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We propose an account of interpretive effects involving same and different, relying on two claims: the first is that same and different are able to take scope, and the second is that they are presuppositional. On this account, same and different are decomposed into two parts: an additive operator TOO and a (non-)identity predicate. We argue that this account provides a more parsimonious account of well-known properties of same and different, such as the distinction between internal and external readings, as well as the parallelism effects discovered by Hardt and Mikkelsen (Linguist Philos 38:289–314, 2015). We also present a solution to a previously unexplained puzzle involving comparatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of IUG Journal of Islamic Studies is the property of Islamic University of Gaza and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In many political and sociological studies, in the recent years are being treated problems related to cultures, civilizations, integrations, assimilation, etc. In such commentaries with priority are ranked problems that have to deal with tolerance and religious understanding as well as differences and contradictions through cultures and contradictions among civilizations. In these studies from different research standing points, when it is about civilization, in European circumstances such topics are being focused in the differences among western cultures, catholics, Islam, Slavic Orthodocs etc. The economic process intensification and technological modernization, as if sometimes remains outside the current topicality, beside conceptual dilemmas that are created from some scholars and some political personalities in their approaches, for the differences and inter-religious contradictions, or, for the tendencies of incitement of such a revival of inter-religious contradictions. If they insist to build the future of a nation in present time, relying on the mythology, you can suspect that there is something wrong in that nation and its political elites. Euro-culture of the Muslims in Europe, led by the Islamic principles, (without inventing a deviant Islam, or 'traditional' Islam) could have enabled all Muslim people in Europe to develop a common religious culture. They could promote cultural and historical values which once presents a common value for all the Muslims belonging to different national preferences for the newcoming Muslims. In this Muslim Euro-culture, intellectual European Muslim elites, including the European citizens who accepted Islam will have an important role. The messages of the wise men, should be guidence to understand religious, national, linguistic and racial differences, raising consciousness and awareness that one can become a complete human being, only through a real obedience to God. The concept of the interdependence in creating of economic, political relationships, of social and cultural security between people, states and businessmen is a paradigm of the time, thus integration projects must subdue to the need to interact, based on mutual interests, as a human being dependent on each other, as Almighty God has created us. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of IUG Journal of Islamic Studies is the property of Islamic University of Gaza and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ecological Science is the property of Ecological Science Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Concept formation requires animals to learn and use abstract rules that transcend the characteristics of specific stimuli. Abstract concepts are often associated with high levels of cognitive sophistication, so there has been much interest in which species can form and use concepts. A key abstract concept is that of sameness and difference, where stimuli are classified as either the same as or different than an original stimulus. Here, we used a simultaneous two-item same-different task to test whether paper wasps (Polistes fuscatus) can learn and apply a same-different concept. We trained wasps by simultaneously presenting pairs of same or different stimuli (e.g. colours). Then, we tested whether wasps could apply the concept to new stimuli of the same type (e.g. new colours) and to new stimulus types (e.g. odours). We show that wasps learned a general concept of sameness or difference and applied it to new samples and types of stimuli. Notably, wasps were able to transfer the learned rules to new stimuli in a different sensory modality. Therefore, P. fuscatus can classify stimuli based on their relationships and apply abstract concepts to novel stimulus types. These results indicate that abstract concept learning may be more widespread than previously thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Folklore has been associated with stories and sayings due to it being a social adhesive that makes people together and shares their customs, traditions, conventions, and civilizations. The aim of this study is to illustrate the importance and significance of Iraqi folklore in terms of its precious, valuable, and wealthy information, particularly in Iraqi Literature and folkloric resources and inheritances. Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves" (Arabic: علي بابا والأربعون لصا) is a folk tale from the One Thousand and One Nights. The undoubted masterpiece of ancient Iraq - and one of the great works of world literature - is the Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh. The Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh is a long narrative poem that examines the universal human search for meaning and longing for life. It was originally the work of an anonymous Babylonian poet who lived in Iraq more than 3,700 years ago. He composed the epic in the Akkadian language, but the literary traditions of Gilgamesh also inform five shorter narrative poems in the Sumerian language, and these are even older. The study uses a qualitative and descriptive style and approach to illustrate the salience of Iraqi heritage and folkloristic information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lubelski Rocznik Pedagogiczny is the property of Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Let k be a number field, O k its ring of integers, Cl (k) its classgroup and h the class number of k. Let Γ be a finite group. Let ℳ be a maximal O k -order in the semi-simple algebra k [ Γ ] containing O k [ Γ ] , and Cl (ℳ) its locally free classgroup. Let A = ℤ ∪ { 1 m , m ∈ ℤ ∖ { 0 , 1 , − 1 } } and n ∈ A. We define the set ℛ ( n , ℳ) of Galois module classes realizable by the n th power of the different to be the set of classes c ∈ Cl (ℳ) such that there exists a Galois extension N / k with Galois group isomorphic to Γ (Γ -extension), which is tamely ramified, and for which the class of ℳ ⊗ O k [ Γ ] N / k n is equal to c , where we clarify that if n = 1 m , where m ∈ ℤ ∖ { 0 , 1 , − 1 } , N / k n is the | m | th root of the inverse different N / k − 1 (respectively, the different N / k ) if m < 0 (respectively, m > 0) when it exists. Let l be a prime number and ξ be a primitive l th root of unity. In this article, we suppose that Γ is cyclic of order l and k / ℚ and ℚ (ξ) / ℚ are linearly disjoint. We prove, sometimes under an assumption on h , that ℛ ( n , ℳ) is a subgroup of Cl (ℳ) , by an explicit description using a Stickelberger ideal. In addition, for each n ∈ A , we determine the set of the Steinitz classes of N / k n , N / k runs through the tame Γ -extensions of k , and prove that it is a subgroup of Cl (k) , also sometimes under an hypothesis on h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ma'alim Quran Sunnah is the property of Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Equals Formal Curriculum English Scheme of Work has been designed for that very small percentage of the school population, perhaps as low as one or two per cent, who have global learning difficulties (GLD) to such a degree that they are consistently working at levels significantly below their age‐related peers for all of their academic lives. The term GLD includes all those in England currently ascribed as having severe learning difficulties (SLD) and many if not most, currently ascribed as having moderate learning difficulties (MLD). Evidence of the difficulties faced by such pupils will become increasingly obvious beyond Year 1 at age 6, because the difficulties are global rather than specific. That is, they are likely to affect all learning, but will be particularly apparent in numeracy and literacy. This paper, the first of two, seeks to clarify why reading and writing are so extraordinarily difficult for this population and posits that the answers lie in challenging perceived wisdoms within the education system's predilections towards (i) regarding phonics as the only solution to reading difficulties (ii) persisting over time (and in the face of evidence to the contrary) with the view that children, young people and adults with GLD can make sufficient progress within phonics teaching and (iii) the use of differentiation of a standardised national curriculum model as being a sufficient answer to global learning difficulties. Clearly the main language used in England is English, but the principles and ideas outlined in this paper should apply in any language which uses a phonic structure when teaching language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let k be a number field and Ok its ring of integers. Let Γ be a finite group. Let M be a maximal Ok-order in the semi-simple algebra k [ Γ ] containing O k [ Γ ]. Let C l (O k [ Γ ]) (resp. C l (M) ) be the locally free classgroup of O k [ Γ ] (resp. M). We denote by R (D − 1 , O k [ Γ ]) (resp. R (D − 1 , M) ) the set of classes c in C l (O k [ Γ ]) (resp. C l (M) ) such that there exists a tamely ramified extension N/k, with Galois group isomorphic to Γ (Γ-extension) and the class of D N / k − 1 (resp. M ⊗ O k [ Γ ] D N / k − 1 ) is equal to c, where D N / k is the different of N/k and D N / k − 1 its inverse different. We say that R (D − 1 , O k [ Γ ]) (resp. R (D − 1 , M) ) is the set of realizable Galois module classes by the inverse different. In the present article, combining some of our published results, and a result due to A. Fröhlich giving a link between the Galois module class of the ring of integers of a tamely ramified Γ -extension and that of its inverse different, we explicitly determine R (D − 1 , O k [ Γ ]) (resp. R (D − 1 , M) ) for several groups Γ and show that it is a subgroup of C l (O k [ Γ ]) (resp. C l (M) ). In addition, we determine the set of the Steinitz classes of D N / k − 1 , N/k runs through the set of tamely ramified Γ-extension of k, and prove that is a subgroup of Cl(k), also for several groups Γ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aims to observe the influence of harvesting time on the change of calcium oxalate (CaOx) content and crystal density in Porang corms. The corms were harvested at different times, i.e., (1) two weeks before the plants shed (R0-1), (2) when the plants shed (R0), and (3) two weeks after the plants shed (R0+1). CaOx was obtained using the modified extracting method. Microscopic observations were obtained from the slices of the edge and center part of porang corms. Parameter observed including CaOx content, corm weight, shape, and density of CaOx crystal. CaOx content and crystal density in corms were analyzed using One way ANOVA. If the results are significant, it will be followed by Tukey Test α 0.05. In the meantime, the relation between CaOx content and corm weight was analyzed using Correlation Test Bivariate. The results showed that CaOx content was relatively higher in porang corms, i.e., 15.98 ± 0.60g/100g. On the other hand, the increasing of CaOx content might improve corm weight. The total density of druse, styloid, and prism crystal was pretty high in corms obtained when the plants shed compared to another harvest time, i.e., 1,494 ± 286; 31,280 ± 17,406 and 6,256 ± 1,533 crystals/cm2 . Raphide crystal density, by contrast, increased in corms obtained after the plants shed, i.e.,1,656 ± 368 crystals/cm2 . Total CaOx crystal density in the edge parts of corms harvested when the plants shed was proportionately higher than in the other harvest times, i.e., 12,292 ± 4,687.89 crystals/cm2 . In contrast, CaOx crystal densities in the center parts of corms were not much different at three harvesting times. The density of druse and prism crystals was somewhat higher in the center part of corms than in the edge parts. In opposition to, the density of raphide and styloid crystals was fairly higher in the edge part of corms than it was in the center parts. However, only raphide crystal density found in the edge and center part of corms was significantly affected by harvest time from all these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Aim: To assess the incidence of Kennedy's classification among partially edentulous individuals along with its correlation with age and gender. The Method: The subject in this study was consisted of 191 patients. All patients seeking for replacement of missing teeth were included in the study. The data related to partial edentulism was recorded in a self-designed proforma. The clinical data were summarized, frequencies and percentages as appropriate in association with age, gender. Kennedy's classification was used to determine the pattern of partially edentulous arches. The Result: The occurrence of Kennedy Cl. III partial edentulism was 17.8% in the maxillary arch and 9.42% in the mandibular arch. Followed by Cl. II in both the maxillary and mandibular arch, while cl. IV was the least among the other classes. The cl.III has the highest prevalence in group III patients. Cl. I and II have the highest incidence among group IV patients. The number of female was more than male and the highest frequency of cl. II was for females, followed by cl. III, while the lowest cases was cl. IV, for males, the most frequent was cl.II followed by cl. IV. The Conclusion: There is an increase in Cl.I and II and a decrease in Cl. III and IV with an increase in age. The prevalence of Cl. III was predominant among younger population, whereas in group IV Cl.I was predominant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is concerned with reconstructing the cultural meanings included in the Polish signs "inny" ("different") and "obcy" ("foreign") and comparing them with their Russian and German counterparts, i.e. "другой" and "чужой", "der Andere" and "der Fremde" respectively. The data for the comparative analysis were collected by means of the free association method. The features indicated by the respondents reflected culture-specific and language-specific associative profiles of images of the lexical items "different" and "foreign", characteristic of the representatives of the Polish, Russian and German cultures. The results of the association test confirm that there exist numerous criteria which the Polish, Russian and German respondents referred to while specifying the meaning of "different" and "foreign". The questionnaire allowed for establishing a hierarchy of the criteria as well as for indicating significant similarities and differences between the Polish, Russian and German associative definitions of both terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyses the way in which disability is portrayed in contemporary Polish literature for children, with a particular emphasis on the latest literature. Rosemarie Garland-Thomson's theory of the baroque stare is applied in the analysis and allows the reconstruction of a network of stares in which the disabled are entangled, and also to reconstruct the place attributed to them in society. In a number of texts, a confrontation with onlookers turns out to be an introduction to a dialogue that gives a disabled person a chance to express their feelings and needs. However, the increasingly common portrayal of disability in the social category does not free literature from stereotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Androloji Bülteni (Andrology Bullettin) is the property of BAYT Ltd. Co and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As a complex psychiatric disorder, schizophrenia is interpreted as a "dysconnection" syndrome, which is linked to abnormal integrations in between distal brain regions. Recently, neuroimaging has been widely adopted to investigate how schizophrenia affects brain networks. Furthermore, some studies reported frequency dependence of the abnormalities of functional network in schizophrenia, however, dynamic functional connectivity with frequency dependence is rarely used to explore changes in the whole brain of patients with schizophrenia (SZ). Therefore, in the current study, dynamic functional connectivity strength (dFCS) was performed on resting-state functional magnetic resonance data from 96 SZ patients and 121 healthy controls (HCs) at slow-5 (0.01–0.027 Hz), slow-4 (0.027–0.073 Hz), slow-3 (0.073–0.198 Hz), and slow-2 (0.198–0.25 Hz) frequency bands and further assessed whether the altered dFCS was correlated to clinical symptoms in SZ patients. Results revealed that decreased dFCS of schizophrenia were found in salience, auditory, sensorimotor, visual networks, while increased dFCS in cerebellum, basal ganglia, and prefrontal networks were observed across different frequency bands. Specifically, the thalamus subregion of schizophrenic patients exhibited enhanced dynamic FCS in slow-5 and slow-4, while reduced in slow-3. Moreover, in slow-5 and slow-4, significant interaction effects between frequency and group were observed in the left calcarine cortex, the bilateral inferior orbitofrontal gyrus, and anterior cingulum cortex (ACC). Furthermore, the altered dFCS of insula, thalamus (THA), calcarine cortex, orbitofrontal gyrus, and paracentral lobule were partial correlated with clinical symptoms of SZ patients in slow-5 and slow-4 bands. These results demonstrate the abnormalities of dFCS in schizophrenia patients is rely on different frequency bands and may provide potential implications for exploring the neuropathological mechanism of schizophrenia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Al-Frahids Arts is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The theory of truth is that truth statements consist of practical consequences, especially in agreement with subsequent experience. The purpose of this study is to discuss the different theories of truth proposed by Charles Sanders Peirce, William James and John Dewey. This study uses a qualitative methodology that uses the analysis of this research article to reveal the basic theories and differences from each expert as they are known as pragmatic researchers with their theories of truth. This paper is intended to explore and provide different pragmatic theories of the three truths by Charles Sanders Peirce, William James and John Dewey. This reward research to see that results from differences in the theory of truth by Charles Sanders Peirce, William James and John Dewey which results in that Peirce is often associated with the idea that true beliefs are those who will stand the test in the future; James with the idea that true trust is reliable and also beneficial; while Dewey with that idea claims of ownership are verified (or "valuation"). Therefore, expecting further research is to find the effects of different theories of truth from the three experts in various contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Philosophy of Law & General Theory of Law / Filosofia Prava i Zagal'na Teoria Prava is the property of Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The research aimed at comparing the chemical properties of peats under different land uses in peats dome of the catchment area of the Sibumbung River and the Komering River in Pedamaran Sub-Districts, OKI South Sumatra, Indonesia. The research was conducted in January 2019 and used a Randomized Complete Block Design with two blocks and five natural treatments namely swamp grass, bush swamp, peat forest, oil palm, and intercropping between oil palm and pineapple. Most of the chemical properties of peats at the depth of 30-50 cm showed no changes due to the effects of land uses and drainage; however, there were significant differences with the peat depth of 5-15 cm. Decreasing organic C, exchangeable Al, Al saturation and soluble Fe on the cultivated peats were significantly different compared with the uncultivated peats. An increase in the available P, K, pH, CEC and base saturation on the cultivated peats were found and differed significantly on test level 5% compared with the uncultivated peats due to the application of ameliorant materials. The total N and C/N values were not significantly different. Most of the chemical properties of peats were decreased by the depth of peats. Soil ameliorant materials would change the buffering system of the peats to neutralize soil acidity and the pH increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Berlin and the city's inhabitants are the characters of Wanat's reportage. The book is a collection of talks and evidence record of meetings with particular people. Every Berliner has their own story. While presenting the stories, the author spotlights the complexity of the city. The capital city, like any other metropolis, is a medley of various cultures and behaviours. The city reflects the borderline of the features which both unite and divide the society and endanger their peaceful coexistence. The border areas are particularly exposed to conflicts. For onlookers, Berlin seems to be a coherent mosaic. However, it is drastically divided. This incoherence is shown in varied characters of the districts, it is reflected in language, too. Resentments, stereotypes and generalisations add to this discrepancy. A peaceful coexistence in such a cosmopolitan hybrid city requires building an agora and bridges. They create the background to begin a dialogue. Liberal democracy helps to introduce socio-cultural structures, as well as mental patterns of perception. This prevents antagonisms in society. A lesson of tolerance averts hostility and others are not treated as if they were strangers. Learning an appropriate attitude towards the dissimilar takes a long time, and the challenge must be repeatedly undertaken if society is to remain united. Analysing such a big city as Berlin, Ewa Wanat illustrates complex problems of contemporary Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an egoistic nature, the human being finds it difficult to be relative to others and absolute to himself, while he is inclined to believe that others should be relative to him. The moment we want to make a step in our life, perhaps at an early age, we face another idea, desire or belief. It is this period which proves that our beliefs are personal creations that take life when we allow ourselves to engage in the broader social circle. The individual is unable to accomplish himself if he does not become part of the nucleus to which he belongs, where he also gets the energies needed in adapting his ego to the universal one, which is the world itself. This paper provides in-depth analysis of what moral is in the ethical relativism: different for every human being, depending on the view point of the person affected and the conditions a person is placed in. None the less, all of these are also affected by the society, a person is born and raised in, being it the ruling norm in the family, the social interactions, traditions and customs executed, which determine the concept of moral actions to everyone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Basic Education College Magazine For Educational & Humanities Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives: To know about the causes of hydrocephalus (HDC) among the different age groups. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Setting: Department of neurosurgery PGMI/LRH. Period: August 2012 to September 2013. Materials and Methods: The operative records and the admission records of all the patients who were admitted and operated during the study period were checked. All the patients undergoing surgery for hydrocephalus were included in the study and those patients who had undergone surgery for other reasons were excluded from the study. Patient s who had a repeated surgery for hydrocephalus were also excluded from the study as well as those who were re-admitted for shunt related or surgery related complications. The age, gender, and the radiological diagnosis of hydrocephalus was recorded on a designed proforma. All the patients were grouped into two that is above and below 12 years. Etiology wise HDC was classified as either congenital, post-infectious, tumor related, post trauma or miscelenous. The data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 16. Results: A total of 634 admission for Hydrocephalus were reviewed. 387 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. There were 209 males and 178 females. The age range was from 1 month to 69 years and the mean age was 8±4.6 years. There were 67.67% of the patients in the group I while 33.33% of patients in the Group II. There was almost equal distribution on in the group II based on the age difference. The major causes in the group I were the congenital, post infectious, and tumor related while in the group II the main causes were the PIH, post tumor and the post hemorrhagic. Conclusion: The most common causes of the HDC in the pediatric age group are the congenital, PIH and tumor related. In adults the most common causes of the HDC are the PIH, post Hemorrhagic HDC and tumor related Hydrocephalus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jordan Journal of Agricultural Sciences is the property of University of Jordan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper examines aspects of the relational adjective talu 'different', which has not been investigated systematically in the generative literature on Korean. One of the most interesting properties of talu is the occurrence of a wa-phrase, which has the potential to be used in three different ways, i.e., as a conjunctive, a comitative, or a comparative phrase. An important observation is made to the effect that the three different uses of the wa-phrase correlate with different interpretations of talu. Based on this, a novel analysis of sentences involving talu is proposed, accounting for their interpretative patterns. The gist of the analysis is that in sentences involving talu, a wa-phrase, which denotes the standard of comparison, is located in the Spec position of a functional projection, call it, FP, which mediates the relation between the wa-phrase and talu. It is proposed that SpecFP can undergo deletion, where different amounts of deletion of SpecFP, i.e., full deletion and partial deletion à la Charnavel 2015, lead to different surface forms and interpretations of the constructions involving talu. Crucially, the internal-external distinction of the interpretation of talu is argued to correlate with the presence or absence of an overtly realized wa-phrase denoting the standard of comparison, which is determined by deletion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This is a study of how foreign brides in Taiwan adapt to the challenges of living in an unfamiliar society, particularly in terms of diet, religion, and language. Based on data collected in semi-structured interviews, the results indicate that foreign brides tend to prefer foods, which are excessively spicy and sour for the average Taiwanese. In terms of religion, most foreign brides adopt their husbands religion. As for language, it was found that foreign brides tend to be relatively direct in their manner of expression, and also tend to reply in a loud tone of voice, and that this leads to misunderstandings and makes their Taiwanese in-laws uncomfortable. It was also found that many foreign brides experience difficulties in the areas of medical care and shopping. As for the ways in which foreign brides respond to these challenges, it was found that many of those who have difficulty adapting to Taiwanese food express their dissatisfaction by eating little. With regards to religious activities, most simply follow their in-laws' customary practices, such as burning incense. As for language, it was found that they use various means to learn both written and spoken Chinese. Many foreign brides reported having difficulty with the taste of various Taiwanese foods, but that their in-laws didn't mind if they prepared some of their favorite foods for themselves. Many also indicated that their in-laws encouraged them to attend Chinese classes, but that there was little support for those who preferred to practice a religion different from their in-laws. The results of this study indicate that the government needs to make additional efforts to help foreign brides lay down roots in Taiwan and enjoy a happy family life, such as holding social events in various localities, running relevant training courses for foreign brides and their husbands, and promoting an overall environment which is more foreigner-friendly and linguistically diverse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos de Literatura is the property of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article analyzes xenological approach in psycholinguistic research: the analysis of the understanding possibilities and limitations, meta-languages understanding. Discusses the results and processes, paradoxes and mechanisms of interaction between man and the world, including in the reading context. Substantiates the idea that reading will require changes in the understanding of oneself and the world and assume this change will lead to the transformation of representations of the person, including the infinity of its own resources, time and space in his life. Main statements of the author’s model of human existence, uniting self-existence, Ino (other)-existence and co-existence of people and the world, it is noted that the widening and deepening of awareness of oneself and the world is associated with the development of these components and their harmonious interaction . it is concluded that the reading result for human consciousness will be the development of his self-awareness as a person, the selection is in itself the most important, humanity constituting aspects of the growth of respect for life and the world in General. Another pushes its boundaries at the expense of “I”, thanks to him. Moreover, the knowledge “I am” about Her there is nothing that initially there would be a Stranger. Even concepts and ways of dealing with them arises in communication with Others taken over or designed – existing as a reality created by Another before, or arising as a result of implementation of Your communication needs with Others. Find out the current situation life values and meanings are the most important indicator of human nature, his deep-lying internal areas, defining a particular understanding of oneself and the world, preferences in the selection of the meta-languages of understanding.. Understanding as a unity of fact and its assessment requires “acceptance of another”, suggests her pre-knowledge. Understanding the future gives the sense of the present, is the process of (self -) designing, based on the experience of the past and its reconstruction in the current situation of the interaction: the ability to extract meaning and edification is possible only when the reader took the author’s proposed message. If the message is “Dialogic intentions”, its provocation by the author in the text not observed, the reading of the text is so unlikely and unwarranted, that even the efforts of the understanding are often doomed to failure. Understanding as a synthesis of understandings – unguaranteed experience of co-existence, their construction and build relations between the author of the text and its reader. However, the will to meaning and the effort of understanding and understanding, increases the chances to be understand: at least at the momentary level, try entering and staying in the flow, in the intertextual and Endnotes “the gaps and layers in the ineffable and hidden intentionally or unconsciously – from the author and his reader. Do a person report or does not give, but in the book he’s looking for Another, and also the understanding of ourselves and the world that this other can give. The ability of the subject to understand and be understood is only possible because there is Another: the communication or communications is going beyond Yourself, outside Your to the Other, connecting Themselves with the Other. Don’t be Another, there would be no understanding. Understanding there is always a mutual or shared understanding: understanding of event co-existence. Own, not recognizing themselves and their boundaries, and would remain undeveloped, “at rest” in self-sufficiency: as described in various cosmologies and mythologies of the absolute. This is the return to the “peace of self-existence” and occurs when one or the other part of Your is out of contact with internal or external Others, or when she gets herself in and with a particular goal, passing through a chain of “incarnation – the transformation-the implementation of” from alien existence to the event and self-existence. Trying to fathom how someone else can deal with the fact that the Alien is not: the illusion of Otherness is also common, as the illusion of its invincibility. In the dialogue, in the process of understanding, according to the formation and development of “co-ex- istence”, many of the transformations and returns to His own, is a series of processes. Faced with Other people are likely to be faced only with yourself. Knowing someone else in the historical or diachronic perspectives, the person usually considers the experience of Another only as a more or less clear version of the experience Itself. The only way to understand anything: that means nothing to the person from the point of view of the previous or anticipated experience, understood can not be. That understood, never has a definite meaning and completeness: understood is the result of the final at the moment in a given space point as part of a unified field of meaning of the Universe. There are three primary strategies for understanding themselves and the world. Understanding possible as “output” (the decision on the understanding) through belief in the truth, incompleteness and the impossible. These “outputs” unequal in the sense of “the exhaustion of symbolic resources” (ways of formation of the meaning of what is happening in his internal and external worlds). The first method involves the justification of hope for understanding, but neglecting and ignoring the dead ends, giving up their own efforts to understand the satisfaction of superficial “knowledge”. In the second case, the hope of the subject for understanding is not met, but the subject cares about them and understood that because of impotence (his or another) to understand the other and otherwise. In the third case the conclusion of the impossibility of understanding , and, especially , mutual understanding, has the effect of “beyond the limit” refusal of understanding and change, or the attempts the impossible as impossible (e.g. in the process of translation desire is suspended or empathic understanding). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This squib investigates syntactic variation and change in the Degree Phrase (DegP) using three modifiers in the semantic field of 'different' as a case study: English different and other and French différent. The squib makes two main claims. The synchronic claim is that these modifiers display extensive microsyntactic variation, spanning a range of positions from A in the DegP to D in the DP. The diachronic claim is that items in this class display a tendency to move to higher syntactic positions in a way that is familiar from better-studied syntactic domains. Data from the DegP is thus compatible with, and useful for, generative theories of syntactic variation and change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This work contains the onset of a very effective subject in the pedagogy of nowadays. There are so many ways and alternatives of education in the 21st century that is so hard to decide wich one is the most proper. Any kind of instructing that follows the interests of the child is the best way to educate. The society has also a great word to say when it comes to this theme. Building the future corectly means raising a strong generation that is always ready to stand up for itself and its beliefs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this paper, we argue that same is fundamentally different from different, in that same imposes a discourse condition on eventualities, while different compares individuals. This difference has not been noted in previous literature. Furthermore, in the literature on same, there has been a persistent puzzle about the contribution of the definite article with which same must co-occur. We show that this puzzle is resolved once the contribution of same is adjusted to apply to eventualities: then the definite article can be interpreted in the usual way, as generating a presupposition about individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies have shown that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), under appropriate conditions, can differentiate into cell types including germ cells (GCs). These studies also show that MSCs without any induction express some GC-specific genes innately. Moreover, one report suggests that female MSCs have a greater tendency to differentiate into female instead of male GCs. Therefore, for the first time, this study attempts to assay and determine the differences between the expression levels of some important GC-specific genes (Stra8, Vasa, Dazl, Stella, Piwil2, Oct4, Fragilis, Rnf17 and c-Kit) in male and female bone marrow (BM)-MSCs of rats. BM sampling of the rate was performed by a newly established method. We cultured rat BM samples, then characterized male and female MSCs according to their adhesion onto the culture dish, their differentiation potential into bone, cartilage and fat cells, and phenotype analysis by flow cytometry. The expression of GC-specific genes and their expression levels were evaluated with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time RT-PCR. Our results showed that Dazl and Rnf17 did not express in the cells. The majority of examined genes, except Piwil2, expressed at almost the same levels in male and female MSCs. Piwil2 had higher expression in male MSCs which was probably related to the more prominent role of Piwil2 in the male GC development process. Male BM-MSCs appeared more prone to differentiate into male rather than female GCs. Additional research should be performed to determine the exact role of different genes in the male and female GC development process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted to investigate the difference between Han Chinese and Caucasians on various parameters measured from responses to transcranial magnetic brain stimulation (TMS). Sixteen subjects were studied in each group. A circular coil at the vertex was used for stimulation, whilst recording surface electromyograms from right first dorsal interosseous. In the passive state, motor-evoked potential (MEP) threshold, MEP recruitment, short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and intracortical facilitation were measured. The MEP threshold, recruitment and silent period were also measured in the active state. Chinese subjects showed significantly higher passive thresholds ( P < 0.005), less inhibition of the motor response (SICI, P < 0.0005) and a shorter silent period ( P < 0.05). Differences in SICI appeared to be a consequence of the differences in passive threshold and were not seen when active threshold was used to determine the conditioning stimulus intensity. Differences in silent period may also reflect differences in cortical excitability rather than inhibitory processes, as they were not seen when the silent-period duration was expressed as a function of MEP size, rather than TMS intensity. There appears to be a significant difference in some TMS parameters between Han Chinese and Caucasian subjects. This may reflect an underlying difference in cortical excitability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This contribution consists of a presentation of our PhD2, which aimed to describe the particular semantic and referential properties of the French adjectives même, pareil, autre and différent, on the basis of the different possibilities for syntactically encoding their arguments. These adjectives have four distinct uses, as a function of the relationship they establish between their arguments. The first chapter examines the cases of même / pareil / autre / différent when followed by an overt second argument introduced by a preposition or a complementizer. In chapters 2, 3 and 4, anaphoric readings, NP-internal readings and NP-dependant readings are examined one by one. The main data we report here account for why même, pareil, autre and différent do not syntactically encode their arguments in exactly the same way. The proposal also explains the various meanings identified with these adjectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brasoveanu (Linguist Philos 34:93–168, 2011 ) argues that “different” exhibits what he calls association with distributivity: a distributive operator such as “each” creates a two-part context that propagates through the compositional semantics in a way that can be accessed by a subordinate “different”. We show that Brasoveanu’s analysis systematically undergenerates, failing to provide interpretations of sentences such as “Every 1 boy claimed every girl read a different 1 poem”, in which “different” can associate with a non-local distributive operator. We provide a generalized version of association with distributivity, implemented using de Groote’s (in: Proceedings of semantics and linguistic theory XVI, 2006 ) continuation-based dynamic semantics. We compare our analysis with the one in Brasoveanu ( 2011 ), drawing conclusions about computational tractability, scope of indefinites, and whether it is possible or even desirable to arrive at a unified analysis of internal and external readings of “different”. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction of the National Curriculum in 1988 caused much discussion (some of it angst-ridden) among both academics and practitioners working with pupils with severe and profound learning difficulties, and much of the meat (and the angst) of these discussions is still going on today. We argue that 24 years is a long experiment; that despite the best intentions of many, the experiment has failed; it is therefore well past time for separate and distinct pedagogies to be formulated for both severe and profound learning difficulties. Such pedagogies can only exist as part of the current National Curriculum if they are recognised as distinct curriculum models for those with severe and profound learning difficulties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the author suggests that to improve the teaching of mathematics in elementary schools, we must, when teaching content courses to prospective teachers, model the kind of teaching we want them to engage in. The author suggests ways to model this kind of teaching, which include the following: challenge all students; encourage different solutions; explain in more than one way, including a way appropriate for elementary children; include in each lecture something that students find exciting, and connect mathematics with its history and with mathematicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper proposes the first unified account of deictic/sentence-external and sentence-internal readings of singular different. The empirical motivation for such an account is provided by a cross-linguistic survey and an analysis of the differences in distribution and interpretation between singular different, plural different and same (singular or plural) in English. The main proposal is that distributive quantification temporarily makes available two discourse referents within its nuclear scope, the values of which are required by sentence-internal uses of singular different to be distinct, much as its deictic uses require the values of two discourse referents to be distinct. Thus, we take sentence-internal readings to be a form of 'association with distributivity' that is similar to association with focus. The contrast between singular different, plural different and same is explained in terms of several kinds of quantificational distributors that license their internal readings. The analysis is executed in a stack-based dynamic system couched in type logic, so we get compositionality in the usual Montagovian way. Quantificational subordination and dependent indefinites in various languages provide additional motivation for the account. Investigating the connections between items with sentence-internal readings and the quantificational licensors of these readings opens up a larger project of formally investigating (i) the typology of quantificational distributors and distributivity-dependent items and (ii) the fine-grained contexts of evaluation needed to capture this typological variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let K be a function field over a perfect constant field of positive characteristic p, and L the compositum of n (degree p) Artin-Schreier extensions of K. Then much of the behavior of the degree pn extension L/K is determined by the behavior of the degree p intermediate extensions M/K. For example, we prove that a place of K totally ramifies/is inert/splits completely in L if and only if it totally ramifies/is inert/splits completely in every M. Examples are provided to show that all possible decompositions are in fact possible; in particular, a place can be inert in a non-cyclic Galois function field extension, which is impossible in the case of a number field. Moreover, we give an explicit closed form description of all the different exponents in L/K in terms of those in all the M/K. Results of a similar nature are given for the genus, the regulator, the ideal class number and the divisor class number. In addition, for the case n = 2, we provide an explicit description of the ramification group filtration of L/K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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