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To utilize abundant solar energy, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have attracted researchers' attention due to many reasons, such as low production costs, easy fabrication methods, low toxicity of the materials, and relatively high-power conversion efficiencies. The use of expensive metal-dye complexes, the lack of long-term stability due to the use of liquid electrolytes, and the use of rare and expensive Pt as the CE are the major drawbacks preventing the large-scale production of DSSCs. However, recent studies showed alternative materials can be used to enhance the DSSC performance. The unique properties of graphene make it an ideal additive to improve the functions of all three components of DSSCs. Graphene's high optical transmittance and electron mobility are suitable to improve transparent conducting substrates and nanostructured wide bandgap semiconductor layers of the photoelectrode. Graphene quantum dots have a wide absorption spectrum and thus can be used as photosensitizers. High catalytic activity, high electrical conductivity, high corrosion resistance, and a larger specific surface area make graphene and its composites suitable for making CEs. In addition, graphene has been used to improve composite electrolytes intended for DSSCs. Considering all these facts, this article reviews the recent developments and applications of graphene-based materials in photoelectrodes, electrolytes and CEs and the possible uses of graphene to improve DSSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intense research of lithium‐ion batteries has been motivated by their successful applications in mobile devices and electronic vehicles. The emerging of intelligent control in kinds of devices brings new requirements for battery systems. The high‐energy lithium batteries are expected to respond or react under different environmental conditions. In this work, a tri‐salt composite electrolyte is designed with a temperature switch function for intelligently temperature‐controlled lithium batteries. Specifically, the halide Li3YBr6 together with LiTFSI and LiNO3 works as active fillers in a low‐melting‐point polymer matrix (polyethyleneglycol dimethyl ether (PEGDME) and polyethylene oxide (PEO)), which is further filled into the pre‐lithiated alumina fiber skeleton. Above 60 °C, the composite electrolyte exists in the liquid state and fully contacts with the working electrodes on the liquid–solid interface, effectively minimizing the interfacial resistance and leading to high discharge capacity in the cell. The electrolyte is changed into a solid state below 30 °C so that the ionic conductivity is significantly reduced and the interface resistance is increased dramatically on the solid–solid interface. Therefore, by simply adjusting the temperature, the cell can be turned "ON" or "OFF" intentionally. This novel function of the composite electrolyte has enlightening significance in developing intelligently temperature‐controlled lithium batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "interface" between polymer and oxide within the polymer‐oxide composite electrolytes is widely acknowledged as a crucial factor influencing ionic conduction. However, a fundamental understanding of the precise composition and/or micro‐structure, and the ionic conduction mechanism at the complex interface has remained elusive, primarily due to a dearth of compelling experimental evidence. In this study, the intricate correlation between morphology and composition in composite electrolytes is discerned by leveraging advanced 1D and 2D exchange nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1D and 2D EXSY NMR) techniques. Notably, this research represents the inaugural elucidation of the microstructure of the interface. The findings underscore the pivotal role of the preparation conditions for polymer‐oxide composite electrolytes, particularly the solvent selection, in determining the formation of the interface structure. Direct insights into the lithium‐deficient surface of Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 (LLZTO) are provided and elucidate the timescales of Li‐ion exchange processes among various components. Furthermore, a comprehensive investigation into the roles of individual components within the composite electrolyte on the Li‐ion conduction mechanism is conducted through the 6Li→7Li isotope tracer technique as a function of current density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ideal composite electrolyte for the pursued safe and high‐energy‐density lithium metal batteries (LMBs) is expected to demonstrate peculiarity of superior bulk conductivity, low interfacial resistances, and good compatibility against both Li‐metal anode and high‐voltage cathode. There is no composite electrolyte to synchronously meet all these requirements yet, and the battery performance is inhibited by the absence of effective electrolyte design. Here we report a unique "concentrated ionogel‐in‐ceramic" silanization composite electrolyte (SCE) and validate an electrolyte design strategy based on the coupling of high‐content silane‐conditioning garnet and concentrated ionogel that builds well‐percolated Li+ transport pathways and tackles the interface issues to respond all the aforementioned requirements. It is revealed that the silane conditioning enables the uniform dispersion of garnet nanoparticles at high content (70 wt%) and forms mixed‐lithiophobic‐conductive LiF‐Li3N solid electrolyte interphase. Notably, the yielding SCE delivers an ultrahigh ionic conductivity of 1.76 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 25 °C, an extremely low Li‐metal/electrolyte interfacial area‐specific resistance of 13 Ω cm2, and a distinctly excellent long‐term 1200 cycling without any capacity decay in 4.3 V Li||LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 (NCM523) quasi‐solid‐state LMB. This composite electrolyte design strategy can be extended to other quasi−/solid‐state LMBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A disordered sodium borohydride (NaBH4) environment to facilitate Na+ mobility was achieved by partially hydrolyzing NaBH4 and this significantly improved Na+ ionic conductivity to 10−3 S cm−1 at 75 °C. The reaction rate of NaBH4 self-hydrolysis, however, is determined by several parameters, including the reaction temperature, the molar ratio between NaBH4 and H2O, and the pH value; but these factors are hard to control. In this paper, poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), capable of retaining H2O through hydrogen bonding, was used in an attempt to better control the amount of H2O available for NaBH4 self-hydrolysis. This strategy led to the ionic conductivity of 1.6 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 45 °C with a Na+ transference number of 0.54. The amorphous nature of the PEO matrix in hydrolyzed NaBH4 is also believed to provide a conduction path for fast Na+ conduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of the Chinese Society of Rare Earths is the property of Editorial Department of Journal of the Chinese Society of Rare Earths and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the current challenging energy storage and conversion landscape, solid‐state lithium metal batteries with high energy conversion efficiency, high energy density, and high safety stand out. Due to the limitations of material properties, it is difficult to achieve the ideal requirements of solid electrolytes with a single‐phase electrolyte. A composite solid electrolyte is composed of two or more different materials. Composite electrolytes can simultaneously offer the advantages of multiple materials. Through different composite methods, the merits of various materials can be incorporated into the most essential part of the battery in a specific form. Currently, more and more researchers are focusing on composite methods for combining components in composite electrolytes. The ion transport capacity, interface stability, machinability, and safety of electrolytes can be significantly improved by selecting appropriate composite methods. This review summarizes the composite methods used for the components of composite electrolytes, such as filler blending, embedded framework, and multilayer bonding. It also discusses the future development trends of all‐solid‐state lithium batteries (ASSLBs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All‐solid‐state batteries have the potential for enhanced safety and capacity over conventional lithium ion batteries, and are anticipated to dominate the energy storage industry. As such, strategies to enable recycling of the individual components are crucial to minimize waste and prevent health and environmental harm. Here, we use cold sintering to reprocess solid‐state composite electrolytes, specifically Mg and Sr doped Li7La3Zr2O12 with polypropylene carbonate (PPC) and lithium perchlorate (LLZO−PPC−LiClO4). The low sintering temperature allows co‐sintering of ceramics, polymers and lithium salts, leading to re‐densification of the composite structures with reprocessing. Reprocessed LLZO−PPC−LiClO4 exhibits densified microstructures with ionic conductivities exceeding 10−4 S/cm at room temperature after 5 recycling cycles. All‐solid‐state lithium batteries fabricated with reprocessed electrolytes exhibit a high discharge capacity of 168 mA h g−1 at 0.1 C, and retention of performance at 0.2 C for over 100 cycles. Life cycle assessment (LCA) suggests that recycled electrolytes outperforms the pristine electrolyte process in all environmental impact categories, highlighting cold sintering as a promising technology for recycling electrolytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inferior air stability is a primary barrier for large‐scale applications of garnet electrolytes in energy storage systems. Herein, a deeply hydrated hydrogarnet electrolyte generated by a simple ion‐exchange‐induced phase transition from conventional garnet, realizing a record‐long air stability of more than two years when exposed to ambient air is proposed. Benefited from the elimination of air‐sensitive lithium ions at 96 h/48e sites and unobstructed lithium conduction path along tetragonal sites (12a) and vacancies (12b), the hydrogarnet electrolyte exhibits intrinsic air stability and comparable ion conductivity to that of traditional garnet. Moreover, the unique properties of hydrogarnet pave the way for a brand‐new aqueous route to prepare lithium metal stable composite electrolyte on a large‐scale, with high ionic conductivity (8.04 × 10−4 S cm−1), wide electrochemical windows (4.95 V), and a high lithium transference number (0.43). When applied in solid‐state lithium batteries (SSLBs), the batteries present impressive capacity and cycle life (164 mAh g−1 with capacity retention of 89.6% after 180 cycles at 1.0C under 50 °C). This work not only designs a new sort of hydrogarnet electrolyte, which is stable to both air and lithium metal but also provides an eco‐friendly and large‐scale fabrication route for SSLBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seeking for composite electrolytes reinforced all-solid-state sodium ion batteries with superior long lifespan and rate performance remains a great challenge. Here, a unique strategy to tailor the architecture of composite electrolyte via inserting polymer chains into a small quantity of sulfate sodium grafted C48H28O32Zr6 (UIOSNa) is proposed. The intimate contact between polymer segments and UIOSNa with limited pore size facilitates the anion immobilization of sodium salts and reduction of polymer crystallinity, thereby providing rapid ion conduction and reducing the adverse effect caused by the immigration of anions. The grafting of −SO3Na groups on fillers allows the free movement of more sodium ions to further improve t Na + and ionic conductivity. Consequently, even with the low content of UIOSNa fillers, a high ionic conductivity of 6.62 × 10−4 S·cm−1 at 60 °C and a transference number of 0.67 for the special designed composite electrolyte are achieved. The assembled all-solid-state sodium cell exhibits a remarkable rate performance for 500 cycles with 95.96% capacity retention at a high current rate of 4 C. The corresponding pouch cell can stably work for 1000 cycles with 97.03% capacity retention at 1 C, which is superior to most of the reported composite electrolytes in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Xinyang Normal University Natural Science Edition is the property of Journal of Xinyang Normal University Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Highlights: The poly(1,3-dioxolane) (PDOL) electrolyte demonstrates promising potential for practical application due to its advantages in in-situ polymerization process, high ionic conductivity, and long cycle life. This review focuses on the polymerization mechanism, composite innovation, and application of PDOL electrolytes. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the challenges associated with the PDOL electrolyte and makes forward-looking recommendations. Polymer solid-state lithium batteries (SSLB) are regarded as a promising energy storage technology to meet growing demand due to their high energy density and safety. Ion conductivity, interface stability and battery assembly process are still the main challenges to hurdle the commercialization of SSLB. As the main component of SSLB, poly(1,3-dioxolane) (PDOL)-based solid polymer electrolytes polymerized in-situ are becoming a promising candidate solid electrolyte, for their high ion conductivity at room temperature, good battery electrochemical performances, and simple assembly process. This review analyzes opportunities and challenges of PDOL electrolytes toward practical application for polymer SSLB. The focuses include exploring the polymerization mechanism of DOL, the performance of PDOL composite electrolytes, and the application of PDOL. Furthermore, we provide a perspective on future research directions that need to be emphasized for commercialization of PDOL-based electrolytes in SSLB. The exploration of these schemes facilitates a comprehensive and profound understanding of PDOL-based polymer electrolyte and provides new research ideas to boost them toward practical application in solid-state batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the effective methods to improve the energy density and safety of lithium metal batteries is to use composite solid electrolytes with high voltage and good performance. However, the low ionic conductivity at room temperature and the unsatisfactory Li+ migration number of composite solid electrolytes lead to the growth of lithium dendrites and the increase of internal resistance, which restricts the industrialization of composite electrolytes for solid-state lithium batteries. This work prepares a Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 (LLZTO)/polyethylene oxide (PEO)/polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) composite electrolyte. In this "polymer in ceramic" type electrolyte, the combination of PEO with PVDF and LLZTO reduces the crystallinity of PEO and promotes the rapid migration of Li+ along the PEO polymer molecular chain through complexation and decomplexation. At the same time, LLZTO, which has an excellent ion conduction function, introduces new ion conduction channels when combined with PEO and PVDF, thereby further improving ion conductivity. The LP82 composite electrolyte has a Li+ migration number of 0.78 and an electrochemical stability window of 5.5 V and exhibits excellent flexibility. The Li/LP82 electrolyte/Li battery has a relatively stable voltage of 0.04 V at 0.1 mA cm−2 and a stable cycling of 1000 h. The discharge specific capacity of the LiFePO4/LP82/Li battery is 144.4 mA h g−1 at 0.1 C after 180 cycles, and the capacity retention is 90.7%. This work provides a good reference for the preparation of composite electrolytes with simple processes, high voltage, and high performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All-solid-state lithium batteries are a promising alternative to commercially available lithium-ion batteries due to their ability to achieve high energy density, safety, and compactness. Electrolytes are key components of all-solid-state batteries, as they are crucial in determining the batteries' efficiency. Herein, the structure of LiM2(PO4)3 (M = Ti, Ge, Zr) and lithium-ion migration mechanisms are introduced as well as different synthetic routes and doping (co-doping), and their influence on conductivity is discussed. The effective methods of reducing electrolyte/electrode interface resistance and improving ion-conducting properties are summarized. In addition, different polymer/NASICON composites are considered. The challenges and prospects of practical applications of NASICON-type lithium phosphates as electrolytes for all-solid-state batteries are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyethylene oxide based solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) are safer alternatives to the current flammable liquid electrolytes used in lithium‐ion batteries. Lithium ions are typically thought to conduct through the amorphous regions of SPEs with the aid of polymer segmental motion, which is correlated with the glass transition temperature (Tg). The ionic conductivity is generally increased by making the polymer more flexible (decreasing Tg) and/or by increasing the amorphous regions of the SPE, at the cost of compromising its stiffness. This trade‐off makes it impossible to optimize both ionic conductivity and stiffness of SPEs. By incorporating a metal–organic framework (MOF) nanowhisker with the composition EO:Li = 6:1 [EO = ether oxygen, Li = lithium], we synthesized a unique composite electrolyte. We observed an atypical conductivity mechanism in this composite electrolyte, where lithium ions conduct through the crystalline regions without decreasing Tg or increasing amorphous fraction. The room‐temperature ionic conductivity of the 6:1 polymer electrolyte increased by almost 400% when 2 wt% MOF nanowhisker was added. Our results supported the potential of a composite electrolyte, which enables simultaneous improvement in both conductivity and stiffness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional lithium–air batteries (LABs) have been seriously affected by cycle performance and safety issues due to many problems such as the volatility and leakage of liquid organic electrolyte, the generation of interface byproducts, and short circuits caused by the penetration of anode lithium dendrite, which has hindered its commercial application and development. In recent years, the emergence of solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) for LABs well alleviated the above problems. SSEs can prevent moisture, oxygen, and other contaminants from reaching the lithium metal anode, and their inherent performance can solve the generation of lithium dendrites, making them potential candidates for the development of high energy density and safety LABs. This paper mainly reviews the research progress of SSEs for LABs, the challenges and opportunities for synthesis and characterization, and future strategies are addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use a stabilized lithium structure as cathode material for batteries could be a fundamental alternative in the development of next-generation energy storage devices. However, the lithium structure severely limits battery life causes safety concerns due to the growth of lithium (Li) dendrites during rapid charge/discharge cycles. Solid electrolytes, which are used in highdensity energy storage devices and avoid the instability of liquid electrolytes, can be a promising alternative for next-generation batteries. Nevertheless, poor lithium ion conductivity and structural defects at room temperature have been pointed out as limitations. In this study, through the application of a low-dimensional graphene quantum dot (GQD) layer structure, stable operation characteristics were demonstrated based on Li+ ion conductivity and excellent electrochemical performance. Moreover, the device based on the modified graphene quantum dots (GQDs) in solid state exhibited retention properties of 95.3% for 100 cycles at 0.5 C and room temperature (RT). Transmission electronmicroscopy analysis was performed to elucidate the Li+ ion action mechanism in the modified GQD/electrolyte heterostructure. The low-dimensional structure of theGQD-based solid electrolyte has provided an important strategy for stably-scalable solid-state lithium battery applications at room temperature. It was demonstrated that lithiated graphene quantum dots (Li-GQDs) inhibit the growth of Li dendrites by regulating the modified Li+ ion flux during charge/discharge cycling at current densities of 2.2-5.5 mA cm, acting as a modified Li diffusion heterointerface. A full Li GQDbased device was fabricated to demonstrate the practicality of the modified Li structure using the Li-GQD hetero-interface. This study indicates that the low-dimensional carbon structure in Li-GQDs can be an effective approach for stabilization of solid-state Li matrix architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal–sulfur batteries, especially lithium/sodium–sulfur (Li/Na-S) batteries, have attracted widespread attention for large-scale energy application due to their superior theoretical energy density, low cost of sulfur compared to conventional lithium-ion battery (LIBs) cathodes and environmental sustainability. Despite these advantages, metal–sulfur batteries face many fundamental challenges which have put them on the back foot. The use of ether-based liquid electrolyte has brought metal–sulfur batteries to a critical stage by causing intermediate polysulfide dissolution which results in poor cycling life and safety concerns. Replacement of the ether-based liquid electrolyte by a solid electrolyte (SEs) has overcome these challenges to a large extent. This review describes the recent development and progress of solid electrolytes for all-solid-state Li/Na-S batteries. This article begins with a basic introduction to metal–sulfur batteries and explains their challenges. We will discuss the drawbacks of the using liquid organic electrolytes and the advantages of replacing liquid electrolytes with solid electrolytes. This article will also explain the fundamental requirements of solid electrolytes in meeting the practical applications of all solid-state metal–sulfur batteries, as well as the electrode–electrolyte interfaces of all solid-state Li/Na-S batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium metal batteries hold promise for energy storage applications but suffer from uncontrolled lithium dendrites. In this study, a new composite membrane based on modified natural polymer and ZIF‐67 is designed and prepared by the in situ composite method for the first time. Among them, a modified natural polymer composed of lithium alginate (LA) and polyacrylamide (PAM) can be obtained by electrospinning. Importantly, the polar functional groups of natural polymers can interact by hydrogen bonding and MOFs can construct lithium‐ion transport channels. Consequently, compared with LA‐PAM electrolyte without MOF, the electrochemical stability window of ZIF‐67‐LA‐PAM electrolyte becomes wider from 4.5 to 5.2 V, and the lithium‐ion transference number (tLi+) enhances from 0.326 to 0.627 at 30°C. It is worth noting that the symmetric cells with ZIF‐67‐LA‐PAM have superior stable cycling performance at 40 and 100 mA cm−2, and a high rate at 10C and 20C for LFP cells. Besides, the cell with NCM811 high‐voltage cathode can run stably for 400 cycles with an initial discharge capacity of 136.1 mAh g−1 at 0.5C. This work provides an effective method for designing and preparing MOF‐natural polymer composite electrolytes and exhibits an excellent application prospect in high‐energy‐density lithium metal batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use a stabilized lithium structure as cathode material for batteries could be a fundamental alternative in the development of next-generation energy storage devices. However, the lithium structure severely limits battery life causes safety concerns due to the growth of lithium (Li) dendrites during rapid charge/discharge cycles. Solid electrolytes, which are used in high-density energy storage devices and avoid the instability of liquid electrolytes, can be a promising alternative for next-generation batteries. Nevertheless, poor lithium ion conductivity and structural defects at room temperature have been pointed out as limitations. In this study, through the application of a low-dimensional graphene quantum dot (GQD) layer structure, stable operation characteristics were demonstrated based on Li+ ion conductivity and excellent electrochemical performance. Moreover, the device based on the modified graphene quantum dots (GQDs) in solid state exhibited retention properties of 95.3% for 100 cycles at 0.5 C and room temperature (RT). Transmission electronmicroscopy analysis was performed to elucidate the Li+ ion action mechanism in the modified GQD/electrolyte heterostructure. The low-dimensional structure of the GQD-based solid electrolyte has provided an important strategy for stably-scalable solid-state lithium battery applications at room temperature. It was demonstrated that lithiated graphene quantum dots (Li-GQDs) inhibit the growth of Li dendrites by regulating the modified Li+ ion flux during charge/discharge cycling at current densities of 2.2–5.5 mA cm, acting as a modified Li diffusion heterointerface. A full Li GQD-based device was fabricated to demonstrate the practicality of the modified Li structure using the Li–GQD hetero-interface. This study indicates that the low-dimensional carbon structure in Li–GQDs can be an effective approach for stabilization of solid-state Li matrix architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs) represent a promising next-generation energy storage system, with advantages such as high specific capacity (1675 mAh g−1), abundant resources, low price, and ecological friendliness. During the application of liquid electrolytes, the flammability of organic electrolytes, and the dissolution/shuttle of polysulfide seriously damage the safety and the cycle life of lithium–sulfur batteries. Replacing a liquid electrolyte with a solid one is a good solution, while the higher mechanical strength of solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) has an inhibitory effect on the growth of lithium dendrites. However, the lower ionic conductivity, poor interfacial contact, and relatively narrow electrochemical window of solid-state electrolytes limit the commercialization of solid-state lithium–sulfur batteries (SSLSBs). This review describes the research progress in LSBs and the challenges faced by SSEs, which are classified as polymer electrolytes, inorganic solid electrolytes, and composite electrolytes. The advantages, as well as the disadvantages of various types of electrolytes, the common coping strategies to improve performance, and future development trends, are systematically described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Samarium, gadolinium, and yttrium co-doped ceria (Ce0.8Sm0.16Y0.03Gd0.01O1.9, CSYG) and BaIn0.3Ti0.7O2.85 (BIT07) powders were prepared by sol-gel and solid-state reaction methods, respectively. CSYG-BIT07 composite materials were obtained by mechanically mixing the two powders in different ratios and calcining at 1300 °C for 5 h. Samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), as well as electrical properties and thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) measurements. A series of CSYG-BIT07 composite materials with relative densities higher than 95% were fabricated by sintering at 1300 °C for 5 h. The performance of the CSYG-BIT07 composite electrolyte was found to be related to the content of BIT07. The CSYG-15% BIT07 composite exhibited high oxide ion conductivity (σ800°C = 0.0126 S·cm−1 at 800 °C), moderate thermal expansion (TEC = 9.13 × 10−6/K between room temperature and 800 °C), and low electrical activation energy (Ea = 0.89 eV). These preliminary results indicate that the CSYG-BIT07 material is a promising electrolyte for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flexible and less flammable solid polymer electrolytes are attractive candidates for high specific energy density lithium batteries. However, the use of polymer electrolytes in rechargeable batteries for EVs is hindered because of their low lithium‐ion conductivity at room temperature and lithium dendrite formation during lithium deposition at high current density. To improve the room temperature conductivity of polymer electrolytes, composite lithium‐ion conductors consisting of polymer and ionic liquids or inorganic solid lithium ion conductors have been examined over the past two decades. The polymer electrolyte with ionic liquid showed ionic conductivity of more than 10−4 S cm−1 at room temperature, but lithium dendrite‐free composite electrolytes have not yet been reported at room temperature and a high current density. The flexible composite electrolytes of polymers and lithium‐ion conductive solid electrolytes showed high ionic conductivity of more than 2×10−4 S cm−1 and no dendrite short‐circuit was observed at room temperature and 1.0 mA cm−1 for long cycling. The suppression of lithium dendrite formation in the composite electrolyte is due to the formation of a stable interface layer between the lithium electrode and composite electrolyte. At present, no room temperature all‐solid‐state batteries have been developed with performance comparable to conventional lithium‐ion batteries with liquid electrolytes. One of the disadvantage of the lithium batteries with the composite polymer electrolyte is higher mass of the electrolyte than that of a liquid electrolyte with a porous separator. The specific energy density of the batteries depends on the thickness of the electrolyte and the specific area capacity. At present, the thickness of the polymer composite electrolytes is in a range of 50–200 μm. The specific energy density of the lithium battery with a 100 μm thick composite electrolyte is 430 Wh kg−1 at 10 mAh cm−2, which is 1.4 times higher than that of the conventional Li‐ion battery. A high specific area capacity battery with a thin polymer composite electrolyte should be developed to obtain a high energy density battery. We are anxiously expecting a mechanically stable composite polymer electrolyte thin film of less than 100 μm thick with high Li‐ion conductivity more than 10−3 S cm−1 at room temperature and low interface resistance with Li electrode. The addition of small amount of a low molecular weight additive into the composite electrolytes is effective to improve the interface resistance between the lithium electrode and composite electrolyte, which results in no dendrite formation at high current density and room temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Rare Metals is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Solid-state batteries are the holy grail for the next generation of automotive batteries. The development of solid-state batteries requires efficient electrolytes to improve the performance of the cells in terms of ionic conductivity, electrochemical stability, interfacial compatibility, and so on. These requirements call for the combined properties of ceramic and polymer electrolytes, making ceramic-rich polymer electrolytes a promising solution to be developed. Aligned with this aim, we have shown a surface modification of Ga substituted Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO), to be an essential strategy for the preparation of ceramic-rich electrolytes. Ceramic-rich polymer membranes with surface-modified LLZO show marked improvements in the performance, in terms of electrolyte physical and electrochemical properties, as well as coulombic efficiency, interfacial compatibility, and cyclability of solid-state cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proton-conducting composites CsH2PO4(CDP)/NaH2PO4(SDP)/TiO2 have been prepared by chemical route. Structural, thermal, and conductive properties have been studied by X-ray diffraction analysis, thermal analysis, and conductivity measurements, respectively. It has been observed that the superprotonic phase transition from monoclinic to cubic phase occurs at 230°C in CDP, at which the conductivity increased up to four orders of magnitude. The initial dehydration event in CDP occurs at 250°C. Based on conductivity and stability, the performance of CDP was improved by the addition of TiO2 and SDP. The dehydration behavior shifted to lower instead of the higher temperature due to the additives. The lowest weight loss was found in 5CDP/3SDP/2TiO2 and 6CDP/2SDP/2TiO2. The conductivity is also increased at lower temperatures, up to 1.5 orders of magnitude. The highest conductivity was found to be 1.4 × 10–2 S cm–1 for the composite CDP811. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is a kind of adhesive with high stability and good resistance to chemical corrosion, and it has been applied in various fields. In this work, PVDF was introduced into a semiconducting-ionic conductor material to fabricate a new electrolyte for low temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). We prepared the LaCePr-carbonates (LCP)-Sr2Fe1.5Mo0.5O6−δ (SFM) in various mass ratios. A remarkable maximum power output of 505 mW cm−2 was attained along with a high open circuit voltage (OCV) of 1.04 V at 550°C by the 8LCP-2SFM sample. The electrical properties of the composites with different weight ratios were studied through EIS measurements and polarization curves. It was found that performance can be enhanced by introducing an appropriate PVDF into an LCP-SFM composite. The composite of 8LCP-2SFM with wt. 3% PVDF exhibits a higher power output, that is up to 671 mW cm−2, than other composite samples at 550°C. Interestingly, the performance can be further improved by a low temperature heat treatment. These findings confirm that mixing an appropriate PVDF into a composite is an effective way to improve the performance of the cells as well as the mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ferroelectric phase KNbO3 dispersed composites of Na2CO3 were prepared and studied for its applicability as an electrolyte/sensing electrode in electrochemical sensors. The composites were characterized with in-situ impedance measurements under different CO2 gas partial pressures and transport number measurements. The dispersoid was found modifying the conduction mechanism of ions as revealed from impedance spectroscopy. The electrolyte showed variation in the electrical conductivities in presence of the test gas. Significant improvement in the response time of the electrochemical CO2 gas sensor was observed while using this composite as an electrolyte cum sensing electrode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Materials Engineering / Cailiao Gongcheng is the property of Journal of Materials Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The integration of Li2S6 within a poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)‐based polymer electrolyte is demonstrated to improve the polymer electrolyte's ionic conductivity because the strong interplay between O2−(PEO) and Li+ from Li2S6 reduces the crystalline volume within the PEO. The Li/electrolyte interface is stabilized by the in situ formation of an ultra‐thin Li2S/Li2S2 layer via the reaction between Li2S6 and lithium metal, which increases the ionic transport at the interface and suppresses lithium dendrite growth. A symmetric Li/Li cell with the Li2S6‐integrated composite electrolyte has excellent cyclability and a high critical current density of 0.9 mA cm−2 at 40 °C. Impressive electrochemical performance is demonstrated with all‐solid‐state Li/LiFePO4 and high‐voltage Li/LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 cells at 40 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of Li2S6 within a poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)‐based polymer electrolyte is demonstrated to improve the polymer electrolyte's ionic conductivity because the strong interplay between O2−(PEO) and Li+ from Li2S6 reduces the crystalline volume within the PEO. The Li/electrolyte interface is stabilized by the in situ formation of an ultra‐thin Li2S/Li2S2 layer via the reaction between Li2S6 and lithium metal, which increases the ionic transport at the interface and suppresses lithium dendrite growth. A symmetric Li/Li cell with the Li2S6‐integrated composite electrolyte has excellent cyclability and a high critical current density of 0.9 mA cm−2 at 40 °C. Impressive electrochemical performance is demonstrated with all‐solid‐state Li/LiFePO4 and high‐voltage Li/LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 cells at 40 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composite ionic conductors for intermediate temperature fuel cells (ITFC) were produced by a combination of yttrium-substituted barium zirconate (BaZr0.9Y0.1 O2.95, BZY) and eutectic compositions of alkali carbonates (Li2CO3, Na2CO3, and K2CO3, abbreviated L, N, K). These materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and impedance spectroscopy. The combination of BZY with alkali metal carbonate promotes the densification and enhances the ionic conductivity, which reaches 87 mS·cm-1 at 400 ◦C for the BZY-LNK40 composite. In addition, the increase of the conductivity as a function of hydrogen partial pressure suggests that protons are the main charge carriers. The results are interpreted in terms of the transfer of protons from the ceramic component to the carbonate phase in the interfacial region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid‐state lithium battery promises highly safe electrochemical energy storage. Conductivity of solid electrolyte and compatibility of electrolyte/electrode interface are two keys to dominate the electrochemical performance of all solid‐state battery. By in situ polymerizing poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate within self‐supported three‐dimensional porous Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 framework, the as‐assembled solid‐state battery employing 4.5 V LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 cathode and Li metal anode demonstrates a high Coulombic efficiency exceeding 99% at room temperature. Solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance results reveal that Li+ migrates fast along the continuous Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 phase and Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3/polymer interfacial phase to generate a fantastic conductivity of 2.0 × 10−4 S cm−1 at room temperature, which is 56 times higher than that of pristine poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate. Meanwhile, the in situ polymerized poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate can not only integrate the loose interfacial contact but also protect Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 from being reduced by lithium metal. As a consequence of the compatible solid‐solid contact, the interfacial resistance decreases significantly by a factor of 40 times, resolving the notorious interfacial issue effectively. The integrated strategy proposed by this work can thereby guide both the preparation of highly conductive solid electrolyte and compatible interface design to boost practical high energy density all solid‐state lithium metal battery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3Y‐TZP sinters with 1, 5, 10, and 15 mol% of Al2O3 were prepared using two different procedures from a 3‐YSZ powder synthesized via the citrate process. In the first procedure, alumina was introduced during synthesis via the citrate method. In the second one, the 3‐YSZ powder was impregnated with aluminum nitrate. All samples were sintered at 1773 K. The prepared composites were evaluated in terms of their microstructure, chemical and phase composition, and electrical properties. The total conductivity of the 3Y‐TZP/Al2O3 composite material, which contained primarily the tetragonal phase, was found to increase with temperature, and to decrease for reduced concentrations of alumina in 3Y‐TZP. In the case of the samples which had alumina introduced via impregnation, its higher content was not associated with significantly lower electrical conductivity. These samples generally exhibited higher conductivity than the samples to which alumina had been added via chemical synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) polymer electrolyte has been regarded as a potential solid electrolyte which can be applied in all‐solid‐state lithium‐ion batteries (ASSLIBs). Nevertheless, low electrochemical properties and poor electrolyte/Li anode interfacial stability hinder its further application. In our work, the Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 (LATP) nanomaterials with Nasicon structure have been synthesized using a simple solvent‐thermal method, followed by being embedded into PEO polymer to form LATP filled PEO solid composite electrolytes. Effects of LATP content and particle size on electrochemical performances of solid electrolytes have been studied. By adjusting the calcination temperature, the uniformly distributed Nasicon‐type LATP powders with different sizes can be obtained. The electrochemical properties of PEO polymer electrolyte have been effectively enhanced by filling LATP nanoparticles. The composite electrolyte filled with 5 wt% LATP particles calcined at 850°C exhibits a high ionic conductivity of 5.24×10−4 S cm−1 at 55°C, which has a high electrochemical stability window of over 5 V versus Li/Li+ and a superior interfacial stability with Li metal. A LiFePO4/Li ASSLIB fabricated with the optimum composite electrolyte shows the excellent rate capability, and its discharge capacities at 0.2C, 0.5C, 1C, and 2C are 151.97, 151.56, 145.51, and 128.02 mAh·g−1. Moreover, the discharge capacity of the cell decreases from 151.69 to 130.53 mAh·g−1 after 100 charge‐discharge cycles at 0.5C rate, and the corresponding capacity retention is 86.05%. These results demonstrate that LATP nanoparticles obtained via the solvent‐thermal method are the alternative fillers for PEO polymer electrolyte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The volume of the metallic lithium anode in all-solid-state Li metal batteries increases significantly due to the lithium dendrite formation during the battery cycling, and the rough surface of lithium metal also reduces Li-ion transport in Li/electrolyte interface. In this work, we developed a solid polymer composite by adding the low-cost Si3N4 particles to protect the lithium anode in all-solid-state batteries. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) data show that the surface of 10 wt % Si3N4 particles interacts with the polyethylene oxide (PEO) and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) salt; the interaction restricts the anion mobility and improves the ionic conductivity (1 × 10−4 S·cm−1) and lithium-ion transference number (0.28) of the composite electrolyte. The lithium metal anode is well protected by the composite electrolyte in all-solid-state cells, including symmetric and Li/LiFePO4 cells. The lithium dendrite growth suppression by this composite electrolyte indicates the possible application of these low-cost composite electrolytes for lithium metal protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with the organic electrolyte, the solid electrolyte is more stable and non-volatile at high potential, which solves the decomposition problem of organic electrolyte and the potential safety hazard of flammability and explosion. Based on the advantages of inorganic solid electrolyte and polymer solid electrolyte, a ceramic/polyurethane composite polymer electrolyte (CPPE) based on Li0.35La0.55TiO3 (LLTO) and polyurethane (LPU) was prepared in this work. First, a linear polyurethane (LPU) was synthesized via 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and poly(propylene oxide) (PPO), owing to the high ionic conductivity of LLTO and good mechanical property of LPU. The CPPE has a satisfactory lithium ion conductivity (3.8 × 10−4 S cm−1) at room temperature. Furthermore, the assembled LiFePO4|CPPE|Li battery exhibit excellent cycle performance at room temperature, the discharge capacity was still 149.8 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles and with a superior capacity retention of 97.8% at 0.5 °C. Additionally, the LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2|CPPE|Li exhibited remarkable rate capacity that the initial capacity reached to 216.4 mAh g−1 at 0.1 °C and maintains the excellent specific capacity of 138 mAh g−1 at 1 °C. These findings suggest that CPPE provides a viable idea for the development of high-performance lithium batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) has been considered as one of the most promising electrolytes for lithium batteries due to its high safety and wide electrochemical window. However, few reports were observed for the application of LLZO on lithium thermal batteries. In this paper, LLZO was studied as the electrolyte of lithium thermal battery. To further improve the performance of LLZO, LLZO-LiCl-LiBr-LiF composite electrolyte was designed by mechanical mixing LiCl-LiBr-LiF eutectic salt with LLZO. The doping content of LiCl-LiBr-LiF was also investigated, and the results showed that the optimize content was 15% (in weight) LiCl-LiBr-LiF. For instance, the specific capacity of the battery using LLZO-(LiCl-LiBr-LiF)x (x = 15%) as electrolyte was 224.6 mAh g−1, the active material utilization rate was 85.08%, and the service life of lithium thermal battery can be extended to 25 min under 80 mA cm−2 at 550 °C. The superior electrochemical properties of LLZO-(LiCl-LiBr-LiF)x (x = 15%) were ascribed to the larger ionic conductivity (2.802 × 10−2 S cm−1 at 550 °C). Our study not only successfully improves the electrochemical properties of LLZO by compositing with LiCl-LiBr-LiF electrolyte but also paves the way for the practical application of LLZO-LiCl-LiBr-LiF composite in the lithium thermal batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A garnet‐polymer composite electrolyte with high Li+ conductivity and transference number is developed using microporous Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 (LLZTO) framework as the matrix. The LLZTO framework, fabricated by a template‐assisted gel‐casting process, possesses micron‐sized grains and well‐fused grain boundaries, eliminating the low‐conductive bottleneck at the interfaces between the ceramic blocks, and providing conductive and continuous networks for Li+ transport. As a result, the garnet‐polymer composite electrolyte displays a high ionic conductivity (2.61×10−4 S cm−1 at 25 °C), an ultrahigh Li+ transference number of 0.71, as well as excellent thermal, structural, and electrochemical stabilities. Benefiting from the desired physical and chemical properties, the presented composite electrolyte enables a Li−Li cell to be cycled for more than 600 h at 25 °C. In addition, the integrated LiFePO4/CPCE/Li cells also show excellent cycling stability with a specific capacity of 133.2 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles under 50 °C. This study demonstrates a significant optimization on the microstructure of composite electrolytes that can be utilized for all‐solid‐state lithium batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Li+‐conducting oxides are considered better ceramic fillers than Li+‐insulating oxides for improving Li+ conductivity in composite polymer electrolytes owing to their ability to conduct Li+ through the ceramic oxide as well as across the oxide/polymer interface. Here we use two Li+‐insulating oxides (fluorite Gd0.1Ce0.9O1.95 and perovskite La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.8Mg0.2O2.55) with a high concentration of oxygen vacancies to demonstrate two oxide/poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)‐based polymer composite electrolytes, each with a Li+ conductivity above 10−4 S cm−1 at 30 °C. Li solid‐state NMR results show an increase in Li+ ions (>10 %) occupying the more mobile A2 environment in the composite electrolytes. This increase in A2‐site occupancy originates from the strong interaction between the O2− of Li‐salt anion and the surface oxygen vacancies of each oxide and contributes to the more facile Li+ transport. All‐solid‐state Li‐metal cells with these composite electrolytes demonstrate a small interfacial resistance with good cycling performance at 35 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the process of electrokinetic (EK) remediation of uranium-contaminated soil, the existence form of uranium in soil pore fluid will affect on its migration behavior. In this paper, a novel type of electrolyte (citric acid + ferric chloride, CA+ FeCl3) has been investigated for the EK remediation of uranium-contaminated red soil. The effects of different electrolyte and the concentrations of FeCl3 on migration behavior of U(VI) and environmental risks were investigated after EK remediation. The result showed that the optimum concentration was 0.1 mol/L CA mixed with 0.03 mol/L FeCl3 in this study. At this time, the removal efficiency of uranium was about 61.55 ± 0.41%, and the cumulative energy consumption was 0.2559 kWh. Compared with deionized water and single CA, combined CA with FeCl3 has the advantages of high removal efficiency, low leaching toxicity, and less damage to the soil after the electrokinetic remediation treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stability of the composite electrolytes based on tetragonal and cubic modification of Li7La3Zr2O12 with 65Li2O·27B2O3·8SiO2 or 40.2Li2O·5.7Y2O3·54.1SiO2 glass addition versus metallic lithium in stationary conditions and under constant current applied is studied in the paper. A complex of electrochemical techniques established the growth of symmetric cell resistance and overvoltage in measuring cell for composites based on tetragonal Li7La3Zr2O12, which denotes the degradation of the solid electrolyte surface for tetragonal Li7La3Zr2O12–x wt% glass electrolytes due to the formation of the impurities confirmed by XRD. The resistance of the symmetric cells with composite electrolytes based on cubic modification of Li7La3Zr2O12 does not change in the course of the experiment and the voltage reaches the plateau at constant current applied. Thus, composites based on the cubic Li7La3Zr2O12 with a small addition of lithium boron-silicate and yttrium-silicate glasses are stable versus lithium. Moreover, the cross section of the samples remains white colored after electrical testing and no dendrite formation is observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A nanocomposite, containing gadolinium-doped ceria (GDC, Ce0.85Gd0.15O1.925) and 10 mol% gadolinium-doped barium cerate (BGC, BaCe0.85Gd0.15O2.925), was developed as an electrolyte material for intermediate temperature-solid oxide fuel cell. The composite powder was synthesized through an auto-combustion process that yielded the desired phases right after combustion. The powder was characterized using X-ray diffraction, particle size analysis, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area analysis and transmission electron microscopy. The electrical properties of the composite electrolyte were characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy under air as a function of temperature. The effect of second phase on total conductivity and activation energy of the composite material was compared with that of GDC of similar composition. For this, GDC (Ce0.85Gd0.15O1.925) powder was produced using a similar processing technique. The microstructural characterization of GDC and GDC–10BGC composite materials was studied through scanning electron microscopy. The electrochemical properties of planar cell, using GDC–10BGC as electrolyte and employing Ni–(GDC–10BGC) and La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ-based anode and cathode materials, were investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel polyethylene oxide (PEO)–based sodium conducting thin nanocomposite polymer electrolyte (NPE) is prepared using solution casting technique. The concentration of the salt has been varied and for EO:Na of 40:1, the room temperature electrical conductivity is found to be increased by two orders of magnitude relative to the pure PEO (σ298 K = 2.8 × 10−9 S cm−1). Ionic conductivity and thermal behavior of PEO40NaC12H25SO4 complex have been investigated with different levels of loading of nano-sized MgO powder whereas the complexation has been confirmed by X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analyses. Structural, thermal, and morphology results have also clearly demonstrated the reduction of crystallinity of the composite polymer electrolyte by the addition of fine MgO nanoparticles. The nanocomposite polymer electrolyte while employed in the fabrication of electrochemical cell has yielded an open-circuit voltage (OCV) of 2.35 V and short-circuit current (SCC) of 412 μA. On incorporation of MgO nanoparticles, it was observed that there is a further enhancement in the conductivity. The room temperature ionic conductivity of PEO–NaC12H25SO4–MgO is relatively high and stable, indicating that it is a promising electrolyte for several thin solid-state energy devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freeze casting is used for the first time to prepare solid electrolyte scaffolds with oriented porosity and dense ceramic walls made of Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO), one of the most promising candidates for solid‐state battery electrolytes. Processing parameters—such as solvent solidification rate, solvent type, and ceramic particle size—are investigated, focusing on their influence on porosity and ceramic wall density. Dendrite‐like porosity is obtained when using cyclohexane and dioxane as solvents. Lamellar porosity is observed in aqueous slurries resulting in a structure with the highest apparent porosity and densest ceramic scaffold but weakest mechanical properties due to the lack of interlamellar support. The use of smaller LLZO particle size in the slurries resulted in lower porosity and denser ceramic walls. The intrinsic ionic conductivity of the oriented LLZ ceramic scaffold is unaffected by the freeze casting technique, providing a promising ceramic scaffold for polymer infill in view of designing new types of ceramic‐polymer composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium-air/oxygen battery has raised widespread interest due to its extraordinary theoretical energy density (up to 3500 Wh kg−1). In this study, a flexible free-standing NASICON (Na-super ionic conductor)-type hybrid solid-state polymer electrolyte (HSPE) based on PVDF-HFP (poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene)) copolymer and NASICON LATP (Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3) was prepared and investigated. The HSPE membranes exhibited an ionic conductivity of 1.02 × 10−4 S cm−1 at room temperature along with a electrochemical window from 2 to 4.5 V. Using the HSPE, a lithium-oxygen/air battery with an inorganic solid-state cathode was fabricated. High initial discharge capacities of 4654 and 5564.3 mAh g−1 were reached under pure O2 and ambient air, respectively. Compared to conventional porous polypropylene (PP) separator, the HSPE membrane alleviated the corrosion of the lithium anode, thus improving the cyclability of the cells. The results presented in this study suggest the great potential application of NASICON-type HSPE membrane in solid-state rechargeable lithium-air/oxygen batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(100‐x) wt.% La0.9Sr0.1 Ga0.8Mg0.2O2.85 ‐ x wt.% Ce0.8Gd0.2O1.9 (x = 0, 5, 10, 20) electrolytes were prepared by solid‐state reaction. The composition, microstructure, and electrical conductivity of the samples were investigated. At 300 ~ 600°C, the pure La0.9Sr0.1 Ga0.8Mg0.2O2.85 electrolyte has a higher conductivity compared to the composite electrolytes, but at 650 ~ 800°C the 95 wt.% La0.9Sr0.1 Ga0.8Mg0.2O2.85 ‐ 5 wt.% Ce0.8Gd0.2O1.9 composite electrolyte presents the highest conductivity, reaching 0.035 S cm−1 at 800°C. The cell performances based on La0.9Sr0.1 Ga0.8Mg0.2O2.85‐Ce0.8Gd0.2O1.9 electrolytes were measured using Sr2CoMoO6‐La0.9Sr0.1 Ga0.8Mg0.2O2.85 as anode and Sr2Co0.9Mn0.1NbO6 ‐La0.9Sr0.1 Ga0.8Mg0.2O2.85 as cathode, respectively. At 800°C, the measured open‐circuit voltages are higher than 1.08 V, and the maximum power density and current density of the fuel cell prepared with 95 wt.% La0.9Sr0.1 Ga0.8Mg0.2O2.85 ‐ 5 wt.% Ce0.8Gd0.2O1.9 electrolyte reach 192 mW cm−2 and 720 mA cm−2, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The optimization of the performance of electrodes (oxide‐based) for composite electrolytes (Ce0.9Gd0.1O1.95 + (Li0.52Na0.48)2CO3) is addressed in this work acting mostly on the electrode chemical nature (eg, LaCoO3, Li0.43NiO2, or LiNiO2), thickness (single and multiple screen‐printed layers), and cell layer concept (with/without barrier layers between electrode and electrolyte). The cell performance and stability were analyzed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy. LaCoO3 electrodes deposited on the electrolyte using an intermediate barrier layer showed a promising area specific resistance of 0.22 Ω.cm2 at 600°C. This optimized cell processing route was adopted as reference to study the endurance performance of distinct electrode materials up to 100 hours in air, at 550°C, where lithiated NiO showed the best stability. Multiple electrode materials tested with composite electrolytesDistinct cell configurations and electrode thicknessFunctional barrier layer between electrode and electrolyteEndurance tests of deposited electrodes [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary In this work, the microstructure of composite electrolyte is reconstructed by randomly packing cubes, and the charge transport process is simulated to calculate the effective conductivity ratio σeff/σ0 of the designated conducting phase. Effects of the volume fraction and the electrolyte particle size on σeff/σ0 are also examined. Results show that σeff/σ0 is independent of the particle size but sensitive to its volume fraction. Finally, a new formula is proposed to quickly predict the σeff/σ0 of the designated conducting phase in composite electrolyte with varying compositions. Microstructure of composite electrolyte is reconstructed by a random cube packing procedure. The effects of volume fraction and electrolyte particle size on the effective conductivity ratio σeff/σ0 of designated phase are examined, based on which a new relationship is proposed to quickly predict σeff/σ0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]