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Objectives: Assess the association between nomophobia and temperaments in the Lebanese population. Methods: The cross‐sectional study was conducted between January and July 2019 (N = 2260). Results: A total of 1089 of the participants (48.3%) appeared to have moderate nomophobia while 349 (15.5%) were found to exhibit severe nomophobia. Multivariable analysis showed that higher hyperthymic temperament (β = −0.34) was associated with less nomophobia, whereas higher irritable temperament (β = 0.43) was associated with more nomophobia. Practical implications: The findings obtained from our study showed that a more irritable temperament was significantly associated with a more severe nomophobia, while hyperthymic temperament was associated with less nomophobia. They open up new perspectives for the evaluation of the temperaments among nomophobics with a better focus on the personality model and how they can predict nomophobia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS) has been defined as a new onset of IBS following an episode of acute infectious diarrhea. Objective: To determine the frequency of postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS) among children who have an episode of acute infectious diarrhea. Subjects and Methods: A case control longitudinal study was conducted on 93 children who fulfilled the criteria for diagnosis of acute infectious gastroenteritis. Patients were recruited from the Outpatient Clinic, Children's Hospital, Ain Shams University, during a period of 6 months and were followed up for 3 months for the development of symptoms of IBS according to Rome IV criteria for diagnosis of IBS. They were compared to 100 age- and sex-matched controls who do not have history of acute infectious gastroenteritis during the last 3 months before enrollment. Result: The age of studied cases ranged between (4-15) years old with a mean ±SD=9.26 ± 3.20 years. Females represented 61.3% of cases. PI-IBS occurred in 14%of cases with age ranged between (4-14) years old and females represented 61.5% of PI-IBS cases. Meanwhile, the incidence of IBS 3.2% of uninfected controls (relative risk, RR = 4.33). Most cases of PI-IBS were diarrhea prominent. There was no significant association with the causative organism identified among cases. Rota virus represented the most common organism among our patients with incidence of (32.3%) followed by campylobacter, salmonella, adeno virus, and giardia with incidence of (9.7%), (8.6%), (5.4%), (6.5%), respectively, while (37.6%) of patients have negative stool cultures for the mentioned organisms. Conclusion: The frequency of PI-IBS is common among pediatrics but does not seem to be associated with the causative organism of the preceding episode of infectious diarrhea. Raising the awareness about this entity is of outmost importance as this will allow targeted treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The etiology of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is not well understood but appears to have both biologically-based roots and can develop following adverse experiences. The current study is the first to examine the interaction between biologically-based factors and type of trauma experience (i.e., interpersonal and non-interpersonal) and associations with ODD. The psychophysiological factors included baseline resting heart rate, respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), and cortisol. ODD was measured as two dimensions of irritable and defiant/vindictive. The sample included 330 children, 3–7 years-old, oversampled for a history of trauma. Results showed the interactions between baseline physiological arousal variables and trauma type in predicting ODD dimensions were not supported. However, the baseline RSA by trauma interaction was a significant predictor of defiance/vindictiveness among boys, but not girls, when interpersonal trauma was compared to controls. Several other gender differences emerged. Among boys, both interpersonal and non-interpersonal trauma were predictive of ODD dimensions; however, among girls, non-interpersonal trauma was not. Among girls, there was a significant negative bivariate relationship between baseline cortisol and irritability. Also, when the sample was restricted to those with interpersonal trauma only and controls, baseline RSA was negatively associated with irritability in girls only (controlling for trauma). Finally, retrospective reports revealed that children who met criteria for ODD diagnosis and experienced interpersonal trauma were more likely to exhibit ODD symptoms prior to their trauma compared to those who experienced non-interpersonal trauma. Results are discussed in the context of previous mixed findings, and avenues for future research are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose: To examine these temperaments among patients with substance use disorder (SUD) in the Lebanese population. Design: Case‐control. Methods: Fifty‐seven controls and 57 patients with SUD were enrolled between April and September 2017. Results: A significantly higher mean of depressive, irritable, and anxious temperaments was found in addicted patients as compared with the nonaddicts. However, the results of the multivariate analysis showed that anxious, hyperthymic, irritable temperaments would significantly increase the odds of addiction in participants (ORa = 25.20, 1.057, 1.168, 1.241, and 1.275). Cyclothymic temperament would significantly decrease the odds of addiction in participants (ORa = 0.817). Furthermore, suicidality was associated with depressive, anxious, and irritable temperaments. Practice Implications: Hyperthymic, irritable, and anxious temperaments were the main temperaments found in patients with SUD in Lebanon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article represents an initial attempt to adapt the three most relevant components of Moyer's animal aggression typology to humans. These include predatory (unemotional, goal-directed), irritable (anger-based), and defensive (fear-based) aggression. As different brain networks are likely involved, the authors hypothesized that executive function and personality tests could differentiate violent from nonviolent criminals and discriminate the types originally classified on the basis of criminal history. Discriminant analyses correctly classified 80% of the violent and nonviolent groups and 74% of the predatory and irritable groups. Of theoretical salience, the predatory group resembled the unimpaired nonviolent group only on the cognitive Integrated Visual and Auditory Continuous Performance Test but was indistinguishable from the impaired irritable aggression group on the Iowa Gambling, suggesting inhibitory deficits primarily in the face of reward opportunity. Implications for the theory and application to risk assessment are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a widespread functional bowel disorder and its prevalence in Western societies ranges from 3-20%. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of IBS in eastern Turkey, particularly in urban parts of Elazig where 250 000 people live. Of the 18 primary care centers, four were randomly selected for this study. All individuals (aged >17 years) living around the service area of these health centers were included. A total of 1900 subjects were randomly selected using the personal health records from the primary care centers. The total number of subjects that could be contacted was 1766. A questionnaire with multiple choice questions was applied to the subjects by medical students using the face-to-face technique. Prevalence of IBS and distribution of symptoms were evaluated by the Rome II criteria. Of the 1766 subjects, 45.4% were male and 54.6% were female. Prevalence of IBS was 5% in males, 7.4% in females and 6.3% overall. The percentage of subjects with IBS in the 17–30 years age group was 26.2%; 52.3% in the 30–50 years age group and 21.6% in the above 50 years age group. Prevalence of IBS was highest (10.2%) in persons who were illiterate and lowest (3.0%) in university graduates. A positive correlation was determined between low economical status and prevalence of IBS ( P < 0.05). Although IBS is widely present in Turkey, its prevalence is lower than that reported in Western communities. In the region where this study was carried out, IBS was more prevalent in females and in individuals with low educational and economical status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The bladder and colon are from the same embryological origin and anatomically neighbors, and share a motor nerve. Since they are parts of the pelvic floor structure, the striated closing and supporting muscles are also the same. The bladder and colon have a similar function for storing and emptying urine and stool, respectively. Based on many similar features of these two diseases and their high prevalence in general population, it was aimed to investigate the frequency of gastroenterological complaints in patients with overactive bladder within this study. Method: This study was carried out with patients who applied Bezmialem Vakıf University Urology Clinic at February-December 2019. The 151 patients, who were diagnosed as overactive bladder according to OAB-V8, were informed about the subject and included in the study regarding their consent. Birmingham irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptom questionnaire was used to investigate the existence of IBS and it was aimed to interrogate the frequency of gastroenterological symptoms through this investigation. Results: The mean age of the 151 patients that participated to this study was 48.17±14.97 years. It was also reported that 109 (72.2%) of these participants were women and 42 (27.8%) of them were men. Participants’ average age was evaluated with the average scores of related questions investigating diarrhea, constipation and fecal urgency, respectively; it was seen that there was no relationship between age and related questions that interrogated these three symptoms (p>0.05). Nevertheless, participants’ mean age and the questions interrogating abdominal pain were considered as statistically significant (p<0.05). A statistically significant correlation was found between the participants’ OAB-V8 scores and Birmingham IBS symptom questionnaire scores (p<0.05). Conclusion: Previous studies have implied that patients with OAB have some other complaints besides urinary system complaints. Hereby, it is important to evaluate patients diagnosed with OAB with a multidisciplinary approach. To represent the population better, larger scale and multicenter studies are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]