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The paper talks about the Simulation model of I2C controller by using this a patient can measure a Heart pulse rate and do clinical check-ins if any problem detected. A sensor system was designed for patient self-monitoring with outputs displayed on LCDs. The proposed i2C interface model was prototyped in Sparton3 FPGA board. The proposed model comprised a I2C slave and I2C Master. The "master" collects results from the "slaves" and transmits the data to a personal computer for display. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microscale gas chromatography (μGC) systems are miniaturized instruments that typically incorporate one or several microfabricated fluidic elements; such systems are generally well suited for the automated sampling and analysis of gas-phase chemicals. Advanced μGC systems may incorporate more than 15 elements and operate these elements in different coordinated sequences to execute complex operations. In particular, the control software must manage the sampling and analysis operations of the μGC system in a time-sensitive manner; while operating multiple control loops, it must also manage error conditions, data acquisition, and user interactions when necessary. To address these challenges, this work describes the investigation of multithreaded control software and its evaluation with a representative μGC system. The μGC system is based on a progressive cellular architecture that uses multiple μGC cells to efficiently broaden the range of chemical analytes, with each cell incorporating multiple detectors. Implemented in Python language version 3.7.3 and executed by an embedded single-board computer, the control software enables the concurrent control of heaters, pumps, and valves while also gathering data from thermistors, pressure sensors, capacitive detectors, and photoionization detectors. A graphical user interface (UI) that operates on a laptop provides visualization of control parameters in real time. In experimental evaluations, the control software provided successful operation and readout for all the components, including eight sets of thermistors and heaters that form temperature feedback loops, two sets of pressure sensors and tunable gas pumps that form pressure head feedback loops, six capacitive detectors, three photoionization detectors, six valves, and an additional fixed-flow gas pump. A typical run analyzing 18 chemicals is presented. Although the operating system does not guarantee real-time operation, the relative standard deviations of the control loop timings were <0.5%. The control software successfully supported >1000 μGC runs that analyzed various chemical mixtures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a proposal of project-based learning (PBL) as a didactic tool to meet the learning results (LR) proposed in the syllabus of the course Digital Design with Microcontrollers taught in the Electronic Engineering course of the Faculty of Engineering of the Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas in Bogotá, Colombia. Students are provided with all the information related to the project, the design methodology, what is expected from the project, and how to evaluate the results of the work done. The proposed methodology shows the students that, from a practical project usually applied to the real environment, the theoretical information shown in the classroom is immediately applicable, increasing their motivation and willingness to work. In addition, another skill, teamwork, is reinforced by applying this type of teaching, since each member of the working group (three students per group) has a role in the project's development. The low-cost development kit CY8CKIT-059 for PSoC5LP, manufactured by Infineon Technologies AG, is used in the course to apply the proposal. As a case study to demonstrate the methodology, the design of a data logger that stores humidity and temperature from a digital sensor, developed as one of several projects presented by students in recent semesters, is presented. When comparing the quantitative results obtained from the course in previous semesters with those obtained after applying the project-based learning methodology, a significant improvement can be seen: the percentage of students passing is significantly higher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Serial peripheral interface (SPI) transfers the data between electronic devices like micro controllers and other peripherals. SPI consists of two control lines: select signal and clock signal, and two data lines: input and output. In single master-single slave, the communication is in between master and slave only which will make the design complex and costly, area will increase. In regular SPI mode, the number of chip-select lines is increased if the number of slaves increases. Due to this, the input data received by the master from the slaves are corrupted at master input slave output (MISO). The proposed daisy chain method is used to overcome this problem. The daisy chain method requires only one chip select line at master compared to the regular SPI mode. When the chip-select line is active low, all the slaves are active, and the clock is initiated to all the slaves to transfer the data from the master to the first slave through the master output slave input (MOSI). In this paper, the daisy-chain SPI is designed and developed using Verilog. The proposed design is verified using system Verilog (SV) and universal verification methodology (UVM) in QuestaSim. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this work is to showcase the capabilities of Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) as powerful reconfigurable computing devices for educational and research purposes. The work will demonstrate the high processing power of an FPGA by controlling multiple I²C buses to and from peripheral sensors. The article will provide a guide on implementing a state machine in VHDL hardware description language and will present the response of the sensors and the working capacity of Basys 3 FPGA. The I²C signals will be visualized using a Logic Analyzer and explained. The conclusion of the article will highlight the capabilities of FPGAs and explore the potential for their use in other complex tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The last decade has seen significant advances in power optimization for IoT sensors. The conventional wisdom considers that if we reduce the power consumption of each component (e.g., processor, radio) into μ W-level of power, the IoT sensors could achieve overall ultra-low power consumption. However, we show that this conventional wisdom is overturned, as bus communication can take significant power for exchanging data between each component. In this paper, we analyze the power efficiency of bus communication and ask whether it is possible to reduce the power consumption for bus communication. We observe that existing bus architectures in mainstream IoT devices can be classified into either push-pull or open-drain architecture. push-pull only adapts to unidirectional communication, whereas open-drain inherently fits for bidirectional communication which benefits simplifying bus topology and reducing hardware costs. However, open-drain consumes more power than push-pull due to the high leakage current consumption while communicating on the bus. We present Turbo, a novel approach introducing low power to the open-drain based buses by reducing the leakage current created on the bus. We instantiate Turbo on I 2 C bus and evaluate it with commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) sensors. The results show a 76.9 % improvement in power efficiency in I 2 C communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper represents a resume of the study about a data acquisition system for monitoring and debugging an I2C (Inter Integrated Circuit) communication. The system has the role of a sniffer: it does not interfere with the data communicated between the master and slave. It can be connected to only one I2C bus at the time and it sends the data using the USB (Universal Serial Bus) to the computer. The acquired data will be displayed using an interface created in LabVIEW, while also being saved in a separate file. This system consists of a microcontroller with integrated SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) peripheral and a SPI to USB transceiver. The USB connection will also power the device. The system was only designed and tested for I2C communications up to 400kbit/s (Fast-mode) with a 7-bit address. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the design and construction of an interactive display that lets users create and modify their own tunes through the use of capacitive touch sensors, multi-color light-emitting diodes, and multiple microcontrollers. This table, called an "interactive music table," uses capacitive touch sensors on a twelve-by-sixteen matrix. Each of the twelve rows will represent one of twelve different sounds. The user will touch the sensor to activate or deactivate a sound. A "beat bar," or "counter bar," similar to the steel comb of a music box that is plucked by pins on a cylinder, will scan the table one column at a time to determine which lights are activated, thus "reading the score." Using these data, the system determines which sounds to output to the speakers. The Arduino microcontroller as the "conductor" directs or "conducts" the two PJRC Teensy microcontrollers, or "Symphony," each one controlling six of the twelve programmed sounds, based on the input "score" from the sensors. The Teensys are multi-channel devices, which allow multiple notes to be played simultaneously. The Teensys are connected to amplifier boards which output audio signals to the four built-in speakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this paper, we report a detailed description of developed Flex-SPI firmware structure together with experimental tests carried out by using ad-hoc instrumental setups based on TI MSPEXP430F5438 experimenter boards. Developed framework, aimed to provide a solid base to test the possibility of performing a shared SPI communication with a fixed number of wires without renouncing to push-pull output stage advantages, has been implemented and successfully validated. Also, FlexSPI energy consumption has been evaluated and then compared with the I2C one, by proper experimental setups and related data processing: the two protocols, in fact, share several features, although they rely on a different hardware configuration. The energy/bit metric was chosen so that the two output stages can be compared regardless the effective quantity of exchanged packets; thus, this measure provides an indication of necessary energy amount to move a single bit to guarantee the correct firmware functionality. Despite larger quantity of exchanged data due to channel reservation needs (with a 35% traffic overhead, in the performed tests), the FlexSPI total energy consumption is comparable with the I2C one, at the same communication speed; thus a lower energy/bit requirement is required for FlexSPI protocol, decreasing with the negotiated speed, in this way proving FlexSPI protocol as a suited and valid choice for high-speed low-consumption communications inside embedded systems with a developed architecture capable of great flexibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper proposes a project of drive circuit of real-time image capturing and displaying based on FPGA. The OmniVision's 0V7670 is chosen as CMOS image sensor, while Altera's Cyclone II series EP2C8Q208C8N as the logic control chip. The drive circuit has been verified by Modelsim. The simulation results show that the system meets the requirements of timing and stable image output perfectly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a fully-integrated IR-UWB radio, designed to operate within the limits of mm-scale micro-battery for cubic-mm sensor nodes. It includes an RF front-end, battery current limiter, baseband modem with I2C interface, and temperature-compensated relaxation oscillator for frequency generation without a crystal. The peak current draw from a modern mm-scale battery must be <100 µA, below a radio's active power consumption. Thus, duty-cycling the radio only at the packet level is not an option, and so this IR-UWB radio includes an integrated modem which duty-cycles the RF front-end at the bit-level. A current limiter protects the battery from over-current conditions, and the radio operates from on-chip storage capacitance that is recharged between bits. The radio operates at 30 kb/s with a center frequency of 9.8 GHz. It consumes 291 µW average power in transmit mode while broadcasting 0.1 dBm pulses, and 306 µW in receive mode with a sensitivity of –77 dBm. The area of the radio is 2.73 mm². [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper describes the development of a control hardware and software for a nano-fiber electro-spinning system. The hardware consists of motor driver boards, a high DC voltage board, and a main control board. The user interface software on PC is developed using Visual Studio C # 2010 express edition. The motor driver boards are controlled by an ATmega8 microcontroller IC, while the main board is controlled by an ATmega 128 microcontroller IC. Communication between the main board and the motor driver boards uses the inter integrated circuit (I2C), while communication between PC and the main board uses a serial communication at a baud rate of 9,600 bps. The high DC voltage generator is designed to have an output of 0-25 kV. High DC voltage output is configurable by giving a combination of low logic and high impedance into a six bit input. The result show that maximum output of high DC voltage is 25.025 kV with formula of curve is y = 1x - 0.0244 with R2 = 0.9998 and PC software interface can work very well. Polymer flow rate can be configured from PC interface software via I2C connected to the main board. The flow rate y follows the RPM setting x, according to the formula y = 0.954x -0.0099 with R2 = 1. The results of scanning electron microscope (SEM) for morphology analysis of PVDF copolymer composite nano-fiber shows that the average diameter of the resulted fiber is 136.43 nm, when output high DC voltage is set to 15 kV and speed of syringe pump is set to 5 RPM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today's desired power managing devices are smart, embeddable, highly energy efficient and with small form factor. The paper provides details concerning the design and implementation of a miniature uninterruptible power supply (UPS). The battery charging and balancing is analyzed and practical measurement results are presented. The performance can be raised with optimized control algorithms implemented on a powerful MCU platform capable of performing even multiple tasks in parallel. A good shaped charging and balancing algorithm can increase overall battery lifetime and performance when backing up critical systems that need to be up all the time, and doing all these at a relatively reduced cost. Fast reaction time of the system is critical so that the devices connected to the UPS output remain always powered. Several reconfigurable electrical and environmental parameters and different communication channels with this smart UPS ensure that it can be embedded in a wide range of electrical systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article develops a detection system with a module-based intelligent security robot that has a uniform interface. The detection system contains a power detection module, a gas detection module, an environment detection module, and a fire detection module, etc. The control unit of these modules is a HOLTEK microchip. These modules can communicate with a master module via an I2C interface. The master module communicates with the main controller of the security robot via an RS232 interface. The main controller of the security robot system is an industry personal computer (IPC). It can display the status of these modules on the monitor. These detection modules can enhance the detection results using multisensory fusion algorithms. The user can add or remove the detection modules in any time, and the main controller can acquires sensor signals from these detection modules in real-time. Finally, we present some experimental results using these detection modules, and integrate these modules in a module-based intelligent security robot that executes several scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When a band is performing at a public occasion, certain sound effects are expected to be added to enliven the atmosphere. To achieve this effect, microphones and instruments are all connected to an audio mixer, then the expected audio output will be played through the speakers. However, sound engineers always spend plenty of time tuning the mixer until the satisfied results are obtained. This paper presents a smart digital mixer system that integrates touch control, speech control, and commonly used functions on an Android mobile platform to improve the mobility of audio mixer while tuning. The proposed system adopts a digital signal processor (DSP) as the core of the hardware architecture. The application provides a UI interface on an Android mobile phone in order to achieve the functions of speech recognition and touch control. The control commands will be transmitted to DSP via Bluetooth 5.0, self-defined Bluetooth packet format (SBPF), and data transfer controller (DTC). The main contribution of this work is to propose multiple functions of a mixer system with a convenient and interactive user interface. The experimental results show the average accuracy of all respondents reached 92.3%. Moreover, the proposed system has the advantage of having a low-cost hardware circuit design, and provides high flexibility of setting for the audio mixer system according to the user's preference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 32-KB standard CMOS antifuse one-time programmable (OTP) ROM embedded in a 16-bit microcontroller as its program memory is designed and implemented in 0.18-µm standard CMOS technology. The proposed 32-KB OTP ROM cell array consists of 4.2 µm² three-transistor (3T) OTP cells where each cell utilizes a thin gate-oxide antifuse, a high-voltage blocking transistor, and an access transistor, which are all compatible with standard CMOS process. In order for high density implementation, the size of the 3T cell has been reduced by 80% in comparison to previous work. The fabricated total chip size, including 32-KB OTP ROM, which can be programmed via external I²C master device such as universal I²C serial EEPROM programmer, 16-bit microcontroller with 16-KB program SRAM and 8-KB data SRAM, peripheral circuits to interface other system building blocks, and bonding pads, is 9.9 mm². This paper describes the cell, design, and implementation of high-density CMOS OTP ROM, and shows its promising possibilities in embedded applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The server enables Web access to distributed measurement/control systems and provides a scalable networking solution that is optimized for educational laboratories, instrumentation, and industrial and home automation. Users can monitor and control transducers on active Web pages enhanced with JavaScript and Java. The server makes integration of a new system as easy as connecting I2C devices and creating a new Web page [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]