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The accurate prediction of energy consumption has effective role in decision making and risk management for individuals and governments. Meanwhile, the accurate prediction can be realized using the recent advances in machine learning and predictive models. This research proposes a novel approach for energy consumption forecasting based on a new optimization algorithm and a new forecasting model consisting of a set of long shortterm memory (LSTM) units. The proposed optimization algorithm is used to optimize the parameters of the LSTM-based model to boost its forecasting accuracy. This optimization algorithm is based on the recently emerged dipper-throated optimization (DTO) and stochastic fractal search (SFS) algorithm and is referred to as dynamic DTOSFS. To prove the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed approach, five standard benchmark algorithms, namely, stochastic fractal search (SFS), dipper throated optimization (DTO), whale optimization algorithm (WOA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and grey wolf optimization (GWO), are used to optimize the parameters of the LSTM-based model, and the results are compared with that of the proposed approach. Experimental results show that the proposed DDTOSFS+LSTM can accurately forecast the energy consumption with root mean square error RMSE of 0.00013, which is the best among the recorded results of the other methods. In addition, statistical experiments are conducted to prove the statistical difference of the proposed model. The results of these tests confirmed the expected outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The virus that causes monkeypox has been observed in Africa for several years, and it has been linked to the development of skin lesions. Public panic and anxiety have resulted from the deadly repercussions of virus infections following the COVID-19 pandemic. Rapid detection approaches are crucial since COVID-19 has reached a pandemic level. This study's overarching goal is to use metaheuristic optimization to boost the performance of feature selection and classification methods to identify skin lesions as indicators of monkeypox in the event of a pandemic. Deep learning and transfer learning approaches are used to extract the necessary features. The GoogLeNet network is the deep learning framework used for feature extraction. In addition, a binary implementation of the dipper throated optimization (DTO) algorithm is used for feature selection. The decision tree classifier is then used to label the selected set of features. The decision tree classifier is optimized using the continuous version of the DTO algorithm to improve the classification accuracy. Various evaluation methods are used to compare and contrast the proposed approach and the other competing methods using the following metrics: accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, p-Value, N-Value, and F1-score. Through feature selection and a decision tree classifier, the following results are achieved using the proposed approach; F1-score of 0.92, sensitivity of 0.95, specificity of 0.61, p-Value of 0.89, and N-Value of 0.79. The overall accuracy of the proposed methodology after optimizing the parameters of the decision tree classifier is 94.35%. Furthermore, the analysis of variation (ANOVA) and Wilcoxon signed rank test have been applied to the results to investigate the statistical distinction between the proposed methodology and the alternatives. This comparison verified the uniqueness and importance of the proposed approach to Monkeypox case detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In public health, machine learning algorithms have been used to predict or diagnose chronic epidemiological disorders such as diabetes mellitus, which has reached epidemic proportions due to its widespread occurrence around the world. Diabetes is just one of several diseases for which machine learning techniques can be used in the diagnosis, prognosis, and assessment procedures. Methodology: In this paper, we propose a new approach for boosting the classification of diabetes based on a new metaheuristic optimization algorithm. The proposed approach proposes a new feature selection algorithm based on a dynamic Al-Biruni earth radius and dipper-throated optimization algorithm (DBERDTO). The selected features are then classified using a random forest classifier with its parameters optimized using the proposed DBERDTO. Results: The proposed methodology is evaluated and compared with recent optimization methods and machine learning models to prove its efficiency and superiority. The overall accuracy of diabetes classification achieved by the proposed approach is 98.6%. On the other hand, statistical tests have been conducted to assess the significance and the statistical difference of the proposed approach based on the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. Conclusions: The results of these tests confirmed the superiority of the proposed approach compared to the other classification and optimization methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By use of electronic communication, we are able to communicate a message to the recipient. In this digital age, a collaboration between several people is possible thanks to a variety of digital technologies. This interaction may take place in a variety of media formats, including but not limited to text, images, sound, and language. Today, a person's primary means of communication is their smart gadget, most commonly a cell phone. Spam is another side effect of our increasingly text-based modes of communication. We received a bunch of spam texts on our phones, and we know they're not from anyone we know. The vast majority of businesses nowadays use spam texts to advertise their wares, even when recipients have explicitly requested not to receive such messages. As a rule, there are many more spam emails than genuine ones. We apply text classification approaches to define short messaging service (SMS) and spam filtering in this study, which effectively categorizes messages. In this paper, we use "machine learning algorithms" and metaheuristic optimization to determine what percentage of incoming SMS messages are spam. This is why we used the optimized models to evaluate and contrast many classification strategies for gathering data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In terms of security and privacy, mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) continues to be in demand for additional debate and development. As more MANET applications become data-oriented, implementing a secure and reliable data transfer protocol becomes a major concern in the architecture. However, MANET's lack of infrastructure, unpredictable topology, and restricted resources, as well as the lack of a previously permitted trust relationship among connected nodes, contribute to the attack detection burden. A novel detection approach is presented in this paper to classify passive and active black-hole attacks. The proposed approach is based on the dipper throated optimization (DTO) algorithm, which presents a plausible path out of multiple paths for statistics transmission to boost MANETs' quality of service. A group of selected packet features will then be weighed by the DTO-based multi-layer perceptron (DTO-MLP), and these features are collected from nodes using the Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchical (LEACH) clustering technique. MLP is a powerful classifier and the DTO weight optimization method has a significant impact on improving the classification process by strengthening the weights of key features while suppressing the weights ofminor features. This hybridmethod is primarily designed to combat active black-hole assaults. Using the LEACH clustering phase, however, can also detect passive black-hole attacks. The effect of mobility variation on detection error and routing overhead is explored and evaluated using the suggested approach. For diverse mobility situations, the results demonstrate up to 97% detection accuracy and faster execution time. Furthermore, the suggested approach uses an adjustable threshold value to make a correct conclusion regarding whether a node is malicious or benign. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selecting the most relevant subset of features from a dataset is a vital step in data mining and machine learning. Each feature in a dataset has 2n possible subsets, making it challenging to select the optimum collection of features using typical methods. As a result, a new metaheuristicsbased feature selection method based on the dipper-throated and grey-wolf optimization (DTO-GW) algorithms has been developed in this research. Instability can result when the selection of features is subject to metaheuristics, which can lead to a wide range of results. Thus, we adopted hybrid optimization in our method of optimizing, which allowed us to better balance exploration and harvesting chores more equitably. We propose utilizing the binary DTO-GW search approach we previously devised for selecting the optimal subset of attributes. In the proposed method, the number of features selected is minimized, while classification accuracy is increased. To test the proposed method's performance against eleven other state-of-theart approaches, eight datasets from the UCI repository were used, such as binary grey wolf search (bGWO), binary hybrid grey wolf, and particle swarm optimization (bGWO-PSO), bPSO, binary stochastic fractal search (bSFS), binary whale optimization algorithm (bWOA), binary modified grey wolf optimization (bMGWO), binary multiverse optimization (bMVO), binary bowerbird optimization (bSBO), binary hysteresis optimization (bHy), and binary hysteresis optimization (bHWO). The suggested method is superior and successful in handling the problem of feature selection, according to the results of the experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Managing physical objects in the network's periphery is made possible by the Internet of Things (IoT), revolutionizing human life. Open attacks and unauthorized access are possible with these IoT devices, which exchange data to enable remote access. These attacks are often detected using intrusion detection methodologies, although these systems' effectiveness and accuracy are subpar. This paper proposes a new voting classifier composed of an ensemble of machine learning models trained and optimized using metaheuristic optimization. The employed metaheuristic optimizer is a new version of the whale optimization algorithm (WOA), which is guided by the dipper throated optimizer (DTO) to improve the exploration process of the traditionalWOA optimizer. The proposed voting classifier categorizes the network intrusions robustly and efficiently. To assess the proposed approach, a dataset created from IoT devices is employed to record the efficiency of the proposed algorithm for binary attack categorization. The dataset records are balanced using the locality-sensitive hashing (LSH) and Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE). The evaluation of the achieved results is performed in terms of statistical analysis and visual plots to prove the proposed approach's effectiveness, stability, and significance. The achieved results confirmed the superiority of the proposed algorithm for the task of network intrusion detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a modern approach that enables connection with a wide variety of devices remotely. Due to the resource constraints and open nature of IoT nodes, the routing protocol for low power and lossy (RPL) networks may be vulnerable to several routing attacks. That's why a network intrusion detection system (NIDS) is needed to guard against routing assaults on RPL-based IoT networks. The imbalance between the false and valid attacks in the training set degrades the performance of machine learning employed to detect network attacks. Therefore, we propose in this paper a novel approach to balance the dataset classes based on metaheuristic optimization applied to locality-sensitive hashing and synthetic minority oversampling technique (LSH-SMOTE). The proposed optimization approach is based on a new hybrid between the grey wolf and dipper throated optimization algorithms. To prove the effectiveness of the proposed approach, a set of experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of NIDS for three cases, namely, detection without dataset balancing, detection with SMOTE balancing, and detection with the proposed optimized LSHSOMTE balancing. Experimental results showed that the proposed approach outperforms the other approaches and could boost the detection accuracy. In addition, a statistical analysis is performed to study the significance and stability of the proposed approach. The conducted experiments include seven different types of attack cases in the RPL-NIDS17 dataset. Based on the proposed approach, the achieved accuracy is (98.1%), sensitivity is (97.8%), and specificity is (98.8%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applications of internet-of-things (IoT) are increasingly being used in many facets of our daily life, which results in an enormous volume of data. Cloud computing and fog computing, two of the most common technologies used in IoT applications, have led to major security concerns. Cyberattacks are on the rise as a result of the usage of these technologies since present security measures are insufficient. Several artificial intelligence (AI) based security solutions, such as intrusion detection systems (IDS), have been proposed in recent years. Intelligent technologies that require data preprocessing and machine learning algorithm-performance augmentation require the use of feature selection (FS) techniques to increase classification accuracy by minimizing the number of features selected. On the other hand, metaheuristic optimization algorithms have been widely used in feature selection in recent decades. In this paper, we proposed a hybrid optimization algorithm for feature selection in IDS. The proposed algorithm is based on grey wolf (GW), and dipper throated optimization (DTO) algorithms and is referred to as GWDTO. The proposed algorithm has a better balance between the exploration and exploitation steps of the optimization process and thus could achieve better performance. On the employed IoT-IDS dataset, the performance of the proposed GWDTO algorithm was assessed using a set of evaluation metrics and compared to other optimization approaches in the literature to validate its superiority. In addition, a statistical analysis is performed to assess the stability and effectiveness of the proposed approach. Experimental results confirmed the superiority of the proposed approach in boosting the classification accuracy of the intrusion in IoT-based networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrocardiogram (ECG) signal is a measure of the heart's electrical activity. Recently, ECG detection and classification have benefited from the use of computer-aided systems by cardiologists. The goal of this paper is to improve the accuracy of ECG classification by combining the Dipper Throated Optimization (DTO) and Differential Evolution Algorithm (DEA) into a unified algorithm to optimize the hyperparameters of neural network (NN) for boosting the ECG classification accuracy. In addition, we proposed a new feature selection method for selecting the significant feature that can improve the overall performance. To prove the superiority of the proposed approach, several experimentswere conducted to compare the results achieved by the proposed approach and other competing approaches. Moreover, statistical analysis is performed to study the significance and stability of the proposed approach using Wilcoxon and ANOVA tests. Experimental results confirmed the superiority and effectiveness of the proposed approach. The classification accuracy achieved by the proposed approach is (99.98%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In terms of security and privacy, mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) continues to be in demand for additional debate and development. As more MANET applications become data-oriented, implementing a secure and reliable data transfer protocol becomes a major concern in the architecture. However, MANET’s lack of infrastructure, unpredictable topology, and restricted resources, as well as the lack of a previously permitted trust relationship among connected nodes, contribute to the attack detection burden. A novel detection approach is presented in this paper to classify passive and active black-hole attacks. The proposed approach is based on the dipper throated optimization (DTO) algorithm, which presents a plausible path out of multiple paths for statistics transmission to boost MANETs’ quality of service. A group of selected packet features will then be weighed by the DTO-based multi-layer perceptron (DTO-MLP), and these features are collected from nodes using the Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchical (LEACH) clustering technique. MLP is a powerful classifier and the DTO weight optimization method has a significant impact on improving the classification process by strengthening the weights of key features while suppressing the weights of minor features. This hybrid method is primarily designed to combat active black-hole assaults. Using the LEACH clustering phase, however, can also detect passive black-hole attacks. The effect of mobility variation on detection error and routing overhead is explored and evaluated using the suggested approach. For diverse mobility situations, the results demonstrate up to 97% detection accuracy and faster execution time. Furthermore, the suggested approach uses an adjustable threshold value to make a correct conclusion regarding whether a node is malicious or benign. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metamaterial Antennas are a type of antenna that uses metamaterial to enhance performance. The bandwidth restriction associated with small antennas can be solved using metamaterial antennas. Machine learning is gaining popularity as a way to improve solutions in a range of fields. Machine learning approaches are currently a big part of current research, and they're likely to be huge in the future. The model utilized determines the accuracy of the prediction in large part. The goal of this paper is to develop an optimized ensemble model for forecasting the metamaterial antenna's bandwidth and gain. The basic models employed in the developed ensemble are Support Vector Regression (SVR), K-NearestRegression (KNR), Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), Decision Trees (DT), and Random Forest (RF). The percentages of contribution of these models in the ensemble model are weighted and optimized using the dipper throated optimization (DTO) algorithm. To choose the best features from the dataset, the binary (bDTO) algorithm is exploited. The proposed ensemble model is compared to the base models and results are recorded and analyzed statistically. In addition, two other ensembles are incorporated in the conducted experiments for comparison. These ensembles are average ensemble and K-nearest neighbors (KNN)-based ensemble. The comparison is performed in terms of eleven evaluation criteria. The evaluation results confirmed the superiority of the proposed model when compared with the basic models and the other ensemble models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the relevant factors in smart energy management is the ability to predict the consumption of energy in smart households and use the resulting data for planning and operating energy generation. For the utility to save money on energy generation, it must be able to forecast electrical demands and schedule generation resources to meet the demand. In this paper, we propose an optimized deep network model for predicting future consumption of energy in smart households based on the Dipper Throated Optimization (DTO) algorithm and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM). The proposed deep network consists of three parts, the first part contains a single layer of bidirectional LSTM, the second part contains a set of stacked unidirectional LSTM, and the third part contains a single layer of fully connected neurons. The design of the proposed deep network targets represents the temporal dependencies of energy consumption for boosting prediction accuracy. The parameters of the proposed deep network are optimized using the DTO algorithm. The proposed model is validated using the publicly available UCI household energy dataset. In comparison to the other competing machine learning models, such as Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), Sequence-to-Sequence (Seq2Seq), and standard LSTM, the performance of the proposed model shows promising effectiveness and superiority when evaluated using eight evaluation criteria including Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and R 2 . Experimental results show that the proposed optimized deep model achieved an RMSE of (0.0047) and R 2 of (0.998), which outperform those values achieved by the other models. In addition, a sensitivity analysis is performed to study the stability and significance of the proposed approach. The recorded results confirm the effectiveness, superiority, and stability of the proposed approach in predicting the future consumption of energy in smart households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As corona virus disease (COVID-19) is still an ongoing global outbreak, countries around the world continue to take precautions and measures to control the spread of the pandemic. Because of the excessive number of infected patients and the resulting deficiency of testing kits in hospitals, a rapid, reliable, and automatic detection of COVID-19 is in extreme need to curb the number of infections. By analyzing the COVID-19 chest X-ray images, a novel metaheuristic approach is proposed based on hybrid dipper throated and particle swarm optimizers. The lung region was segmented from the original chest X-ray images and augmented using various transformation operations. Furthermore, the augmented images were fed into the VGG19 deep network for feature extraction. On the other hand, a feature selection method is proposed to select the most significant features that can boost the classification results. Finally, the selected features were input into an optimized neural network for detection. The neural network is optimized using the proposed hybrid optimizer. The experimental results showed that the proposed method achieved 99.88% accuracy, outperforming the existing COVID-19 detection models. In addition, a deep statistical analysis is performed to study the performance and stability of the proposed optimizer. The results confirm the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most children and elderly people worldwide die from pneumonia, which is a contagious illness that causes lung ulcers. For diagnosing pneumonia from chest X-ray images, many deep learning models have been put forth. The goal of this research is to develop an effective and strong approach for detecting and categorizing pneumonia cases. By varying the deep learning approach, three pre-trained models, GoogLeNet, ResNet18, and DenseNet121, are employed in this research to extract the main features of pneumonia and normal cases. In addition, the binary dipper throated optimization (DTO) algorithm is utilized to select the most significant features, which are then fed to the K-nearest neighbor (KNN) classifier for getting the final classification decision. To guarantee the best performance of KNN, its main parameter (K) is optimized using the continuous DTO algorithm. To test the proposed approach, six evaluation metrics were employed namely, positive and negative predictive values, accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, and F1-score. Moreover, the proposed approach is compared with other traditional approaches, and the findings confirmed the superiority of the proposed approach in terms of all the evaluation metrics. The minimum accuracy achieved by the proposed approach is (98.5%), and the maximum accuracy is (99.8%) when different test cases are included in the evaluation experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most common kinds of cancer is breast cancer. The early detection of it may help lower its overall rates of mortality. In this paper, we robustly propose a novel approach for detecting and classifying breast cancer regions in thermal images. The proposed approach starts with data preprocessing the input images and segmenting the significant regions of interest. In addition, to properly train the machine learning models, data augmentation is applied to increase the number of segmented regions using various scaling ratios. On the other hand, to extract the relevant features from the breast cancer cases, a set of deep neural networks (VGGNet, ResNet-50, AlexNet, and GoogLeNet) are employed. The resulting set of features is processed using the binary dipper throated algorithm to select the most effective features that can realize high classification accuracy. The selected features are used to train a neural network to finally classify the thermal images of breast cancer. To achieve accurate classification, the parameters of the employed neural network are optimized using the continuous dipper throated optimization algorithm. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed approach in classifying the breast cancer cases when compared to other recent approaches in the literature. Moreover, several experiments were conducted to compare the performance of the proposed approach with the other approaches. The results of these experiments emphasized the superiority of the proposed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Personal Identification Numbers (PIN) and unlock patterns are two of the most often used smartphone authentication mechanisms. Because PINs have just four or six characters, they are subject to shoulder-surfing attacks and are not as secure as other authentication techniques. Biometric authentication methods, such as fingerprint, face, or iris, are now being studied in a variety of ways. The security of such biometric authentication is based on PIN-based authentication as a backup when the maximum defined number of authentication failures is surpassed during the authentication process. Keystroke-dynamics-based authentication has been studied to circumvent this limitation, in which users were categorized by evaluating their typing patterns as they input their PIN. A broad variety of approaches have been proposed to improve the capacity of PIN entry systems to discriminate between normal and abnormal users based on a user's typing pattern. To improve the accuracy of user discrimination using keystroke dynamics, we propose a novel approach for improving the parameters of a Bidirectional Recurrent Neural Network (BRNN) used in classifying users' keystrokes. The proposed approach is based on a significant modification to the Dipper Throated Optimization (DTO) algorithm by employing three search leaders to improve the exploration process of the optimization algorithm. To assess the effectiveness of the proposed approach, two datasets containing keystroke dynamics were included in the conducted experiments. In addition, we propose a feature selection algorithm for selecting the proper features that enable better user classification. The proposed algorithms are compared to other optimization methods in the literature, and the results showed the superiority of the proposed algorithms. Moreover, a statistical analysis is performed to measure the stability and significance of the proposed methods, and the results confirmed the expected findings. The best classification accuracy achieved by the proposed optimized BRNN is 99.02% and 99.32% for the two datasets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]