1. First Observational Evidence That Dust‐Driven Cloud Phase Changes Cool the Surface Over Summertime Arctic Sea Ice.
- Author
-
Zamora, L. M. and Kahn, R. A.
- Subjects
SULFATE aerosols ,CLOUD droplets ,ICE clouds ,SURFACE temperature ,AEROSOLS - Abstract
Cloud phase has important impacts on Arctic surface temperatures, and circumstantial evidence suggests that dust aerosols have strong regional impacts on Arctic cloud phase. We used 7 years of satellite observations and model and reanalysis products to control for co‐varying meteorology, and to assess how dust and other aerosols impact cloud phase and cloud radiative effects over the summertime sea ice. We focus on clouds at 3 km, where dust modeling is most accurate. There is strong indication that dust aerosols caused about 4.5% of clouds below −15°C to change phase, with smaller effects at higher temperatures. Sulfate has a smaller impact on cloud phase. Dust is associated with cloud‐mediated surface cooling of up to a 6.3 W m−2 below single‐layer clouds at ∼3 km in June. This is the first observational study to constrain likely dust‐related cloud radiative effects over the summertime Arctic sea ice. Plain Language Summary: The amount of liquid and ice in clouds affects how much they warm or cool the surface in the rapidly warming Arctic. Dust aerosols cause cloud droplets to freeze and may be why clouds at similar temperatures are substantially icier over the Arctic than over the cleaner Antarctic. We used satellites and model information to better understand how clouds containing some dust were different from other clouds in similar meteorological conditions over summertime sea ice. At 3 km, where dust modeling is most reliable, about 4.5% more clouds below −15°C either contain some ice particles mixed with liquid droplets, or become fully composed of ice particles when dust is present. This occurs less often at warmer temperatures. Sulfate aerosol also seems to have an effect, though smaller, on the amount of liquid and ice in Arctic summertime clouds. Dustier clouds also cool the surface more than clouds with lower dust amounts. Key Points: Dust causes a fraction of Arctic clouds to change phase, leading to summertime cooling over sea iceThis is the first observational study to constrain likely dust‐related cloud radiative effects in this regionChanges to the cloud radiative effect (1.5 to 6.3 W m−2) may be underestimated here due to uncertainties in near‐surface dust concentrations [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF