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Short bubble and subsequent surface oxygenation is an innovative oxygenation technique and alternative for membrane oxygenation during hypothermic machine perfusion (HMP). The metabolic effect of the interruption of surface oxygenation for 4 h (mimicking organ transport) during HMP was compared to continuous surface and membrane oxygenation in a pig kidney ex situ preservation model. After 30 min of warm ischemia by vascular clamping, a kidney of a ±40 kg pig was procured and subsequently preserved according to one of the following groups: (1) 22-h HMP + intermittent surface oxygenation (n = 12); (2) 22-h HMP + continuous membrane oxygenation (n = 6); and (3) 22-h HMP + continuous surface oxygenation (n = 7). Brief perfusate O2 uploading before kidney perfusion was either obtained by direct bubble (groups 1, 3) or by membrane (group 2) oxygenation. Bubble oxygenation during minimum 15 min was as efficient as membrane oxygenation in achieving supraphysiological perfusate pO2 levels before kidney perfusion. Metabolic tissue analysis (i.e., lactate, succinate, ATP, NADH, and FMN) during and at the end of the preservation period demonstrated similar mitochondrial protection between all study groups. Short bubble and subsequent intermittent surface oxygenation of the perfusate of an HMP-kidney might be an effective and cheap preservation strategy to protect mitochondria, eliminating the need/costs of a membrane oxygenator and oxygen source during transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of high-risk renal grafts for transplantation requires the optimization of pretransplant assessment and preservation reconditioning strategies to decrease the organ discard rate and to improve short- and long-term clinical outcomes. Active oxygenation is increasingly recognized to play a central role in dynamic preservation strategies, independent of preservation temperature, to recondition mitochondria and to restore the cellular energy profile. The oxygen-related decrease in mitochondrial succinate accumulation ameliorates the harmful effects of ischemia-reperfusion injury. The differences between normothermic and hypothermic machine perfusion with regard to organ assessment, preservation, and reconditioning, as well as the logistic and economic implications, are factors to take into consideration for implementation at a local level. Therefore, these different techniques should be considered complementary to the perfusion strategy selected depending on functional intention and resource availability. This review provides an overview of the current clinical evidence of normothermic and oxygenated hypothermic machine perfusion, either as a continuous or end-ischemic preservation strategy, and future perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deceased donor kidney transplant: assessment of eligibility for donor and kidneyKidney transplantation is the optimal treatment for selected patients with end-stage kidney failure. However, the demand for kidney transplantation exceeds the supply of organs available. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, in an attempt to increase the pool of deceased donor organs and reduce organ discard rates, kidney transplant programs have been developed using Expanded Criteria Donor kidneys, for Single or Dual Kidney Transplantation, and kidneys from Donation after Circulatory Death. Moreover, for appropriately selected candidates, are now offered organs from donors with increased but "acceptable" risk profile for the transmission of infectious and neoplastic diseases. Based on this reality, to date, the assessment of eligibility for a deceased donor to kidney transplantation is complex and requires a multidisciplinary approach through each step of the donation process. In this review, we outline the various modalities of kidney transplantation from a deceased donor. We also report the eligibility criteria based on the donor profile for diseases transmissible to the recipient, and the scores based on donor characteristics and histology criteria from kidney biopsies that are currently used to refine the quality of organs used for transplantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of high-risk renal grafts for transplantation requires optimization of pretransplant preservation and assessment strategies to improve clinical outcomes as well as to decrease organ discard rate. With oxygenation proposed as a resuscitative measure during hypothermic machine preservation, this review provides a critical overview of the fundamentals of active oxygenation during hypothermic machine perfusion, as well as the current preclinical and clinical evidence and suggests different strategies for clinical implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]