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Context: Blood flow restriction resistance exercise studies often require caffeine abstinence to avoid cardiovascular effects that could change the blood flow restriction stimulus. However, effects may be attenuated for habituated users. Objective: To compare cardiovascular responses to blood flow restriction resistance exercise when habituated users consume or abstain from caffeine. Design: Thirty participants completed a 3-visit within-subject study beginning with familiarization and caffeine intake questionnaire. Methods: Visits 2 and 3 consisted of blood flow restriction resistance exercise (3 sets bicep curls to failure, 30% 1-repetition max, 40% arterial occlusion pressure [AOP]), following participants' normal caffeine consumption (CAFF) or abstaining (ABS). AOP, systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, and heart rate were measured preexercise and postexercise. Prevalues and preexercise to postexercise change scores for SBP, DBP, AOP (all millimeters of mercury), heart rate (in beats per minute), and repetitions were compared between conditions. Results are represented as mean (SD). Results: Preexercise AOP was similar for CAFF (137.8 [14.4]) and ABS (137.1 [14.9], BF10 = 0.2), although pre-SBP was higher for CAFF (115.4 [9.8]) than ABS (112.3 [9.4], BF10 = 1.9). Pre-DBP was similar between conditions. The exercise-induced change in AOP was greater for CAFF (18.4 [11.2]) than ABS (13.2 [14.9]), though evidence was anecdotal (BF10 = 0.7). Exercise-induced changes in SBP, DBP, and heart rate were similar between conditions (all BF10 ≤ 0.40). More repetitions were completed for CAFF (63 [26]) than ABS (57 [17], BF10 = 2.1). Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that for habituated users, maintaining daily caffeine habits will not have substantial effects on common cardiovascular variables relevant to blood flow restriction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This mixed methods study aimed to investigate weight cutting practices of female taekwon-do athletes internationally and explore their experiences of "making weight." A survey of weight loss practices and eating behaviors was completed by 103 taekwon-do athletes from 12 countries, which illustrated that 72.5% of athletes engage in both acute and chronic weight loss practices prior to competition and that there were higher levels of disordered eating within this athletic population than nonweight cutting athletes. Semistructured interviews were conducted with five international-level competitors; thematic analysis of the interviews identified that the women in general felt weight cutting was "horrible—but worth it" and the women believed that (a) weight cutting is unpleasant, difficult, and challenging; and (b) weight cutting provides a competitive advantage. The implications of this study are that weight cutting is widespread among high-level competitive female taekwon-do athletes and this is unlikely to change given the perceived advantages. Efforts are needed to make sure that the women are knowledgeable of the risks and are provided with safe and effective means of making weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysis of actual transactions in a grocery store shows that households enrolled in the U.S. government's Supplemental Nutritional Assistance Program (SNAP) purchase more unhealthy hedonic food, compared with households that do not receive SNAP benefits. SNAP households purchased more unhealthy hedonic food regardless of whether they used government funds or cash to pay for their purchases. Three follow-up simulated grocery shopping studies were designed to understand the mechanisms underlying this food consumption pattern by SNAP households. SNAP households, compared with households that do not receive SNAP benefits, reported stronger food craving. Stronger food craving was associated with lower unhealthiness perception of hedonic food. Overall, the results suggest that food cravings can reduce perceptions of unhealthiness and thus increase unhealthy food purchases. Interventions that reduce the effect of food cravings on shopping decisions might reduce unhealthy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To collect and evaluate the available evidence on existing tools used in research and clinical practice to assess and analyse the diet of children and adolescents for its cariogenicity. Materials and Methods: Multiple databases were searched up to October 2022, with no date, publication, or language restrictions, followed by a manual search. Study screening, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment were performed in duplicate. Dietary assessment tools and dental clinical parameters tested were retrieved for qualitative assessment and synthesis. Results: Of the 2896 papers identified, 9 cohort and 23 cross-sectional studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. To assess dietary data, 13 studies used a 24-h recall, 11 used a food diary, and 7 used a food frequency questionnaire. For analysis, five studies reported using the Healthy Eating Index, ten used a score based on consumption of sugars, and the remaining analysed cariogenic diet based on the weight and frequency of sugars consumed, or the daily caloric intake from free sugars. Risk of bias assessment suggested that 65.7% of the studies were of moderate and 31.5% of high quality. Conclusion: Inconsistency exists regarding methods used for the assessment and analysis of dietary cariogenicity. Although every dietary assessment tool has different strengths and limitations, the 24-h recall was the most commonly used method for the assessment of dietary cariogenicity and the most consistent in detecting a positive relationship between sugary diet and carious lesions. A standardised method for cariogenic analysis of dietary data needs to be determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deciding what, where, when and how much to feed a child occupies much of a mother's time, energy, and financial resources. This study aids our understanding of the effects of legislation promoting healthier eating on mothers from low socioeconomic groups and on their families. We interview mothers and nutrition experts in Santiago, Chile – the site of the most recent and comprehensive effort to change a population's food habits via legislation. We introduce the notions of 'desired diets' – ideal diets promoted by health experts and public policy discourses that moralise food consumption and promote consumer responsibilisation for health-related issues; and 'possible diets' – diets that mothers can adapt to and habituate in the household, considering their life realities. We argue that the notions of possible and desired diets often find themselves at odds, leading to mothers facing moral scrutiny, anxiety, and stress, which affects their sense of self, shaping notions of 'good mothering'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the differences in shame, perception of performance, the need to present a perfect body image, and disordered eating among 223 female athletes from esthetic (n = 114; Mage = 14.30; SDage = 1.65; Myearsofpractice = 6.62) and nonesthetic (n = 109; Mage = 14.75; SDage = 1.87; Myearsofpractice = 4.56) individual sports. Descriptive, t test, and correlational analyses were performed. Moreover, path analyses were conducted to examine the link between the variables. The two groups did not present significant differences in variables, except in perception of performance. The path model analyses explained 47% of disordered eating. Results suggested that individual characteristic of sports practice seems relevant in shame. This study suggests that female athletes from individual sports who experience inferiority tend to adopt perfectionist defensive strategies and engage in disordered eating behaviors. This study highlights the relevance of intervention and educational programs that promote more adaptative emotional regulation strategies in female athletes from individual sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this commentary, we thus call for more research that addresses demand-side GHG emission mitigation strategies related to food - that is, the reduction of meat consumption and food waste - from an international marketing perspective. The global food system (i.e., production, transport, processing, packaging, storage, retail, consumption, loss, and waste of food) is responsible for 34% of total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions ([4]). It would therefore be interesting to study how Western consumers may overcome food neophobia, particularly related to the consumption of insects and seaweed, two foods already included in Asian diets and have great potential to serve as an alternative protein source to meat. [Extracted from the article]

The world's growing population and evolving food habits have created a need for alternative plant protein sources, with pulses playing a crucial role as healthy staple foods. Dry beans are high-protein pulses rich in essential amino acids like lysine and bioactive peptides. They have gathered attention for their nutritional quality and potential health benefits concerning metabolic syndrome. This review highlights dry bean proteins' nutritional quality, health benefits, and limitations, focusing on recent eco-friendly emerging technologies for their obtaining and functionalization. Antinutritional factors (ANFs) in bean proteins can affect their in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD), and lectins have been identified as potential allergens. Recently, eco-friendly emerging technologies such as ultrasound, microwaves, subcritical fluids, high-hydrostatic pressure, enzyme technology, and dry fractionation methods have been explored for extracting and functionalizing dry bean proteins. These technologies have shown promise in reducing ANFs, improving IVPD, and modifying allergen epitopes. Additionally, they enhance the techno-functional properties of bean proteins, making them more soluble, emulsifying, foaming, and gel-forming, with enhanced water and oil-holding capacities. By utilizing emerging innovative technologies, protein recovery from dry beans and the development of protein isolates can meet the demand for alternative protein sources while being eco-friendly, safe, and efficient. HIGHLIGHTS: Dry beans are a source of lysine-rich proteins and high-quality AA for the diet. Physical treatments can reduce the ANFs of beans and increase protein digestibility. Eco-friendly technologies can treat, modify, extract, and separate bean proteins. Conformational changes with protein unfolding improve WHC, EA, and solubility. The combined use of emerging technologies allows for conveying advantages of each one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and Purpose: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a prevalent cardiac rhythm disorder that significantly impacts global health. Emerging evidence suggests that dietary habits play a crucial role in the modulation and management of AF. This review article aims to synthesize current knowledge on the interplay between nutrition and atrial fibrillation, providing insights for healthcare professionals and patients alike in managing this condition through dietary choices. State of Knowledge: Various studies have examined the effects of specific nutrients, food groups, and dietary patterns on the incidence and progression of AF. This review delves into research linking macro- and micronutrients--such as omega-3 fatty acids, fiber, and antioxidants--to AF risk. It also evaluates the influence of dietary patterns, including Mediterranean and plant-based diets, on the electrical and structural remodeling of the heart that predisposes to AF. Additionally, the impact of excessive alcohol and caffeine consumption on AF is scrutinized, highlighting the importance of moderation. Summary: The evidence indicates a significant association between diet and atrial fibrillation, suggesting that specific dietary modifications could potentially reduce AF risk or mitigate its severity. Recommendations for clinical practice involve promoting heart-healthy dietary patterns, focusing on the balance and quality of nutrients, while considering individual dietary restrictions and preferences. Further research is needed to clarify causal relationships and to develop comprehensive dietary guidelines specific to AF management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) require a specialized diet to manage their condition and support healthy growth and development. A proper diet for children with CKD aims to control the intake of certain nutrients, such as protein, lipid, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and vitamin D, while ensuring they receive adequate nutrition for growth and development. Aim of the study: This article discusses the epidemiology, causes and pathomechanism of CKD in children. It also presents existing clinical trials and dietary recommendations from societies such as Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) 2024, Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI) and Pediatric Renal Nutrition Taskforce (PRNT) and identifies potential sources of selected macronutrients and micronutrients in children's diets. Materials and methods: Comprehensive literature searches were performed across the main electronic databases of PubMed, Google Scholar, KDIGO2024, KDQQI and PRNT recommendations for studies published in the English language about dietary recommendations for children with CKD. Results: The approach to nutrition for children with CKD is still evolving, and specific macronutrient and micronutrient ratios should be established based on the clinical condition, the child's age, and body weight. Care should be taken to ensure that the child's diet is varied, and a healthy eating style should be promoted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the perceptions and practices of fundamental movement skills (FMS), healthy eating habits and physical activity (PA) in early years professionals (EYP). An online mixed-method survey comprising questions relating to practices of FMS, healthy eating habits and PA was completed by 137 EYPs (128 females). Frequency analysis assessed and reported responses to fixed-response questions, and thematic analysis was used for open-ended questions. Results indicated that EYPs understood FMS and were compliant with national guidelines in relation to PA and healthy eating. However, EYPs identified considerable barriers to developing FMS, PA and healthy eating in preschoolers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context The impact of unhealthy foods and beverages, namely those high in sugar, salt, and saturated or trans fats, has been studied extensively in relation to weight, body composition, and noncommunicable diseases, but less so in relation to the risk of dental caries. Few previous reviews have examined the evidence from all countries globally. Objective A systematic review was conducted to assess the impact of unhealthy food and beverage consumption on the risk of dental caries in children aged ≤10 years, commissioned by the World Health Organization to inform updated complementary feeding recommendations. Data Sources Systematic searches were conducted in the PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase databases for articles meeting the inclusion criteria dating from January 1971 to March 2022; supplementary searches were undertaken for articles from that period to June 2022. Data Extraction Unhealthy foods and beverages were identified using nutrient- and food-based approaches. Risk of bias was assessed using the Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I). Data Analysis A total of 30 023 unique citations were screened, yielding 37 studies for inclusion. Studies were conducted in high-income (n = 23 [62.2%]) or middle-income countries (n = 14 [37.8%]). Evidence synthesis was performed narratively, stratified by age (0 years to <2 years, 2 years to <5 years, and 5 years to ≤10 years) and exposure (unhealthy foods and unhealthy beverages). The heterogeneity of the exposures and comparators across studies was high. Almost all studies (n = 34) reported positive associations between the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages or foods high in free sugars and dental caries. However, 67.6% of studies were assessed as having serious risk of bias. Conclusion The evidence indicates that the consumption of unhealthy food and beverages in children ≤10 years appears to increase the risk of dental caries. Further longitudinal studies with high-quality dietary assessments, including studies in low-income countries and children aged >5 years at baseline, are recommended in order to build a more robust evidence base for use in the development of policy recommendations. Systematic Review Registration PROSPERO registration no. CRD42020218109. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research article analyzes the educommunicative dimension of the mobile apps developed by the main franchise companies in the fast food sector from the perspective of CSR. The study follows an exploratory and descriptive research design that combines quantitative and qualitative methods, namely a descriptive analysis of a sample of apps belonging to eight leading fast-food companies and focus groups, respectively. For the focus groups, 25 students agreed to participate (n = 25). They were selected based on structural criteria established to guarantee internal homogeneity and heterogeneity. The results reveal an underutilization of the educommunicative potential of mobile applications and confirm millennials' interest in the acquisition and practice of healthy habits and the use of mobile applications for this purpose. The study concludes that fast food companies must encourage and educate their publics about good eating habits and physical activity. Organizations, especially those that operate in sectors of social interest, must undertake mCSR actions to prevent and counteract social ills and meet the expectations of stakeholders. Mobile applications are excellent tools to support this endeavor. To overcome the main limitation of the study, it is necessary to complement it with quantitative research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Anxiety symptoms are factors that directly affect eating habits, but this interference can be heterogeneous depending on the nutritional status of the individuals. Objectives: To analyze whether the presence of anxiety symptoms at the beginning of the pandemic influenced the change in food consumption according to its purpose and extent of processing during a one-year follow-up and whether this association occurs equally with excess weight and without excess weight university students. Methods: This longitudinal study was carried out with 583 university students from a public Higher Education Institution (HEI) in Brazil. The Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) was used to verify whether anxiety symptoms were associated with changes in food consumption over time. Results: The results showed that previous moderate/severe anxiety symptoms were associated with an increased frequency of consumption of both fresh or minimally processed foods (β: 0.2 95%CI: 0.1; 0.7 p = 0.013) and ultra-processed foods (β: 5.6 95%CI: 1.8; 17.7 p = 0.003), but with different magnitudes. In university students who were not excess weight, previous moderate/severe anxiety symptoms were associated with a reduction in the frequency of consumption of fresh or minimally processed foods (β: −2.0 95%CI: −3.5; −0.5 p = 0.008), while in those who were excess weight, there was an increase in consumption of ultra-processed foods (β: 4.5 95%CI: 2.2; 6.8 p < 0.001). Conclusion: This study confirms the influence of anxiety symptoms on food consumption according to the extent and purpose of processing. In addition, these results emphasize the role of psychological distress in the university population, and that this factor can affect excess weight and without excess weight individuals differently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article traces the refined sugar industry's post-World War II efforts to promote sugar as a necessary dietary component through an examination of its selective use of science and engagement with innovative documentary film making. It begins with the sugar industry's efforts to promote sugar consumption in the early twentieth century, the period when nutrition science emerged and was popularized. It then moves on to analyze the evolving interplay of scientific knowledge and discursive practice in the sugar industry. The Sugar Research Foundation, Inc. (SRF), a group founded in 1943 by sugarcane and beet sugar business interests, provides the empirical case. The analysis focuses on the period from the SRF's founding through World War II and its immediate aftermath. Evidence for the analysis was gathered from three archival collections. The article documents how the SRF developed "sponsored films" for mass audiences that employed scientists and scientific concepts to discursively construct refined sugar as a natural and necessary part of the American diet. The SRF combined state-of-the-art documentary film making and distribution with selectively chosen scientific findings to successfully defend its product against public health efforts to reduce consumption. The article makes the case that investigating the history of the refined sugar industry's efforts to shape consumers' food habits is an indispensable step toward understanding today's challenge to address metabolic syndrome in public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diversity of edible species originating in Africa is considerable, but the history of their use and domestication remains largely neglected, despite existing historical records. This essay aims to explore attitudes towards safu (Pachylobus edulis), a Central African fruit that defies Western categories. Based on more than one hundred archival documents, this study examines the history of the safu and the tree that produces it as seen by Europeans (German, English, Belgian, Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese, Swedish, etc.) present in Central Africa. The documentation collected on safus and safu trees reflects not only local views of the species but also the broader European projects pursued on the continent and the vision of African foodways. Indeed, their valuation is symptomatic of food encounters and hierarchies during colonial settlement. More broadly, it reveals how subsistence and agriculture were viewed in the region: the ubiquity of this fruit tree around villages, as often reported, contrasts sharply with the historical narrative of the absence of African agriculture in the tropics. Finally, it shows how colonial enterprises, despite hindered dispersal and missed opportunities, circulated the species in different parts of the planet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, educational institutions had to swiftly adapt and transition to remote teaching in order to maintain academic activities. However, these changes presented a number of challenges for professors, which could have negative effects on their health. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association between changes in dietary and sleep habits, physical activity level, and sedentary behavior with the development of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) among Brazilian higher education professors during the pandemic period. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional and retrospective study conducted using an online form. Generalized linear models, adjusted for age, sex, and body mass index, were used to verify the difference between pre-pandemic and pandemic periods. Logistic regression models were used to predict the odds ratio (OR) for the development of NCDs according to physical activity time, sedentary behavior time, dietary and sleep patterns. RESULTS: A total of 936 professors residing across Brazil participated in the survey. The duration of sedentary behavior increased, sleep duration slightly decreased, and meal times shifted to earlier during the pandemic. A total of 22.9%of the participants reported the diagnosis of some NCDs during this period. Physical activity practice was associated with a lower risk of diseases during the pandemic, regardless of the intensity performed. On the other hand, late eating habits and excessive food consumption during the pandemic were associated with a higher risk. CONCLUSION: The results provide data that can help in the development of public policies that promote health actions to minimize the consequences associated with the pandemic period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Retail workers comprise millions of people, but little is known about their eating behaviors and food consumption patterns. OBJECTIVE: To examine the healthy eating behaviors and food consumption frequencies of retail workers in shopping malls. METHODS: The sample of this descriptive study consisted of 385 retail employees working in ready-made garment stores of shopping malls in Istanbul (42% of those eligible). A descriptive information form, the nutrition subscale of the Health-promoting Lifestyle Profile (HPLP), and the Food Consumption Frequency Survey were used as data collection tools. RESULTS: It was determined that more than half of the participants skipped breakfast and other meals and consumed fast food and packaged and acidic drinks five to six days a week. The mean score of the participants on the HPLP-nutrition subscale was determined to be 11.79±3.29. CONCLUSIONS: The retail workers in shopping malls were found to have insufficient healthy eating behaviors, a low frequency of healthy food consumption, and a high level of fast-food consumption. Maintaining healthy eating habits is crucial for the health of employees. It is necessary for workplaces to take steps to help their employees become aware of and practice healthy eating. Workplaces should also be encouraged to provide healthy food options for their employees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leptin is a homeostatic regulatory element that signals the presence of adipocyte energy stores, reduces food intake, and increases energy expenditure. Similarly, serotonin (5-HT), a signaling molecule found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems, also controls food intake. Using neuronal tract tracing, pharmacologic and optogenetic approaches, and in vivo microdialysis, combined with behavioral end points, we tested the hypothesis that leptin controls food intake not only by activating hypothalamic leptin receptors (LepRs) but also through activation of LepRs expressed by serotonergic raphe neurons that send projections to the arcuate (ARC). We showed that microinjection of leptin directly into the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) reduced food intake in rats. This effect was mediated by LepR-expressing neurons in the DRN, because selective optogenetic activation of these neurons at either their DRN cell bodies or their ARC terminals reduced food intake. Anatomically, we identified a unique population of serotonergic raphe neurons expressing LepRs that send projections to the ARC. Finally, by using in vivo microdialysis, we showed that leptin administration to the DRN increased 5-HT efflux into the ARC, and specific antagonism of the 5-HT2C receptors in the ARC diminished the leptin anorectic effect. Overall, this study identified a novel circuit for leptin-mediated control of food intake through a DRN-ARC pathway, identifying a new level of interaction between leptin and serotonin to control food intake. Characterization of this new pathway creates opportunities for understanding how the brain controls eating behavior and opens alternative routes for the treatment of eating disorders. Article Highlights: Half of the serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus express leptin receptor mRNA. Activation of these raphe neurons expressing leptin receptors has an anorectic effect. Optogenetic activation of the arcuate terminals of these raphe neurons decreases food intake. Leptin administration directly to the dorsal raphe nucleus increases serotonin efflux in the arcuate. Blockade of the serotonergic receptors in the arcuate attenuates the anorectic effect of leptin injected into the raphe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monozygotic (MZ) twins cannot be distinguished using conventional forensic STR typing because they present identical STR genotypings. However, MZ twins do not always live in the same environment and often have different dietary and other lifestyle habits. Metabolic profiles are deyermined by individual characteristics and are also influenced by the environment in which they live. Therefore, they are potential markers capable of identifying MZ twins. Moreover, the production of proteins varies from organism to organism and is influenced by both the physiological state of the body and the external environment. Hence, we used metabolomics and proteomics to identify metabolites and proteins in peripheral blood to discriminate MZ twins. We identified 1749 known metabolites and 622 proteins in proteomic analysis. The metabolic profiles of four pairs of MZ twins revealed minor differences in intra-MZ twins and major differences in inter-MZ twins. Each pair of MZ twins exhibited distinct characteristics, and four metabolites—methyl picolinate, acesulfame, paraxanthine, and phenylbenzimidazole sulfonic acid—were observed in all four MZ twin pairs. These four differential exogenous metabolites conincidently show that the different external environments and life styles can be well distinguished by metabolites, considering that twins do not all have the same eating habits and living environments. Moreover, MZ twins showed different protein profiles in serum but not in whole blood. Thus, our results indicate that differential metabolites provide potential biomarkers for the personal identification of MZ twins in forensic medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: ADHD is highly comorbid with Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome (DSPS). Both are associated with obesity and diabetes, which can be caused by long-term dysregulations of appetite and glucose metabolism. This study explores hormones involved in these processes and the effects of chronotherapeutic interventions in a small sample of adults with ADHD and DSPS. Methods: Exploratory, secondary analysis of data from the PhASE study, a three-armed randomized clinical trial, are presented, including 37 adults (18–53 years) with ADHD and DSPS receiving three weeks of 0.5 mg/day (1) placebo, (2) melatonin, or (3) melatonin plus 30 minutes of bright light therapy (BLT). Leptin (appetite-suppressing), ghrelin (appetite-stimulating), insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and glucose were measured from blood collected at 08:00 hours. Salivary cortisol was collected during the first 30 minutes after awakening and self-reported appetite was assessed. Results: Baseline leptin and IGF-1 levels were higher than reference ranges, and ghrelin and cortisol levels were lower, while insulin and glucose were normal. Melatonin treatment decreased leptin and insulin. Other outcomes remained unchanged and melatonin + BLT had no effects. Conclusion: Due to the small sample size and exploratory nature of the study, results should be interpreted with caution. Overall, these results show no strong indications for dysregulation of appetite and glucose metabolism to suggest high risk of obesity and diabetes in this small sample of adults with ADHD and DSPS. However, baseline appetite was suppressed, likely because measurements took place in the early morning which could be considered the biological night for this study population. Melatonin treatment seemed to cause subtle changes in appetite-regulating hormones suggesting increased appetite. Chronotherapeutic treatment may affect appetite-regulating hormones by advancing the biological rhythm and/or altering eating behaviors, but this remains to be investigated in larger samples using detailed food diaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dietary and oral hygiene habits among integrated migrant cultural minorities can vary and could impact susceptibility to caries. Aim: This study aimed to assess and compare the oral health status of Tibetan schoolchildren living in the Tibetan settlement of Bylakuppe, India, stratified by type of residence. Design: A descriptive cross‐sectional study was conducted among Tibetan schoolchildren attending nine schools in the Bylakuppe region. Results: The study population consisted of 916 children aged 5–17: 702 (76.6%) living in secular houses (LSH) and 214 (23.4%) living in monasteries (LM). The prevalence of dental caries was 70.9%, and the mean value of decayed, missing, filled teeth for mixed and primary dentition (DMFT*; dmft) of LSH children (1.56 ± 2.34/1.74 ± 2.66) was higher than of LM ones (1.14 ± 2.34/0.83 ± 2.80; p <.001). DMFT for LM children (1.46 ± 2.04) was slightly higher than for LSH children (1.38 ± 1.96; p >.05). Among the sample, 99.1% had a good simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI) and LM children showed higher rates of good values (99.5% vs. 98.2% in LSH children). Most children needed preventive/routine dental treatment, whereas 16.6% needed urgent dental treatment. In 4.5% of children, oral mucosal lesions were present. Conclusion: This study confirms the high need for dental treatment in the children of the Tibetan settlement investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The role of diet has a key role in dental caries. Attention to food cues can be an indicator for food choices. Aim: This study investigates children's visual attention to images with healthy and unhealthy food cues and correlates it with that of their parents and with their dental caries status using eye‐tracking technology. Design: A total of 30 children with and without dental caries and their 30 parents were calibrated to the eye‐tracking device (Tobii Nano Pro) to ensure standardisation. Participants viewed matching images of healthy and unhealthy food cues, whereas an eye‐tracking device tracked their eye movements. Children had a dental examination and were classified as children with dental caries (n = 15) and their parents (n = 15), and children without dental caries (n = 15) and their parents (n = 15). Results: In children with dental caries, visual attention duration was longer to healthy foods than to unhealthy foods. Likewise, parents of children with dental caries spent longer time looking at healthy foods than unhealthy foods. Conclusion: Our preliminary findings indicate a significant association between children's visual attention to healthy and unhealthy food cues and their dental caries status. This underscores the need for further investigation into the correlation between children's and their parents' visual attention to food, particularly in the context of children with dental caries. Such exploration holds promise for informing targeted interventions in food choice education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: The precise mechanisms underlying the health benefits of time‐restricted eating (TRE) are unclear, particularly in adolescents. Objectives: This secondary analysis examines the impact of 8‐h TRE on energy intake, dietary composition and quality in adolescents with obesity, using data from a 12‐week randomized, controlled pilot trial. Methods: Participants (14–18 years with BMI >95th percentile) were assigned to either 8‐h TRE with real‐time or blinded continuous glucose monitoring or a control group with a 12+ h eating window. Dietary intake was analysed using the Nutrient Data System Recall 24‐h Dietary Recall and the Healthy Eating Index (HEI‐2020) for assessing diet quality. Results: The study included 44 participants (32 TRE, 12 control), predominantly female and Hispanic/Latino. The TRE group showed a significant reduction in mean energy intake (−441 kcal/day), carbohydrates (−65 g/day), added sugar (−19 g/day) and fat (−19 g/day), while the control group had a similar reduction in energy intake (−437 kcal/day) and carbohydrates (−63 g/day), but no significant changes in added sugar or fat. The percent energy intake from protein increased more in the TRE group compared to the control. The TRE group experienced a significant improvement in diet quality, with a 6.3‐point increase in HEI‐2020 score; however, between‐group comparisons were not statistically significant. Conclusion: There were no significant differences between the TRE and control groups in energy intake, dietary composition or quality. Future research with larger sample sizes is needed to further evaluate the potential impact of TRE on dietary behaviours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: People with Type 1 diabetes (T1D) face an increased risk of eating disorders/disordered eating (ED/DE), with adolescents being particularly vulnerable. Empirical knowledge on the mechanisms underlying development of ED/DE in T1D is crucial for evolving prevention strategies. Research Design and Methods: Fourteen semi‐structured interviews with adolescent females with T1D and ED/DE between 14 and 18 years were conducted and analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Results: Analyses identified four main themes; 'Interconnected afflictions', 'Judgment', 'Feeling Different', and 'Chaos & Control', These themes explore the interconnectedness of T1D and ED/DE, with shame and guilt emerging as common underlying mechanism. The development of a biopsychosocial model was based on the integration of these data with existing models. Conclusions: The study extends previous developmental pathways of ED/DE in adolescents with T1D. We propose a biopsychosocial model that incorporates various factors: predisposing factors such as parental management of T1D and weight gain during adolescence; precipitating factors including comments on weight, frequency of weighing, perceptions of surveillance; the perpetuating bilateral influence of ED/DE and T1D and finally highlighting the protective mechanisms of disease acceptance encompassing parental handling of diagnosis and the contribution of healthcare professionals (HCP's) role in psychoeducation. The present study highlight the vulnerability of adolescence in the presence of T1D, particularly concerning issues related to eating, weight, and body. It offers clinically relevant insights, with the aim to improve communication and management strategies for this very specific group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Dietary management of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) involves more than defining a therapeutic diet. The profusion of 'expert advice' is not necessarily built on evidence. Aims: To provide evidence‐based guidance on all clinically relevant aspects of nutritional and dietary management of patients with IBD. Methods: A comprehensive review of the published literature was made. Results: Four pillars of management should be considered in all patients. First, nutritional status should be optimised, since myopenia and visceral obesity are associated with poorer outcomes, which can be improved with attention to their correction. Accurate point‐of‐care measurement of body composition is advocated to identify problems, guide interventions and monitor outcomes. Second, exclusive enteral nutrition and the Crohn's Disease Exclusion Diet with partial enteral nutrition in reducing intestinal inflammation in patients with Crohn's disease have sufficient evidence to be advocated. Multiple other dietary approaches, while promising, have insufficient evidence to be recommended. Third, dietary approaches are important in symptomatic control in many non‐inflammatory scenarios. Finally, guidance on following a healthy diet is fundamental to the general health of patients. Multiple approaches are advocated, but the optimal strategy is unclear. The precarious nutritional status of patients with IBD together with the risks of nutritional inadequacy and maladaptive eating behaviours associated with restrictive diets dictate involvement of expert dietitians in assessment and personalised delivery of dietary interventions. Conclusions: Four pillars of nutritional management require specific assessment and interventional strategies that should be chosen by evidence. Optimal delivery requires the skills of a specialised dietitian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eating patterns, financial and time constraints, and food availability play a key role in the wide variety of diets followed by young adults. As a result, many young consumers turn to quick and sometimes less healthy low nutrition options from convenience stores. In order to offer healthy and nutritious food, 3D printing can be used to make individualized diet plans and produce meals depending on factors such as age, occupation, and personal choice. In the field of food technology, 3D printing is a well-established additive manufacturing (AM) technology used to produce highly individualized food items. The types of foods that have been manufactured via 3D printing are evolving continuously. Customization of food and environmental sustainability are now possible because of this rapid and risk-free manufacturing approach. Future foods will include alternative proteins, plant-based products, insect protein etc. Current and future generations need healthy alternatives since most ready-to-eat or customized foods lack significant amounts of required nutrients. Due to eating disorders, allergies, or unpredictable eating habits, many young adults, especially those between 18 and 30 years of age, tend to suffer increasingly from malnutrition, obesity, and linked conditions like diabetes. 3D food printing is suitable for meeting this demand for nutritionally packed meals for the youth, which can be used to customize meal plans and meals for people with special diets. This paper summarizes recent studies on 3D printing formulations for future foods especially suited for young people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To analyse the concept of eating experiences in people living with dementia. Design: Rodgers' evolutionary method of concept analysis was used as a framework for the paper. Data Sources: The literature was searched using electronic databases PubMed, Google Scholar, CINHAL, PsycInfo, Web of Science, Embase and Elsevier databases. These databases cover a variety of disciplines, including but not limited to nursing, medicine and occupational therapy. The relevant literature published from 1989 to April 2023 was thoroughly examined. Any quantitative or qualitative studies published in English focused on eating or dining experiences in people with dementia were included. Review Methods: Rodgers' evolutionary method for concept analysis was used. The attributes, antecedents, consequences and case examples of the concept were identified. Results: Twenty‐two articles met the inclusion criteria, identifying key attributes of self‐connection, the special journey of life and self‐interpretation. Antecedents, as framed by the socio‐ecological model, were categorized to represent intrapersonal (personal preferences, individual culture, mealtime routines), interpersonal (social interaction) and environmental (dining room environment, policies) factors. Consequences were divided into external (nutritional health, physical health and quality of life) and internal (personhood, autonomy and independence, dignity and feeling valued and mental well‐being) domains. Conclusion: A theoretical definition and conceptual model of eating experiences in people living with dementia was developed. The identified attributes, antecedents and consequences can be utilized in nursing education, research and intervention approaches. Impact: This article allows nurses and other healthcare professionals to better understand people living with dementia through the relationship between eating and interpersonal, intrapersonal and environmental aspects to develop personalized interventions and care strategies to achieve an optimal quality of life. Patient or Public Contribution: Not applicable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The dramatic increase in fast food consumption among students, particularly adolescents and children, over the past two decades reflects a significant shift in lifestyle, with nearly one-third of these young individuals consuming ready-made foods on a daily basis. Purpose: This study aims to evaluate the effect of an intervention based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) in reducing fast food consumption among high-school students. Methods: One hundred and sixty Iranian high-school students were randomly assigned to an intervention or control group in a pretest-posttest-follow-up field trial. The intervention comprised four, 45-min teaching sessions over 3 weeks. Fast food consumption beliefs and self-report practices were assessed at pretest, posttest, and follow-up using a validated scale. Data analysis included descriptive statistics analyses-tests and ANOVA tests. Results: Findings revealed a statistically significant difference in the posttest between experiment and control groups in the major components of fast food consumption including behavioral beliefs (t = 5.1, p < 0001), evaluation of behavioral outcomes (t = 5.3, p < 0001), normative beliefs (t = 2.3, p < 05), motivation to comply (t = 5.5, p < 0001), control beliefs (t = 4.4, p < 0001), perceived power (t = 3.3, p < 0001), and behavioral intention (t =.68, p < 0001). Similar results were obtained in the follow-up stage. Discussion: Results suggest a parent-teacher participation intervention effectively reduced fast food consumption among high-school students, impacting both cognitive and behavioral factors. This model offers potential for customization to promote healthy food intake in wider student populations and beyond the school setting. Translation to Health Education Practice: According to our findings, several suggestions can be addressed. First, considering the crucial role of parents and teachers in shaping healthy food habits, future studies should always consider them as a key component of the training intervention. Second, parents and teachers should be trained on how to best transfer and express their knowledge to children and adolescents with regard to their disapproval of fast food consumption. As our findings show, students can perceive this disapproval and change their own attitudes accordingly. Third, future studies are recommended to use multilevel interventions to prevent students from consuming fast food. For both students and parents, we suggest adding more professionally designed visual and graphical messages (e.g. Infographics) or short video clips into interventions that could effectively demonstrate the differences between beliefs related to the consumption of fast food and healthy foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have reported high overweight and obesity incidence among schoolchildren and adolescents, who mostly consume packaged snacks with critical nutrients exceeding the criteria of international profiling systems during school breaks. Then, the objectives of this work were to reformulate a snack consumed by Argentinian schoolchildren and adolescents (aged 6–13 years) to decrease its critical nutrient contents and to determine if this product would still be accepted. Chocolate chip vanilla cookies were selected for reformulation considering each recommended cut-off point for critical nutrients, since a prohibition of products with warning octagons being offered at schools would come into effect in Argentina. These cookies received good acceptability scores (above 3 of 5 points) and would be consumed by 8 of 10 schoolchildren in a sample of 200 participants. These findings underscore the importance of legislation promoting awareness of healthier eating habits and increasing the availability of healthier food options in schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the temporal dynamics of multiple health behaviours (physical activity, alcohol consumption, healthy eating, cigarette consumption, recreational drug use, vaping), and pandemic‐related health behaviours (e.g., hand washing, physical distancing) using network psychometrics. Design: The International COVID‐19 Awareness and Responses Evaluation (iCARE) study is an international multi‐wave observational cohort study of public awareness, attitudes, and responses to public health policies implemented to reduce the spread of COVID‐19 on people around the world. A sub‐sample of longitudinal data from Canadians (n = 254) was analysed across four waves (February–July 2020). Methods: We used temporal network models to fit temporal networks, contemporaneous networks, and between‐subject networks from items within the iCARE survey. Results: Positive temporal associations were observed between physical activity and healthy eating, and a bidirectional relationship was evident between outdoor mask use and vaping. A contemporaneous network revealed positive associations between consumption behaviours (vaping, cigarette use, alcohol use, and recreational drug use), and negative associations between physical activity and drug use, and healthy eating and cigarette use. Conclusions: Health behaviours are interconnected and can be modelled as networks or behavioural systems. The application of temporal network analysis to the study of multiple health behaviours is well suited to address key research questions in the field such as 'how do multiple health behaviours co‐vary with one another over time'. Future research using time series data and measuring affective and cognitive mediators of behaviour, in addition to health behaviours, has the potential to contribute valuable hypothesis‐generating insights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of digital devises among children and the excessive screen time are precondition for the rise in myopia at an alarming rate. The awareness of the risk factors for the onset and progression of nearsightedness is highly important. The study seeks to explore parents’ knowledge of the behavioral determining factors for the onset of the refractive myopic anomaly in schoolchildren. Conclusions: A significant part of adolescents does not observe healthy hygienic and eating habits that foster the normal visual analyzer development. Almost half of the parents are not informed of the risk factors that cause damage to the vision and of the nutrients that can help keep eyes healthy. Increasing parents’ awareness of this topic would help to narrow down the rate of prevalence of myopia among schoolchildren. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Bangladesh suffered a severe COVID-19 wave from June to August 2021, which forced the government to impose emergency nationwide lockdown measures for three months with discontinuities. The sudden lockdown strongly affected the dietary preferences, financial circumstances, and social interactions of citizens. Methods: In this comprehensive study, we collected sociodemographic information as well as data on food purchase and consumption behaviors from 1,350 adults in Bangladesh during the weeks of enforced confinement. The association between the sociodemographic factors (viz., gender, age, education status, income, occupation, and household size) and food purchase and consumption behaviors were determined by conducting bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models reporting as odds ratios. Results: The descriptive result reveals that 49.63% of the participants experienced wage reductions, with many people enduring reductions of up to 75%; 12.22% lost their jobs. Besides, a decline in the frequency of shopping was observed by 35.04%; and 24.52% avoided outdoor shopping during the pandemic period. Additionally, 28.74% of participants purchased less overall, while 19.48% purchased significantly fewer items per trip compared to the pre-pandemic period. The multivariate analysis shows a prominent increase in online grocery shopping (OR: 4.03, 95% CI: 2.38–6.83, p < 0.001) and meal delivery services (OR = 5.19, 95% CI = 3.21–7.17, p < 0.001) among higher educated individuals compared to the individuals having no institutional education. The personnel having formal jobs purchased 2.34 times more from online grocery sites (95% CI = 0.34–4.08, p = 0.003) compared to the unemployed one. In contrast, a notable increase in panic buying and stockpiling was observed, driven by scarcity and escalating prices of essential food items. The frequency of meals with families, active engagement in meal preparation, and the exploration of novel recipes also increased notably. Conclusions: The consumption of takeaway food and inter-meal snacks increased significantly with the education level of individuals. These findings highlighted that a prolonged pandemic could magnify economic vulnerability in Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the UK, about 14% of community-dwelling adults aged 65 and over are estimated to be at risk of malnutrition. Screening older adults in primary care and treating those identified as 'at risk' may help reduce malnutrition risk and associated healthcare use, and improve quality of life. The aim of this study is to explore how primary care practitioners (PCPs) and older adults perceive, use and respond to an intervention to support those identified as 'at risk'. Methods: We developed and optimised an intervention (screen and treat protocol, online tools and printed materials) to support primary care practitioners to identify malnutrition risk among older adults, and intervene where necessary. We recruited older adults (described as 'patients' here) taking part in a feasibility study, and carried out semi-structured interviews to assess PCPs' and patients' engagement with the intervention, and identify any contextual issues that supported or undermined their engagement. Results: Four themes were developed, encompassing patients' and PCPs' perceptions of undernutrition, study measures and appointments, constraints on PCPs' enthusiasm to make a difference, and patients' expectations of nutritional appointments. Key findings included patients commonly not accepting advice for undernutrition/malnutrition but welcoming support for their nutritional needs; checklists potentially distracting patients from recalling discussions about their nutritional needs; a tension between PCPs' desire to recruit less-well patients and logistical difficulties in doing so; and patients compromising their nutritional needs to suit others. Conclusions: Diverse factors influence whether an intervention succeeds in primary care. PCPs learn about an intervention/study in different ways, vary in how they understand and accept its aims, and desire to make a difference to their patients. Patients bring perceptions and expectations about the study's aims, coloured by their habits and preferences, prior experience of research and healthcare, and pressure from social expectations. Each aspect must be considered when developing a successful primary care intervention that is viewed as relevant and meaningful, and presented using language that aligns with participants' values and goals. Our findings suggest that references to 'malnutrition risk' should be avoided in any patient-facing materials/interactions as participants do not accept or identify with this label. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: There is a growing body of evidence suggesting that self-regulation of eating behavior (SREB) is closely linked to dietary habits and mental health. However, little is known about these relationships within the Saudi Arabian population. This study aimed to address this gap. Methods: A digital cross-sectional study was conducted utilizing the SREB and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD-7) questionnaires, along with a brief survey about dietary habits. Linear and logistic regression analyses were employed to examine these associations, with a total of 651 Saudi participants enrolled in the study. Results: The results showed that only 15.5% of participants demonstrated a high capacity for SREB, while 65% experienced moderate or severe symptoms of GAD. Greater SREB was significantly associated with reduced GAD scores (β = −0.13, 95% CI; −0.12 to −0.03; p < 0.001) and lower BMI (β = −0.10, 95% CI; 0.08 to −0.00; p = 0.01). Additionally, predictive factors for high capacity for SREB included higher daily intake of fruits (OR = 2.90, 95% CI; 1.44 to 5.84; p = 0.003) and regular breakfast consumption (OR = 1.64, 95% CI; 1.01 to 2.63; p = 0.04). Discussion: These findings suggest that enhancing SREB may be a promising strategy for obesity prevention and improving mental health outcomes among the Saudi population. Implementing interventions aimed at promoting healthier dietary habits could support the physical and mental well-being of this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) as a stage between healthy cognition and early neurocognitive disorders, has been proposed to be helpful in the diagnosis of prodromal neurocognitive disorders. To investigate the prevalence of SCD and the related risk factors on the prevalence. Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 1,120 elderly subjects residing in Baotou, China. From June 2021 to June 2023, the data were gathered by research assistants with training utilizing standardized questionnaires. The following factors were evaluated: subjective cognitive decline, physical and cognitive activity levels, past medical history, demographics, instrumental activities of daily living, and cognitive function. Risk factors of SCD were used chi-square tests and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: The prevalence of SCD was 43.8%. Permanent residence, marital status, BMI, dietary habits, average sleep duration per night, smoking, diabetes, coronary heart disease, and visual impairment were significantly associated with SCD (p < 0 0.05). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed obesity, vegetarian-based, smoking for a long time, diabetes and coronary heart disease, visual impairment, no spouse, and average sleep duration per night <6 h were independent risk factors for SCD. Based on the gender analysis, the difference in marital status, dietary habits, average sleep duration per night, smoking, drinking, and hypertension was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The prevalence of subjective cognitive decline was high among elder adults. We discovered significant differences in the prevalence or risk factors for SCD between men and women based on their sex. This study provides a more theoretical basis for the early prevention and screening of cognitive impairment diseases in the elderly population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous studies have suggested a significant association between diet quality and mental health. However, a limited number of studies have utilized the Prime Diet Quality Score (PDQS) to examine this association. Additionally, no study has yet compared the PDQS and Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015) in terms of their association with depression and anxiety. Aim: This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the association between diet quality, measured by the PDQS and HEI-2015, and the odds of depression and anxiety in adults. Methods: This study utilized data from the LIPOKAP study, which was conducted between February 2018 and July 2019 in five cities in Iran. We included 1994 adults aged 18 and above who were selected through a multistage cluster sampling method. Participants completed a validated semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to evaluate their dietary intake. The FFQ was used to calculate the PDQS and HEI-2015. Depression and anxiety levels were determined using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Results: The participants had a mean age of 39.79 ± 13.87 years, with females accounting for 1,041 (52.2%) of the total population. PDQS showed a significant inverse association with the odds of depression (OR = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.28–0.71) and anxiety (OR = 0.40, 95% CI: 0.25–0.62) in the fully adjusted model. Similarly, the highest quartile of HEI-2015 showed a significantly lower odds of depression (OR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.40–0.90) and anxiety (OR = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.42–0.92) compared to the lowest quartile. Conclusion: Both PDQS and HEI-2015 were associated with a reduced risk of depression and anxiety. However, the PDQS demonstrated a stronger inverse association with these risks compared to the HEI-2015. This suggests that the PDQS could be a more beneficial dietary pattern for preventing depression and anxiety compared to HEI-2015. Further large-scale studies are required to confirm these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective health promotion may benefit from understanding how persuasion emerges. While earlier research has identified brain regions implicated in persuasion, these studies often relied on event-related analyses and frequently simplified persuasive communications. The present study investigates the neural basis of valuation change induced by a persuasive healthy eating call, employing naturalistic stimuli. Fifty healthy participants performed two blocks of a bidding task, in which they had to bid on sugar-containing, sugar-free, and nonedible products during functional MRI. In between the two blocks, they listened to a persuasive healthy eating call that influenced their bidding behavior. Intriguingly, participants who resisted persuasion exhibited increased synchronization of brain activity during listening in several regions, including default mode network structures. Additionally, intersubject functional connectivity among these brain regions was found to be weaker in persuaded individuals. These results emphasize the individualized nature of processing persuasive messages, challenging conventional interpretations of synchronized neural activity. Our findings support the emerging practice of tailoring persuasive messages in health promotion campaigns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Emotional eating (EE) is particularly prevalent in overweight or obese women, who may turn to food as a way to cope with stress, sadness, or anxiety. Limited research has been conducted on the association between EE and nutritional intake. Therefore, present study was designed to explore this association in adult women with overweight and obesity. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the relationship between EE and nutritional intake in 303 overweight and obese women (aged 18–50 years) was examined. The researchers used the validated semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) to assess participants' nutritional intake and the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) to evaluate their eating behavior. To determine the association between EE and nutritional intake, we employed the multiple linear regression analysis. Results: The frequency of high intensity EE was 64.4% among the study participants and the mean total score of EE subscale of DBEQ was 2.32 ± 0.81. The total score of EE was positively associated with the energy intake (β = 0.396, P = 0.007), even after adjusting for age and BMI. In addition, a significant inverse association was found between the score of EE and the daily intake of calcium (β= -0.219, P = 0.026), riboflavin (β= -0.166, P = 0.043), and vitamin B12 (β= -0.271, P = 0.035), independent from energy and age. Also the results showed a significant positive association between the score of EE and the frequency of daily intake of cracker, muffin, cake, cream cake, pastry, candy, ice cream, pickles, melon, hydrogenated vegetable oil, peanut, salted and roasted seeds, and corn-cheese puff snack. Conclusion: This study found that overweight or obese women with higher intensity of EE might have a higher intake of energy and a lower intake of dietary calcium, riboflavin and vitamin B12. Integrating a balanced diet with psychotherapy is suggested to help individuals with EE reducing the urge to eat in response to emotions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Young adults entering the workforce are at increased risk of becoming overweight or obese. Yet, internationally, young adults are rarely targeted in health campaigns, and little is known on how to improve their interest and participation in health promotion efforts. Through 33 semi-structured interviews with young adults working in Singapore, we explored their engagement with existing public and workplace health promotion efforts that encouraged healthy eating and increased physical activity, and their subjective health in the context of their daily lives. Interviews were coded and thematically analysed, taking an inductive and deductive approach. Despite some interest in health messaging, participating working young adults rarely adopted health-promoting activities such as meeting daily recommended servings of fruits and vegetables and exercising regularly. Participants reported that the health promotion campaigns they were aware of, suggested actions that they couldn't incorporate in their lives as they did not address the barriers that they are facing from socio-environmental contributors such as long working hours, personal and social commitments, and the food environment. Furthermore, some considered their health to be good enough and therefore had little reason to change existing practices. Affordable and accessible health screenings were an objective way for young adults to re-evaluate their perceptions of their own health which motivated some to favourably change their behaviours. Our findings suggest that future health promotion campaigns would benefit from more fully addressing some of the existing barriers that young working adults face, in tandem with policy changes to directly tackle the socio-environmental conditions for young workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Community nurses (CNs) play an important role in supporting healthy lifestyles, including healthy eating behaviour of patients. However, many CNs do not incorporate healthy eating support in their daily routines to the fullest extent possible. This study aimed to explore (1) the associations between nurse-related behavioural determinants and self-reported healthy eating support practices of Dutch CNs and (2) CNs' need for additional knowledge. Methods: In this cross-sectional survey design, 244 Dutch CNs completed an online, self-administered questionnaire in October-November 2021. The 60 questionnaire items were related to CNs' characteristics, nurse-related determinants, healthy eating support practices (observing problems, having a conversation about patients' dietary behaviour, motivating patients to eat and drink healthier and supporting patients in goal setting) and the need for additional knowledge. The items on determinants and practices used a 5-point Likert scale. Adjusted prevalence ratios (PRadjusted) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were obtained for the associations between determinants and practices, using adjusted Poisson regression with robust variance estimations. Results: More CNs practiced observing problems (75%) and having a conversation (70%) than did motivating patients (45%) and supporting goal setting (28%) at least often. A more positive attitude (PRadjusted 1.8; 95%CI 1.5–2.2), greater self-efficacy (PRadjusted 1.3; 95%CI 1.1–1.5), greater motivation (PRadjusted 1.5; 95%CI 1.3–1.7) and better abilities (PRadjusted 1.4; 95%CI 1.2–1.6) were associated with a greater prevalence of supporting healthy eating at least often (vs. never to sometimes). Barriers were not associated with healthy eating support (PRadjusted 1.1; 95%CI 1.0-1.2). CNs especially desired more knowledge on diet in relation to cancer, gastrointestinal diseases, severe psychiatric diseases and dementia; methods for motivating patients to start and for supporting patients to sustain healthy eating; and dealing with patient autonomy. Conclusions: This study suggests that nurse-related behavioural determinants such as attitude, self-efficacy, motivation and ability should be addressed to improve CNs' competences in healthy eating support. In addition, based on self-reported need for additional knowledge, it is recommended to pay attention to evidence-based behaviour change techniques, dealing with patient autonomy, and diet in relation to cancer, gastrointestinal diseases, severe psychiatric diseases and dementia. Reporting method: The STROBE Statement was followed for reporting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: One of the widely used methods for evaluating the overall quality of a diet is the Healthy Eating Index. In the present study protocol, we lay out the methodological approach to the development and validation of a healthy eating index specific for the Bangladeshi population (hereinafter referred to as Bangladesh Healthy Eating Index (BD-HEI)). Methods: Bangladesh Healthy Eating Index will be developed based on the Food-based dietary guidelines (FBDG) of Bangladesh. Using a scoring system that aligns with the eleven food groups outlined in the FBDG, the index will consist of eleven eating components. A cross-sectional community nutrition survey will be carried out among 1080 reproductive-aged women. Through this survey, quantitative dietary data will be collected following multiple pass 24h dietary recall method. Repeated 24-hour dietary data (of two consecutive days) will be collected from one-third of the respondents. Evaluating usual food and nutrient intake as well as the probability of nutrient intake adequacy, the study will examine the validity of the BD-HEI. Following a suitable statistical procedure, the reliability and construct validity of BD-HEI will be evaluated. Significance of the study: Country-specific HEI can be used to assess the dietary quality of the people of that country. The findings from this research can inform policy decisions and strategies to promote healthier eating habits and combat the rising burden of diet-related diseases in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Digital therapeutics (DTx) in the form of mobile health (mHealth) self-management programs have demonstrated effectiveness in reducing disease activity across various diseases, including fibromyalgia and arthritis. However, the content of online self-management programs varies widely, making them difficult to compare. Aim: This study aims to employ generative artificial intelligence (AI)-based knowledge graphs and network analysis to categorize and structure mHealth content at the example of a fibromyalgia self-management program. Methods: A multimodal mHealth online self-management program targeting fibromyalgia and post-viral fibromyalgia-like syndromes was developed. In addition to general content, the program was customized to address specific features and digital personas identified through hierarchical agglomerative clustering applied to a cohort of 202 patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain syndromes undergoing multimodal assessment. Text files consisting of 22,150 words divided into 24 modules were used as the input data. Two generative AI web applications, ChatGPT-4 (OpenAI) and Infranodus (Nodus Labs), were used to create knowledge graphs and perform text network analysis, including 3D visualization. A sentiment analysis of 129 patient feedback entries was performed. Results: The ChatGPT-generated knowledge graph model provided a simple visual overview with five primary edges: "Mental health challenges", "Stress and its impact", "Immune system function", "Long COVID and fibromyalgia" and "Pain management and therapeutic approaches". The 3D visualization provided a more complex knowledge graph, with the term "pain" appearing as the central edge, closely connecting with "sleep", "body", and "stress". Topical cluster analysis identified categories such as "chronic pain management", "sleep hygiene", "immune system function", "cognitive therapy", "healthy eating", "emotional development", "fibromyalgia causes", and "deep relaxation". Gap analysis highlighted missing links, such as between "negative behavior" and "systemic inflammation". Retro-engineering of the self-management program showed significant conceptual similarities between the knowledge graph and the original text analysis. Sentiment analysis of free text patient comments revealed that most relevant topics were addressed by the online program, with the exception of social contacts. Conclusion: Generative AI tools for text network analysis can effectively structure and illustrate DTx content. Knowledge graphs are valuable for increasing the transparency of self-management programs, developing new conceptual frameworks, and incorporating feedback loops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eating behaviors develop in early life and refine during childhood, shaping long-term food choice and dietary habits, which underpin optimum growth and health. The development of Food Oral Processing (FOP) is of major importance in the establishment of eating behaviors at two scale levels: for the initial acceptance of food texture and for the longer-term development of eating behaviors associated to food intake. To date, both processes have been studied as independent topics and the current review proposes a parallel vision on their development from the onset of complementary feeding to later childhood. Individual factors affecting these FOP-related behaviors as they relate to food texture acceptance are discussed, alongside examples of interventions aiming at modifying them. Opportunity to better consider food textures when designing foods for children is addressed. Altogether, the review demonstrates the critical role of food texture in the development of a child's FOP skills, eating habits, and dietary patterns. These scientific knowledges need to be considered for the development of healthier eating behavior. We identify research gaps that need to be addressed and highlight the need to design foods that can support the development of healthy oral processing and eating behaviors among infants and children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Non-village indigenous people may face urban lifestyle influences, impacting their nutritional profile. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the temporal trends in the nutritional status (2008–2023) and food consumption (2015–2023) of non-village indigenous people in Brazil, using data from the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System (SISVAN). Methods: In this time series study, secondary data available on the SISVAN online platform were used. All records of non-village indigenous people from all regions of Brazil were evaluated. Nutritional status was assessed using height-for-age (H/A) and Body Mass Index-for-age (BMI/A) for children and adolescents, and BMI for adults and the elderly. Food consumption trends were analyzed using food consumption screeners, based on specific food groups consumed the day before the assessment. An annual percentage change (APC) was calculated using Prais-Winsten regression models. Results: There was a reduction in severe stunting among children aged 2 to 4 years old (APC = -0.80%; p = 0.025) and 5 to 9 years old (APC = -4.02%; p < 0.001). Adolescents showed an increase in thinness (APC = 0.91%; p = 0.016) and obesity (APC = 4.38%; p < 0.001). In adults and the elderly, there was a decrease in underweight (APC = -5.59%; p = 0.002 and APC = -3.12%; p < 0.001, respectively) and an increase in obesity grade 1 and overweight (APC = 3.81%; p < 0.001 and APC = 1.82%; p < 0.001, respectively). There was an increase in vegetable consumption among children, adolescents and the elderly, and a rise in the consumption of hamburgers and sausages across all age groups. Conclusion: There was an improvement in the nutritional status of children and adolescents, with reduced stunting, but a rise in obesity among adolescents, adults and the elderly. Food consumption trends showed increased consumption of vegetables and ultra-processed foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Implementation of recommended gestational weight gain (GWG) care by antenatal care providers is poor. It is unclear whether practice implementation and barriers differ between antenatal care provider profession or experience. This study aimed to assesses the provision of and barriers to guideline care for GWG and examine associations with professional discipline and years of experience. Methods: A cross sectional survey was conducted with antenatal care providers working in three public maternity services in a regional city in Australia. Data were collected on the provision of and barriers (informed by the Theoretical Domains Framework) to recommended GWG care. Data were summarised using descriptive statistics. Associations between health profession characteristics (professional discipline and years providing antenatal care) and GWG care practices and barrier outcomes were assessed using multivariate logistic regression. Results: 117 antenatal care providers completed the survey (75% participation rate). One quarter (25%) reported that they routinely provided recommended GWG assessment at the first antenatal visit, and 9% at subsequent visits. Only 7% routinely provided recommended advice on GWG, healthy eating and physical activity. Professional discipline or years of experience were not associated with higher odds of GWG practices. Skills, belief about capabilities, belief about consequences and environmental context and resources were barriers to providing care. Medical professionals had higher odds of agreeing that they have been adequately trained to address GWG (OR = 9.14, 95%CI:3.10–26.90) and feel competent in having sensitive conversations with pregnant women about GWG (OR = 8.60, 95%CI:2.29–32.28) than midwives. Midwives had higher odds of agreeing that there are services they can refer pregnant women to for further support (OR = 2.80, 95%CI:1.13–6.91). Conclusions: The provision of antenatal care for GWG was low, inconsistently provided and did not differ by professional discipline or years of experience. Antenatal care providers report numerous barriers including skills, belief about capabilities, belief about consequences, and environmental context and resources. Barriers to GWG care provision differed by professional discipline, but not years of providing care. The findings demonstrate that the type and prioritisation of practice-change implementation strategies may need to be tailored to address the differential barriers faced by professional groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hyperuricaemia is common among obese children and adolescents, and is closely related to insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to explore the relationships between youth insulin resistance and hyperuricaemia, as well as their relationships with lifestyle factors in youths, to provide early guidance on the risk factors for hyperuricaemia in adolescents. Methods: This study included 233 adolescents aged 10 to 20 years. Insulin resistance was evaluated via the homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) method. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to assess the associations of HOMA-IR with hyperuricaemia status and serum uric acid (UA) levels. The participants were subsequently divided into two groups, the noninsulin resistant group (HOMA-IR ≤ 3.2) and the insulin resistant group (HOMA-IR > 3.2), to further explore the factors that may affect the serum UA level. Finally, the predictive ability of different indicators of hyperuricaemia was evaluated via the ROC curve. Results: Binary logistic regression analysis revealed a significant increase in the risk of developing hyperuricaemia for individuals with elevated HOMA-IR (p < 0.001) and insulin resistance (p < 0.01). Spearman's correlation analysis revealed a significant positive linear correlation between HOMA-IR and serum UA levels (r = 0.4652, p < 0.001). Among insulin-resistant adolescents, UA levels were positively correlated with weight ratings, frequency of staying up late, and sugary beverages intake. Notably, individuals who engaged in 1–3 h of weekly exercise had the lowest UA levels. The area under the ROC curve for HOMA-IR was 0.847 (cut-off value = 2.165, p < 0.001), and the optimal prediction model included HOMA-IR, BMI z-score, and other lifestyle factors (AUC: 0.870, p < 0.001)). Conclusion: HOMA-IR was identified as an independent risk factor for the development of hyperuricaemia and could be used as a sensitive indicator for the prediction its development in adolescents. In insulin-resistant adolescents with hyperuricaemia, maintaining normal weight, engaging in physical exercise for 1–3 h per week, avoiding staying up late and limiting sugary beverages intake are recommended to reduce the prevalence of hyperuricaemia among adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monogenic diabetes accounts for 5% of all incidence of hyperglycemia and Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY) is the most common form. In GCK-MODY, one of the most common forms of MODY, hyperglycemia is caused by a mutation of a gene responsible for coding glucokinase. At the clinical level, this condition presents as persistent, moderate and asymptomatic elevated fasting glucose levels and has a relatively low incidence of micro and macrovascular complications. In general, the treatment of choice is to follow and maintain a healthy lifestyle. The incidence of GCK-MODY during pregnancy is 2% on average (0-6%). In this report, we introduce a case of a woman diagnosed with GCK-MODY during the pregnancy with twins, a boy and a girl, diagnosed with GCK-MODY after birth. We discuss the course of pregnancy, the need for access to fast and uncomplicated genetic diagnostics in utero, and the impact of the MODY diagnosis on the life of the mother and that of her children. In our case, the diagnosis of GCK-MODY was associated with a feeling of relief, after years of uncertainty, and helped to introduce more appropriate eating behaviors and lifestyle changes for both the mother and her children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]