cyclohexylamine) (BACM) as the amine curing agent to control pore diameters using polyethylene glycols (PEGs) of differing molecular weights as the porogenic agents. We fabricated an epoxy monolith with micron-order pores and high strength levels, and which is suitable for the precursors of composite materials in cases where smaller PEGs are used. We discussed the effects of the porous structures of monoliths on their physical properties, such as tensile strength, elongation, elastic modulus, and glass transition temperatures. For example, epoxy monoliths prepared in the presence of PEGs exhibited an elastic modulus less than 1 GPa at room temperature and Tg values of 175–187 °C, while the epoxy bulk thermoset produced without any porogenic solvent showed a high elastic modulus as 1.8 GPa, which was maintained at high temperatures, and a high Tg of 223 °C. In addition, the unique adhesion characteristics of epoxy monolith sheets are revealed as a result of the combinations made with commercial epoxy and acrylic adhesives. Epoxy monoliths that are combined with conventional adhesives can function as sheet-type adhesives purposed with avoiding problems when only liquid-type adhesives are used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the phenomenon of switching back from microservice to monolith has increased in frequency, leading to intense debate in the industry. In this paper, we conduct a multivocal literature review to investigate reasoning and key aspects to pay attention to when switching back and analyze other practitioners' opinions. The results show four cases of switching back from microservice to monolith: Istio control plane, Amazon Prime Video monitoring service, Segment, and InVision. The five main reasons that led to switching back are cost, complexity, scalability, performance, and organization. During the switching back process, six key aspects need to be addressed: (1) stopping the development of more services, (2) consolidating and testing paths, (3) unifying data storage, (4) implementing the message bus principle, (5) giving up diverse techniques, and (6) learning to use modular design principles. As to the practitioners' opinions, they had mixed views about the switching back phenomenon. However, most thought that switching back required consideration of the actual system situation and principles. These results pave the way for further research and guide researchers and companies through the process of switching back from microservice to monolith. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Κ-Carrageenan (ΚC) is a widely used food hydrogel, but its use as an environmental adsorption separation material still needs to be further developed. Herein, a novel macroporous anionic monolith was synthesized by the oil-in-water high internal phase emulsion template method. The monolith was obtained by the continuous phase polymerization of sodium styrenesulfonate (NaSS) and acrylic acid (AA), in which ΚC was introduced to form a semi-interpenetrating network structure to improve its overall performance. The results showed that the mechanical strength of the monolith increased with ΚC content. Because of the use of two strong hydrophilic monomers, NaSS and AA, the porous monolith proved to be superoleophobic underwater. In addition, the porous materials had a strong cationic dye adsorption capacity (2455 mg/g for malachite green, 1180 mg/g for methylene blue) and a fast removal rate, good reusability, and oil-water separation. This work highlights their potential application value in the purification of complex water environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: A comprehensive investigation on the research states of 3D-printed metal/covalent organic frameworks (M/COFs) is conducted with the discussion on the M/COF-mixed monolith and M/COF-covered monolith separately. Recent advances in design strategies regarding both the paste/scaffold formation and the 3D-printing/covering process for preserving the better structural features of M/COFs (surface area, porosity, and micromorphology) in their 3D printed monolith are overviewed and discussed. Metal–organic framework (MOF) and covalent organic framework (COF) are a huge group of advanced porous materials exhibiting attractive and tunable microstructural features, such as large surface area, tunable pore size, and functional surfaces, which have significant values in various application areas. The emerging 3D printing technology further provides MOF and COFs (M/COFs) with higher designability of their macrostructure and demonstrates large achievements in their performance by shaping them into advanced 3D monoliths. However, the currently available 3D printing M/COFs strategy faces a major challenge of severe destruction of M/COFs' microstructural features, both during and after 3D printing. It is envisioned that preserving the microstructure of M/COFs in the 3D-printed monolith will bring a great improvement to the related applications. In this overview, the 3D-printed M/COFs are categorized into M/COF-mixed monoliths and M/COF-covered monoliths. Their differences in the properties, applications, and current research states are discussed. The up-to-date advancements in paste/scaffold composition and printing/covering methods to preserve the superior M/COF microstructure during 3D printing are further discussed for the two types of 3D-printed M/COF. Throughout the analysis of the current states of 3D-printed M/COFs, the expected future research direction to achieve a highly preserved microstructure in the 3D monolith is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microservices architecture (MSA) style has been gaining interest in recent years because of its high scalability, ability to be deployed in the cloud, and suitability for DevOps practices. While new applications can adopt MSA from their inception, many legacy monolithic systems must be migrated to an MSA to benefit from the advantages of this architectural style. To support the migration process, we propose MicroMiner, a microservices identification approach that is based on static‐relationship analyses between code elements as well as semantic analyses of the source code. Our approach relies on machine learning (ML) techniques and uses service types to guide the identification of microservices from legacy monolithic systems. We evaluate the efficiency of our approach on four systems and compare our results to ground‐truths and to those of two state‐of‐the‐art approaches. We perform a qualitative evaluation of the resulted microservices by analyzing the business capabilities of the identified microservices. Also a quantitative analysis using the state‐of‐the‐art metrics on independence of functionality and modularity of services was conducted. Our results show the effectiveness of our approach to automate one of the most time‐consuming steps in the migration of legacy systems to microservices. The proposed approach identifies architecturally significant microservices with a 68.15% precision and 77% recall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several supported liquid-phase (SLP) catalysts with immobilized Rh-biphephos complexes on monolithic supports were prepared and applied for continuous gas-phase hydroformylation (HyFo) of 1-butene. The support comprised macroporous monolithic silicon carbide (SiC) with deposited silica nanoparticles (NPs) in order to provide mesopores with enhanced capillary forces to retain the liquid-phase. Variable parameters were examined for the monolithic SiC supports, including size and loading of deposited silica NPs and intermediate calcination between silica deposition steps to obtain the most efficient support configuration for the SLP system. The SLP catalysts with larger deposited silica NPs gave higher catalytic activity (i.e. 1-butene conversion and turnover frequency) compared to the supports with smaller sized silica NPs. However, the selectivity towards the preferred linear aldehyde was higher in the SLP catalysts with supports containing less silica with small silica NPs. Importantly, the prepared SLP catalyst systems showed long-term stability in HyFo with negligible formation of high boiling aldol condensation products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we report the preparation of lipase immobilised on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) as an enantioselector for capillary monolithic columns and their application in the chiral separation of racemic pharmaceuticals. The columns were prepared through the encapsulation of functionalised SWCNTs (c-SWCNTs) within an organic monolithic polymer, followed by the immobilisation of lipase over the obtained monolith, over a three-day (L1) and five-day (L2) period. The prepared columns were tested for the enantioselective nano-HPLC separation of 50 racemic drugs. A suitable resolution was achieved for 25 drugs using nano-RP-HPLC conditions for both the L1 and L2 capillaries, while no specific resolution was detected under normal-phase HPLC conditions. The developed c-SWCNT-lipase-based polymeric monolithic capillaries are a promising expansion for separating pharmaceutical enantiomers' using nano-HPLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultralow flow LC employs ultra‐narrow bore columns and mid‐range pL/min to low nL/min flow rates (i.e., ≤20 nL/min). The separation columns that are used under these conditions are typically 2–30 μm in inner diameter. Ultralow flow LC systems allow for exceptionally high sensitivity and frequently high resolution. There has been an increasing interest in the analysis of scarce biological samples, for example, circulating tumor cells, extracellular vesicles, organelles, and single cells, and ultralow flow LC was efficiently applied to such samples. Hence, advances towards dedicated ultralow flow LC instrumentation, technical approaches, and higher throughput (e.g., tens‐to‐hundreds of single cells analyzed per day) were recently made. Here, we review the types of ultralow flow LC technology, followed by a discussion of selected representative ultralow flow LC applications, focusing on the progress made in bioanalysis of amount‐limited samples during the last 10 years. We also discuss several recently reported high‐sensitivity applications utilizing flow rates up to 100 nL/min, which are below commonly used nanoLC flow rates. Finally, we discuss the path forward for future developments of ultralow flow LC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, a green, carbon dioxide-in-water high-internal-phase emulsion (C/W HIPEs) was developed and stabilized with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) for the formation of chitosan oligosaccharide/poly(acrylamide-co-sodium 4-styrene sulfonate) [COS/P(AM-co-SSS)] monolithic porous hydrogel. The obtained monolith was characterized via FT-IR and SEM. The SEM patterns depicted that the monoliths were interconnected, the void sizes were 78.5 µm, and the interconnected pore throats were 28 μm approximately. Mechanical measurement results indicated that the maximum compress stress of the monolith could reach 334.4 kPa at 90% strain, and it exhibited good mechanical stability. After 200 cycles of compression, it could still recover its original shape without cracking. The obtained COS-based monolith was selected to remove tetracycline (TC) for evaluating the adsorptive features of the interpenetrating pore-containing monolith. The monolithic COS/P(AM-co-SSS) hydrogel behaved with strong antibiotic adsorption capacity (1600.4 mg/g for TC). The adsorption process agreed well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isothermal models. In addition, the porous monolith had a strong electrostatic force on TC according to the thermodynamic study. This work provides a green route for the development of novel monolithic hydrogels and highlights its potential application in the treatment of antibiotic-containing wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In miniaturized affinity chromatography, the development of hydrophilic organic monoliths with reduced non-specific interactions and high-protein grafting capacity remains a hot topic. In this work, we propose the one-step synthesis of a diol organic monolith to replace the gold-standard epoxy-based organic monoliths (which require post-modification, namely hydrolysis, prior to use). The synthesis of this new monolith builds upon the use of N-N'-Methylenebis(acrylamide) (MBA), as a hydrophilic crosslinker, and 2,3-dihydroxypropyl methacrylate (DHPMA), a diol monomer that eliminates the time-consuming epoxy ring opening step and its associated side reactions. The optimization of one-step synthesis parameters led to a monolith with a satisfactory permeability ((4.8 ± 0.5) × 10−14 m2), high efficiency (117,600 plates/m at optimum flow velocity (uopt = 0.09 cm s−1)) and reduced non-specific interactions. It is exemplified by its separation ability in the HILIC mode (separation of nucleosides), and by the retention data set of 41 test solutes, which were used to evaluate the non-specific interactions. This new poly(DHPMA-co-MBA) monolith has not only hydrophilic surface properties, but also improved protein grafting capacity compared to the glycidyl-based monolith (13 ± 0.7 pmol cm−1). The potential of this monolith is illustrated in affinity chromatography, where the concanavalin ligands are ranked according to their Kd values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we discuss about just-non-CLT groups and we give a characterization of solvable just-non-CLT groups which have no subgroup of index p, where p is the smallest prime dividing |G|. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present five new sorbents for the evaluation of the pre-concentration of L-carnitine. The sorbents were obtained from copolymerization between butylmethacrylate (BuMA) and ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA), which were physically modified on their surface by each one of the five synthetized resorcinarenes of variable chain length studied, with long-chain resorcinarenes exhibiting better fixation on the copolymer. The characterization of the synthesized resorcinarenes was done using FTIR-ATR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectrometry, while characterization of the sorbents was done using FTIR-ATR and scanning electron micrography (SEM). The molecular interaction between L-carnitine and the synthesized resorcinarenes was studied in DMSO via 1H-NMR spectroscopy and, in the gas phase, via electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The results showed that the short-chain resorcinarenes underwent a stable interaction with the neurotransmitter. Once the sorption of resorcinarenes on the copolymer was accomplished, the best parameters for the evaluation of the L-carnitine preconcentration were established. The solution tests were carried out through LC/MS analysis, obtaining better results for L-carnitine absorption with the short-chain resorcinarenes such as tetra(ethyl)calix[4]resorcinarene and tetra(propyl)calix[4]resorcinarene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the flow behaviour of monolith microchannels. Specifically, the study characterizes the flow regime within in-series monolith channels where highly turbulent flow approaches them but inside of the channels, the Reynolds number is subcritical. Results from LES and a transitional RANS model are compared to those obtained when directly assuming laminar flow inside of the channels. A space-resolved model of channels placed in series and channel Reynolds numbers ranging from 50 to 300 are considered. The results show that the flow pattern in is almost identical in the two channels and that the frequency of fluctuations tends to increase with the Reynolds number. The flow regime in both channels is unsteady laminar, containing a wide spectrum of frequencies. The tested transitional RANS model (k- k L - ω) is unable to capture the velocity fluctuations predicted by LES. Despite the differences in the velocity field prediction, the pressure drop estimation from all models is practically the same. This study provides insights into the flow behaviour of monolith reactors and is useful for reactor design and optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents an adsorption study of granular and composite adsorbents together with an analysis of the obtained images of the adsorbent surfaces. Based on the desiccator method of studying adsorbents, adsorption isotherms were plotted. According to these isotherms, active aluminum oxide was established as optimum for the manufacture of composite adsorption materials. However, the adsorption capacity of composite materials is less than that of granular adsorbents by 10–15%, which is compensated by higher density values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monoliths are promising as catalytic structured supports due to their many operational advantages. Compared to pellets, monoliths offer low backpressure and good heat distribution, even at high flow rates. There is interest in the industry for improving temperature control in highly exothermic systems, such as the catalytic hydrogenation of C O 2 for e-fuels synthesis. In this context, novel substrate shapes, such as non-homogeneous cell density monoliths, show good potential; however, to date, they have only been sparsely described. This work focuses on a dual cell density substrate and uses a computational model of a straight-channel monolith with two concentric regions to analyze its flow distribution. The central (core) and peripheral (ring) regions of the substrate differ in cell density in order to obtain a non-homogeneous cross-section. The model is validated against classical data in the literature and theoretical equations. Then, the flow fraction passing through each region of the substrate is registered. Several flow rates, core sizes and combinations of apparent permeabilities are tested. According to the results, the flow distribution depends only on the monolith geometrical features and not on the flow rate. A model for this phenomenon is proposed. The model accurately predicted the flow fraction passing through each region of the monolith for all the cases analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work discusses the fabrication and applicability of a cost-effective and ultra-sensitive solid-state optical sensor for quantifying Cu2+. The sensor is fabricated through the direct immobilization of the ligating probe, namely, (E)-2-(2-hydroxy-1,2-diphenylethylidene)hydrazine-1-carbothioamide (HDHC) onto the tailor-made porous organic polymer monolithic architect namely, poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-pentaerythritol trimethacrylate) (poly(GMA-co-PETMA)) for accurate recognition of Cu2+ in various water samples. The structural dimensions and surface morphologies of the fabricated sensor have been studied using p-XRD, HR-TEM, FE-SEM, SAED, EDAX, XPS, and N2 isotherm analysis. The receptor molecules form a stable ligand to metal charge-transfer (LMCT) complexes inducing a naked-eye colour transition from light yellow to brownish green. The greater surface area with a highly porous 3D network matrix of the polymer template enables the uniform impregnation of the probe HDHC molecules and increased accessibility of Cu2+ to the chelating functionalities of the receptor molecules and enhances the kinetics features. Moreover, the rigid spatial geometry of the impregnated receptor molecules onto the porous polymer template (PP template) restricts the binding sites for other competing cations in the sample matrix. Thus the sensor offers a superior selectivity and outstanding sensitivity for Cu2+, proving it the most promising sensing tool for real-time analysis. The sensor provides a linear response range of 2–100 ppb and offers an ultra-low detection limit of 0.68 ppb for Cu2+. The practical applicability of the sensor is verified with environmental water samples, which provided an excellent reproducibility with a recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a vital substance found throughout body. It helps convert food into energy and is eaten small amounts in foods. CoQ10 has gained great interest in recent years as a potential candidate for the treatment of various diseases. The content of CoQ10 in food samples is a crucial quality index for foods. Therefore, the development of sensitive separation and quantification method for determining the amount of CoQ10 in various samples, especially in foods, is an important issue, especially for food nutrition. In this study, a new, miniaturized monolithic column was developed and applied for the determination of CoQ10 in pistachio samples by nano-liquid chromatography (nano-LC). The monolithic column with a 50 µm i.d. was prepared by in situ polymerization using laurylmethacrylate (LMA) as the main monomer and ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA) as the crosslinker. Methanol (MeOH) and polyethyleneglycol (PEG) were used as porogenic solvents. The final monolithic column was characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and chromatographic analyses. The monolithic column with a 50 µm i.d. was applied to the analysis of CoQ10 in pistachio samples in nano-LC. This analytical method was validated by means of sensitivity, linearity, precision, recovery, and repeatability. The LOD and LOQ values were 0.05 and 0.48 µg/kg, respectively. The developed method using the monolithic column was optimized to achieve very sensitive analyses of CoQ10 content in the food samples. The applicability of the method was successfully demonstrated by the analysis of CoQ10 in pistachio samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clay and zeolite-clay-based monoliths (ZCBM and CBM) were used as mercury removal adsorbents in aqueous solutions. Clay and zeolite-clay-based monoliths (40 holes in 18 mm diameter) were obtained by extruding the material with water. This research aimed to investigate and compare the capacities and kinetics of two adsorbents, zeolite-clay, and clay-based monoliths, to identify the most effective adsorbent in adsorbing mercury(II) ions. The ZCBM and CBM crystal structures were characterized using a scanning electron microscope, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) theory, and an X-ray diffractometer. The effect of contact time (40, 80, 120, 160, 200, and 240 minutes), adsorbent doses (1 and 2 mg/L), as well as initial concentrations (1-5 mg/L) were variables evaluated. The most effective adsorbent is identified by selecting the highest adsorption efficiency. These equilibrium experimental data and the adsorption kinetics were investigated in a batch-type reactor. Data of equilibrium were examined with the Freundlich, Langmuir, and BET isotherm models by observing the lowest sum of squares (SSE) value. This Langmuir isotherm model indicated the most significant fit to the adsorption data of both adsorbents. To examine the kinetic data, the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetic models were implemented. This adsorption kinetic characterization using both ZCBM and CBM was well displayed by the pseudo-first-order model. Even though the maximum equilibrium adsorption capacity was 0.167 mg/g for ZCBM, but SSE value showed that CBM was the adsorbent with the highest adsorption efficiency, namely 72.3%. Therefore, CBM becomes the most effective adsorbent for mercury removal from water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non‐porous polyurethane‐based monoliths are prepared under solvent‐induced phase separation conditions. They possess low specific surface areas of 0.15 m2 g−1, pore volumes of 1 µL g−1, and a non‐permanent, solvent‐induced microporosity with pore dimensions ≤1 nm. Mesoporosity can be introduced by varying the monomers and solvents. A tuning of the average solubility parameter of the solvent mixture by increasing the macroporogen content results in a decrease in the volume fraction of micropores from 70% to 40% and an increase in the volume fraction of pores in the range of 1.7–9.6 nm from 22% to 41% with only minor changes in the volume fraction of larger mesopores in the range of 9.6–50 nm. The polymeric monoliths are functionalized with quaternary ammonium groups, which allowed for the immobilization of an ionic liquid that contained the ionic Rh‐catalyst [1‐(pyrid‐2‐yl)‐3‐mesityl)‐imidazol‐2‐ylidene))(η4‐1,5‐cyclooctadiene)Rh(I) tetrafluoroborate]. The supported catalyst is used in the hydrosilylation of 1‐alkynes with dimethylphenylsilane under continuous flow using methyl‐tert‐butyl ether as second liquid transport phase. E/Z‐selectivity in hydrosilylation is compared to the one of the analogous biphasic reactions. The strong increase in Z‐selectivity is attributed to a confinement effect provided by the small mesopores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corneal neovascularization is a serious corneal pathological change caused by various factors. The drug delivery system is of great significance for the effective treatment of corneal neovascularization. Herein, we developed and characterized a monolith/hydrogel composite as the triamcinolone acetonide (TA) carrier for curing corneal neovascularization. The composite was prepared by photo-initiated free radical polymerization of multi-methacrylate substituted dodecamine organic molecular cage and post-modified by the sequential photo-initiated free radical polymerization of acrylated gelatin. The globular morphology and structural property of as-prepared composites were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and solid-state cross polarization magic angle spinning carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance. Then swelling ratio and the TA loading capacity were investigated then. Compared with gelatin hydrogel, the composites exhibited a decreased swelling ratio and an improved loading capacity. With good biocompatibility, the composite can sustainedly release TA for up to 28 days, and effectively inhibit corneal neovascularization with an alkali burn-induced corneal neovascularization model. Additionally, tandem mass tags-labeled quantitative proteomics were performed to identify differentially expressed proteins between vascularized and devascularized corneas. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis revealed that the inhibition process could be primarily linked to the fibrinolytic system. These results demonstrated the potential of monolith/hydrogel composites as delivery systems in the therapy for biomedical diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is associated with the preparation of capillary chromatographic columns containing inorganic-organic composites comprised of naturally occurring montmorillonite (MMT) clay mineral and polymethacrylate monolithic material. The prepared composites combine the best qualities of both constituents, offering desirable properties for use under the disparate conditions of both GC and HPLC at the same time. The stationary phases were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the specific surface area, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and examined in terms of various conditions utilized for GC and HPLC methods. The prepared columns demonstrated an excellent permeability and stability against common chromatographic conditions, such as the eluent type, flow rate, pressure, and temperature. The results confirmed that the addition of small amounts of MMT into the monolith induced significant improvement in the specific surface area, which contributed to the formation of more active sites and enhanced the retention of analytes. The registered column backpressures did not exceed 980 kPa and 16,500 kPa for the prepared GC and HPLC columns, respectively. The prepared columns were subjected to the separation of various interesting compounds possessing different chemistries and polarities, including alkanes, alkylbenzenes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), alcohols, ketones, phenols, some common organic solvents, and isomeric mixtures. Under the optimal conditions, the efficiency of the columns fell between 4900–38,500 plates m−1 for GC and 3400–58,800 plates m−1 for capillary HPLC applications. In all cases, the measured chromatographic resolution was more than 1.38, with excellent an peak symmetry and low tailing factors. In comparison with the most commonly used commercial columns, the polysiloxane open tubular column for GC and silica-based C18 packed column for HPLC, the prepared GC columns demonstrated a faster separation with a higher efficiency, comparable resolution and tailing factors, and lower consumption of carrier gas. Regarding the capillary columns prepared for HPLC, the chromatographic experiments exposed a much lower run time with a comparable efficiency and resolution and drastically lower consumption of mobile phase solvents and samples. The results demonstrate that the MMT-based polymethacrylate monolith composites are applicable as novel and promising separation media for analyzing various mixtures of interest in different fields, such as petrochemical and environmental samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of e-Zbornik: Electronic Collection of Papers of the Faculty of Civil Engineering is the property of University of Mostar, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture & Geodesy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A trilobal capillary‐channeled polymer fiber stationary phase is evaluated for its performance for intact protein separations under reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography conditions. The separation quality, operational characteristics, and protein dynamic loading capacity on the fiber phases are compared to commercially‐available superficially porous and monolithic columns. The trilobal or "y‐shaped" polypropylene fiber phase was employed to separate a synthetic mixture of five proteins (having diverse chemistries and molecular weights). The separation quality was evaluated based on the resolution, peak heights/recoveries, peak widths, and peak areas. The present work illustrates the unique ability to operate at higher linear velocities (47.5 mm/s) while maintaining lower back pressures (∼4 MPa), faster separation times (<8 min), and faster gradient rates using the fiber columns while yielding comparable chromatographic performance to the commercial columns. The separations employing the commercial stationary phases operate at lower linear velocities (∼3.0 mm/s), higher back pressures (∼9 MPa), require longer separation times (10 min), and require slightly higher compositions of organic mobile phase to effect protein elution. Likewise, based on breakthrough loading analysis of lysozyme and bovine serum albumin, the trilobal, polypropylene C‐CP fiber column stationary phases demonstrate 3–9X greater binding capacities on a bed volume basis versus the commercial columns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, hierarchically macro/microporous monolithic MOF composite materials are fabricated through the HIPE template. The effects of MOF loading on the pore structure, thermal stability, mechanical property, and MOF accessibility are systematically investigated. As the MOF loading increased, the average pore size and mechanical property decreased while the thermal stability increased. Meanwhile, when the MOF loading is low, the monolith exhibited a low BET surface area, suggesting a low MOF accessibility due to the clogging of MOF pores by polymer and the embedment of MOF particles inside the polymer matrix, while at high MOF loadings, the accessibility can be increased to ≈80% owing to the formation of percolation network of MOF particles inside the polymer matrix. Finally, the obtained monolith exhibited good catalytic performance and can be easily regenerated and reused. This work provides some fundamental understandings of the effect of MOF loading on the properties of HIPE‐based porous monoliths and can facilitate the further development of MOFs and their composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sequestration of CO2 is crucial to prevent further worsening of the environmental impact caused by global warming. Monoliths and membranes made from polymeric and inorganic materials have been used for CO2 removal to address environmental issues. Rapid prototyping technology offers a great potential for the fabrication of monoliths and membranes with high flexibility in terms of geometry and structure. This paper reviews the potential of the monolith and membrane fabricated through rapid prototyping for CO2 removal. The printing mechanism, chemical composition used in the fabrication of monoliths and membranes, as well as their CO2 removal capability are reviewed. The potential of monoliths and membranes is expected to be maximized for CO2 removal with the high flexibility in tailoring the geometry, surface area and associated with the fast growth of rapid prototyping technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work deals with newly developed poly(styrene-divinylbenzene-methacrylic acid) monolithic columns for capillary electrochromatographic and capillary liquid chromatographic separations of low-molecular-weight organic compounds. The influence of the polymerization time on chromatographic properties of prepared monolithic capillary columns was studied by capillary electrochromatography and capillary liquid chromatography using a model mixture of thiourea, benzene, and its homologues. The effect of electrostatic interactions between methacrylic acid as a weak cation-exchanger and selected analytes (a mixture of three amino acids, and thiourea, or diethylamine) on their retention in capillary liquid chromatography was investigated. The determined run-to-run and batch-to-batch repeatabilities indicate high reliability of the preparation of the separation media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we have developed a simple technique to prepare cationic chitosan hydrogel with interconnected porous structure using freeze–thaw process and the obtained hydrogel was named FCS hydrogel. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging discovered that the synthesized hydrogel demonstrated interconnected porous structure in the scope of 5–20 μm. We also showed that the FCS hydrogel exhibits pH responsiveness behavior, and demonstrated reversible swelling and de-swelling behaviors maintaining their mechanical stability. We demonstrate that the FCS hydrogel swelling capacity decreased at alkaline pH and rose with a decline in pH value. Besides, the FCS hydrogel presented specific surface area of 78.25 ± 8.75 m2 g−1, due to the cryogenic treatment of glutaraldehyde cross-linked chitosan hydrogel could increase the surface area and permeability of composite hydrogel and then strongly increasing the adsorption capacity. Subsequently, the FCS monolithic hydrogel tested dyes removal, which provides a high removal efficiency towards anionic dyes including congo red (CR) and sodium fluorescein (SFL) dyes. Significantly, we show that the FCS hydrogel could be regenerated and reused as an adsorbent for wastewater treatment without significant loss of pollutants removal efficiency over a number of adsorption and washing cycles. This study offers a promising environmental friendly and sustainable interconnected porous hydrogel for anionic dye removal from wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adsorbent monoliths are gaining increasing interest in gas phase separation processes, but have rarely been studied for liquid phase separations. In this work, we investigate an activated carbon monolith for the recovery of biobutanol from model liquid mixtures as well as compare the obtained column dynamics with the adsorption of biobutanol from gas mixtures. Single solute adsorption isotherms of acetone, n-butanol and ethanol revealed the carbon's larger affinity for n-butanol (0.11 g/g adsorbed at 2 wt%), while dynamic separations on a fixed-bed of crushed monolith granules proved its capability to effectively separate an aqueous mixture of these three fermentation products. In contrast, liquid phase breakthrough experiments of n-butanol on the monolith column were marked by almost instantaneous detection of adsorbate at the outlet (< 5 min.) and broad tailing of the concentration curve. Measures to improve inlet flow distribution or increasing temperature to enhance mass transfer were unsuccessful. In contrast, using the same inlet flow distributors, a sharp breakthrough profile could be obtained in vapor phase, while the gas contact time (17 s) was much lower than in liquid phase (1300 s). A comparison of characteristic mass transfer times of the adsorption process highlighted the important role of the external film resistance in liquid compared to vapor phase adsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porous monolithic ceramic materials have been fabricated based on poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and sol nanoparticles by a series of procedures, including thermally impacted and non-solvent induced phase separations, solvent exchange, ambient pressure drying, and calcination. The morphology and properties of the porous ceramic materials could be tailored by tuning cooling temperatures, PVA concentrations, ratios of sol nanoparticles to PVA, and sizes of sol nanoparticles. These parameters exert important influence on the phase separation process, and eventually affect the morphology and properties of porous ceramic materials. For monolithic SiO2 materials, a low density of 0.19 g/cm3, a high porosity of 92%, and a large specific surface area of 30 m2/g were achieved, exhibiting potential applications in adsorption, catalysis, and filtration applications fields. Moreover, as a general and facile method, it could also be extended to fabricate porous monolithic TiO2, ZrO2 and other oxide ceramic materials. Highlights: A facile and general approach for the fabrication of porous monolithic ceramic materials is developed via phase separations in solutions of PVA and sol nanoparticles. Monolithic SiO2, TiO2, and ZrO2 materials with hierarchical and three-dimensional interconnected pores have been successfully fabricated. The porous structures of monolithic ceramic materials are mainly determined by the phase separation process, whose influences factors are systematically elucidated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood‐derived monolithic carbon materials have attracted increasing attention because of the unique porous structure, renewability, and easy processing. They are frequently used as a structural functional material in energy, environment, catalysis, and other applications recently. Wood‐derived monolithic carbon materials still exhibit the interconnected capillary array structure of wood which is in favor of mass transfer and energy storage/conversion offering application performance and prospect. Herein, wood‐derived monolithic carbon materials, from preparation to function application, are summarized. Various wood raw materials and carbonization methods are described in this work, as well as their impressive application performance in different fields. The aim is to provide an overview of the different monolithic carbon materials obtained from bulk wood which are employed for various functional applications, including energy storage/conversion, environmental conservation, solar steam generation devices, catalysis, and microwave absorption. This review will deepen the understanding of wood‐derived monolithic carbon utilization and inspire new ideas in the area of designing advanced wood‐based materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Xi'an Polytechnic University is the property of Editorial Department of Journal of Xi'an Polytechnic University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A new feature of hydrophobic fumed silica nanoparticles (HFSNPs) when they apply to the preparation of monolithic nano-columns using narrow monolithic fused silica capillary columns (e.g., 50-µm inner diameter) was presented. The monolithic nano-columns were synthesized by an in-situ polymerization using butyl methacrylate (BMA) and ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA) at various concentrations of AEROSIL®R972, called HFSNPs. Dimethyl formamide (DMF) and water were used as the porogenic solvents. These columns (referred to as HFSNP monoliths) were successfully characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and reversed-phase nano-LC using alkylbenzenes and polyaromatic hydrocarbons as solute probes. The reproducibility values based on run-to-run, column-to-column and batch-to-batch were found as 2.3%, 2.48% and 2.99% (n = 3), respectively. The optimized column also indicated promising hydrophobic interactions under reversed-phase conditions, while the feasibility of the column allowed high efficiency and high throughput nano-LC separations. The potential of the final HFSNP monolith in relation to intact protein separation was successfully demonstrated using six intact proteins, including ribonuclease A, cytochrome C, carbonic anhydrase isozyme II, lysozyme, myoglobin, and α-chymotrypsinogen A in nano-LC. The results showed that HFSNP-based monolithic nanocolumns are promising materials and are powerful tools for sensitive separations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chloramphenicol (CAP) is an effective antibiotic with broad spectrum against gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria, while it is used to treat various infections in animals. Although CAP is banned for usage in the livestock products including, milk, honey, seafood, and royal jelly, CAP is still often detected in foods of animal origin, posing a threat to consumer health. The use of CAP is restricted in many countries due to its side effect in human metabolic process according to the Expert Committee on Food Additives (ECFA) recommendation. Chloramphenicol glucuronide (CAPG) is also a metabolic product of CAP, which may be a hazardous chemical for human health. Therefore, the development of sensitive separation and quantification method is an important issue, especially for food safety. Herein, we reported the preparation and application of a monolithic nano‐column for CAP and CAPG analyses in foods by ProFlow Nano liquid chromatography (ProFlow Nano LC). The monolithic nano‐column was prepared by an in situ polymerization using 3‐chloro‐2‐hydroxypropylmethacrylate (HPMA‐Cl) and ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA) and followed graphene oxide (GO) modification. After characterization, the monolithic nano‐column was used for the analysis of CAP and CAPG in honey and milk samples by ProFlow Nano LC. The whole method was validated in terms of linearity, sensitivity, precision, recovery, and repeatability, while it led to obtain high sensitivity with limit of quantification was found as 0.02 µg/kg for CAP. Limit of quantification for CAPG was found as 0.08 µg/kg. The developed method with monolithic nano‐column was optimized to achieve very sensitive analyses of CAP and CAPG in the food samples. The applicability of the nano‐column was successfully demonstrated by the analysis of CAP and CAPG in milk and honey samples. Practical Application: This article describes the preparation and application of a monolithic nano‐column for the separation and determination of chloramphenicol and chloramphenicol glucuronide in food samples by ProFlow Nano LC. The use of new and advanced techniques is a crucial issue in the food science and technology. In this sense, this study demonstrated a new food analysis method using advanced instrumental technique with a homemade monolithic nano‐column. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review focuses on the development and applications of organic polymer monoliths, with special attention to the literature published in 2021. The latest protocols in the preparation of polymer monoliths are discussed. In particular, tailored surface modification using nanomaterials, the development of chiral stationary phases and development of stationary phases for capillary electrochromatography are reviewed. Furthermore, the optimization of pore forming solvents composition is also discussed. Finally, the use of monolithic stationary phases in sample treatment using solid‐phase extraction and enrichment methods, molecularly imprinted polymers and enzymatic reactors is mentioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The honeycomb type monolith reactor dominates the field of catalytic automotive exhaust gas after treatment systems and is increasingly being used in other applications. Advanced computational modelling of such systems can provide valuable insight into their operating characteristics and be used as a design tool. This reactor provides an excellent example of a multi-scale modelling challenge with many complexities. This paper provides a perspective on the development and use of computational modelling tools in this context over the last 30 years, with an emphasis on the work published by the researchers at the University of Alberta. This paper covers all aspects of model development, including single channel and full-scale reactor models and inter and intra mass and heat transfer effects, with the latter including radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The monolithic materials of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) can be used successfully in CO2 adsorption. Here, the incorporation of CeO2 particles with and without polymer brushes grafted from the particles showed that the structural properties could be changed, affecting the adsorption of CO2. Polymer brushes of (1) poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), (2) poly(vinyl caprolactam) (PVCL) and (3) poly[(2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl) trimethylammonium chloride] (PMETAC) were grafted from CeO2 via reversible addition−fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The preparation of monoliths of rGO with different modified CeO2 particles led to different thermal properties (TGA), structural changes (BET isotherms) and CO2 adsorption. The responsive character of the CeO2@polymer was proven by the DLS and UV results. The responsive character of the particles incorporated into the rGO monolith affected not only the adsorption capacity but also the microstructure and values of the surface volume of the pores of the monolith. Monoliths with porosity values for better adsorption were affected by the responsive character of the polymer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a porous polyvinylpyrrolidone/single-walled carbon nanotube incorporated polymerized high internal phase emulsion (PVP/SWCNT-polyHIPE) monolithic column was fabricated and developed as a solid phase extraction (SPE) adsorbent coupled with high performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection (SPE-HPLC-FLD) for the determination of tetracycline (TC), oxytetracycline (OTC), chlorotetracycline (CTC), and doxycycline (DC) in environmental water samples. The proposed monolithic sorbent was easily produced by in-situ polymerizing of high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs), and performed high extraction ability to the four tetracycline antibiotics (TCs). The extraction conditions including sample pH, sample flow rate, sample volume, desorption solvent and its volume were studied by investigating the recoveries of the four TCs, and the optimal extraction conditions were obtained. Under the optimized conditions, the PVP/SWCNT-polyHIPE based SPE-HPLC-FLD method exhibited good linearity in the range of 20–800 ng/mL for four tetracycline antibiotics with correlation coefficients higher than 0.9996. For water samples, the detection limits (LODs, S/N = 3) ranged from 1.0–2.5 ng mL−1 for four tetracycline antibiotics. The intra-day (n = 15) and inter-day (n = 5) precisions (expressed in terms of relative standard deviation (RSD %) were in the range of 0.5–2.2 and 1.3–5.7%, respectively. The spiked recoveries were in the range of 85.0–101.7 % with RSDs lower than 4.0%. Furthermore, the prepared polyHIPE monoliths allowed more than 100 extraction cycles without any loss in the extraction efficiency. The developed method enables us to detect trace tetracycline antibiotics in water samples. The method can be useful in the extraction and determination of antibiotics in all kinds of environmental water samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monolithic porous nanostructures of CaO–MgO composites were synthesized by a rapid self-sustained combustion reaction of molded pellets made of a mixture of nitrate salts of calcium and magnesium, urea, and starch. Urea is the fuel, and starch acts as a binder and a removable in situ template leading to porous monoliths. The synthesis is rapid, single-step, and solvent-free. In addition, the products retained a small quantity (1–2%) of carbon formed from starch. Porous monoliths were probed for high-temperature (650 °C) CO2 capture at atmospheric pressure in a 20% CO2 gas stream. While the pristine CaO porous nanostructure captured 76.8 mass % of CO2 initially, it retained only a capture of 22 mass %, equivalent to 28% carbonation efficiency, after 100 carbonation–decarbonation cycles. The CaO–MgO porous nanostructures with varied amounts of MgO (10–40 mol %) exhibit CO2 capture capacities of 67–51 mass % of the sorbent. CaO80–MgO20 porous nanostructures captured 61.6 mass % of CO2 and retained 84.6% (52.1 mass % of CO2) of its initial capacity after 100 carbonation–decarbonation cycles. Thus, the hetero-oxide porous nanostructures exhibit enhanced cycle stability in addition to high CO2 capture capacity, repressing the sintering-induced limitation of porous CaO. The high carbonation efficiency and cycling stability of the porous nanostructures as CO2 sorbents are attributed to the synergistic combination of large surface area, a porous network, and an inert MgO stabilizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]