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The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of replacing of rice flour with different ratio (0, 10, 20, and 20 % w/w) of pumpkin powder on the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of gluten free rice cake. Wheat cake were made using the same method used to make the rice flour with different ratio (0, 10, 20, and 20 % w/w) of pumpkin powder, as the control samples. A factorial experiment with a completely randomized design with three replications was used for data analysis. The use of pumpkin powder in rice and wheat cake formulations significantly improved the technological characteristics and sensory attributes of the samples (p< 0.05). As the replacement level of rice and wheat flour with pumpkin powder increased (p <0.05), the viscosity of rice cake and wheat cake batter increased from 682.66 cp (control sample) to 3518.44 cp (% 30 pumpkin powder) and from 699.50 cp (control sample) to 4036.92 cp (% 30 pumpkin powder), respectively (p< 0.05). As the replacement level of rice and wheat flour with pumpkin powder increased, the volume and porosity of the cake were decreased and the hardness, fiber, ash, and the lightness of them were increased (p <0.05). The rice and wheat cakes containing the % 20 of pumpkin powder received the highest sensory scores (color, taste, odor, texture, and overall), as compared to control (p <0.05). Addition of pumpkin powder in gluten free rice cake formulation compared with wheat cake formulation improved the lightness and decreased the redness and yellowness of the samples that was acceptable to customers. These achievements will pave the way for using the combination technologies involving the mixing the pumpkin powder and rice flour for improving physicochemical and sensory characteristics of gluten free cakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present era, food scientists are concerned about exploiting functional crops with nutraceutical properties. Buckwheat is one of the functional pseudocereals with nutraceutical components used in the treatment of health‐related diseases, malnutrition, and celiac diseases. As a preferred diet as a gluten‐free product for celiac diseases, buckwheat is a good source of nutrients, bioactive components, phytochemicals, and antioxidants. The general characteristics and better nutritional profile of buckwheat than other cereal family crops were highlighted by previous investigations. In buckwheats, bioactive components like peptides, flavonoids, phenolic acids, d‐fagomine, fagopyritols, and fagopyrins are posing significant health benefits. This study highlights the current knowledge about buckwheat and its characteristics, nutritional constituents, bioactive components, and their potential for developing gluten‐free products to target celiac people (1.4% of the world population) and other health‐related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Celiac disease (CeD) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are accompanied by impaired immune responses. To study the immune regulation of these diseases, we evaluated the expression levels of pro-inflammatory (IL-8 and IL-17 A) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines in intestinal biopsy specimens of CeD and IBD patients in comparison to healthy subjects. Methods and Results: Intestinal biopsies were collected from 33 patients with IBD, 47 patients with CeD, and 20 healthy individuals. Total RNA was extracted and mRNA expression levels of IL-8, IL-17 A and IL-10 were assessed by qPCR. P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The expression levels of IL-8 and IL-17 A were higher in biopsies of IBD (UC and CD) and CeD patients compared to the control group (P < 0.05). IBD patients (UC and CD) had higher IL-8 intestinal level than CeD patients (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.0007, respectively). The expression of IL-10 was significantly down-regulated in intestinal biopsies of CeD and IBD patients compared with controls (P < 0.001). In addition, the expression level of this cytokine was significantly lower in IBD patients (P < 0.001 for UC patients and P < 0.0001 for CD patients) than CeD group. Conclusions: The three selected pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines showed a similar expression pattern in both IBD and CeD patients. As IBD and CeD are immune-mediated disorders and are accompanied by inflammatory events, the understanding of the similarities and differences among them can help researchers to find out useful candidate therapeutic protocols. We suggest that larger cohort studies be organized to achieve more insights into this regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heveins and hevein-containing (hev-) lectins play important roles in stress and pathogenic responses in plants but cause health concerns in humans. Hev-hololectins contain multiple modular hev-peptide domains and are abundantly present in cereals and pseudocereals. However, it is unclear why some cereal hev-hololectins are presented as different forms of proteolytically processed proteoforms. Here we show the precursor architectures of hev-hololectins lead to different processing mechanisms to give either hololectins or hevein-like peptides. We used mass spectrometry and datamining to screen hev-peptides from common cereals, and identified from the oat plant Avena sativa nine novel hevein-like peptides, avenatide aV1–aV9. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that asparaginyl endopeptidase (AEP) can be responsible for the maturation of the highly homologous avenatides from five oat hev-hololectin precursors, each containing four tandemly repeating, hev-like avenatide domains connected by AEP-susceptible linkers with 13–16 residues in length. Further analysis of cereal hev-hololectins showed that the linker lengths provide a distinguishing feature between their cleavable and non-cleavable precursors, with the cleavables having considerably longer linkers (>13 amino acids) than the non-cleavables (<6 amino acids). A detailed study of avenatide aV1 revealed that it contains eight cysteine residues which form a structurally compact, metabolic-resistant cystine-knotted framework with a well-defined chitin-binding site. Antimicrobial assays showed that avenatide aV1 is anti-fungal and inhibits the growth of phyto-pathogenic fungi. Together, our findings of cleavable and non-cleavable hololectins found in cereals expand our knowledge to their biosynthesis and provide insights for hololectin-related health concerns in human. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Celiac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated enteropathy that occurs in genetically predisposed individuals associated with gluten intake. Currently, the only effective treatment for CD is lifelasting elimination of gluten from the diet, but adhering to it throughout life is burdensome. In addition, strict compliance with a gluten-free diet (GFD) does not lead to a complete restoration of intestinal microbiota. Although gluten is known to be a trigger in CD, various studies have demonstrated that the gut microbiota is involved in gluten metabolism, regulation of intestinal barrier permeability, and modulation of the immune response. Therefore, the gut microbiota has an important role in the pathogenesis, progression, and clinical manifestations of CD. This evidence supports the hypothesis that probiotics act as a strategy to modulate the intestinal microbiota into an anti-inflammatory state. Probiotics such as some bacterial species of the genera Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus can protect the epithelial cells from gliadin-induced damage and improve symptoms and quality of life in GFD-treated patients, as an adjunctive treatment. This narrative review aims to discuss the recent scientific evidence of the relationship between the intestinal microbiota changes in CD and to understand the role of probiotics in CD treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (HP) in children with celiac disease (CD) and its relationship with clinical, histopathological, and laboratory parameters.Material and Methods: Two hundred and fifty-six patients with serologically and histopathologically diagnosed CD at the Pediatric Gastroenterology Department, Turkey, from January 2012 to March 2017, were included in the study, as well as 1012 patients with dyspeptic complaints. Biopsies of the duodenum and antrum were taken; the existence of HP and the histological level of damage were studied. HP (+) and HP (-) cases were compared according to age, sex, noted complaints, and clinical and laboratory features.Results: Seventy (27.4%) CD patients and 270 (26.7%) patients with dyspeptic complaints were HP (+). The diagnostic age was higher in HP (+) cases, and diarrhea and abdominal distension were significantly higher. Although hemoglobin, ferritin, vitamin B12, and transferrin saturation were lower in HP (+) cases, the differences were not statistically significant. The serum folate level in the HP (+) group was significantly lower compared to the HP (-) group.Conclusions: The prevalence of HP was not increased in cases of CD. The CD was diagnosed later in HP (+) cases, distension and diarrhea complaints were more frequent, and folate deficiency was significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

microRNAs (miRNAs) are a novel class of single-stranded RNAs with a key role in the regulation of gene expression. miRNA main mechanism of action involves interaction with the mRNA transcribed from the genes, leading to the target mRNA silencing and degradation. Indeed, it is easy to conceive that a defective miRNA-based mRNA regulation may compromise normal cell function and cause genetic diseases. A wide spectrum of studies has focused on the identification and introduction of regulatory diseases-specific miRNAs for the past decade. Overexpression or downregulation of several miRNAs can potentially stimulate or inhibit pathways related to the pathogenesis of celiac disease (CD). CD is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by small intestinal mucosal injury and nutrient malabsorption in genetically susceptible individuals after the dietary ingestion of gluten. The disease is characterized by villous atrophy, intraepithelial lymphocyte infiltration, and chronic inflammation and activation of lamina propria T cells. The common genetic background in CD is the presence of heterodimeric human leukocyte antigen class II molecules DQ2 or DQ8 that account for ∼40% of the genetic predisposition in this disease. In fact, by minute identification of these miRNAs and related targets and mechanisms, specific therapeutics can be developed to suppress these pathophysiological pathways through the enhancement or inhibition of miRNAs. This development can open a new prospect for personalized medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tulumba dessert is widely preferred in Turkey; however, it cannot be consumed by celiac patients because it includes gluten. The diversity of gluten- -free products should be expanded so that celiac patients may meet their daily needs regularly. In this study, corn fl our (CF)/potato starch (PS) blend to be used in the gluten-free tulumba dessert formulation was optimized using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Increasing ratio of PS in the CF-PS led to a decrease in hardness of the dessert and to an increase in expansion, viscosity, adhesiveness, yield of dessert both with and without syrup (P<0.05). When considering the properties used in optimization process, the optimum formulation was found to be as 201.52 g water and 0.18 g CMC and 100 g blend of CF-PS at the rates of 59:41. In sensory evaluation test, appearance, symmetry, crispness and aftertaste properties of the gluten-free dessert prepared from this formulation were very close to control sample (P>0.05), additionally these desserts had a much higher sensory score compared to the control sample in terms of the overall quality and pore structure (P<0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic inflammatory bowel disease (CIBD) is a disorder of the mucosa and submucosa characterized by infiltration of inflammatory cells. Diagnosis of the various forms is based on the degree of inflammation and the predominant type of infiltrating leucocytes. The cause of this abnormal cellular infiltrate has been linked to abnormal immune responses to bacterial, viral, parasitic, or dietary antigens. Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disease induced in genetically susceptible people by the ingestion of the irritant gluten and possibly modulated by other environmental cofactors. An abnormal immune response against gluten is the trigger for development of CD. CD is characterized by a large heterogeneity of clinical signs ranging from asymptomatic to severely symptomatic. Chemokine receptors play a fundamental role in leukocyte migration and one of the important chemokine receptors is CXCR3, which is expressed abundantly on human T-cells, and particularly on those T-cells associated with activation and inflammation. CXCR3 seems to play a role in equine immune response as well (Johnstone et al. 2016). Gliadins, the major gluten protein types, release zonulin after coupling to CXCR3. This subsequently results in increased permeability of the small intestinal mucosa and concurrent inflammation. A potential role of gluten in equine chronic inflammatory bowel disease was recently reported. The current pilot study aimed to show the expression levels of the CXCR3 receptor in small intestinal samples of healthy horses and horses histologically diagnosed with any of the disorders belonging to the CIBD syndrome. The electronic patient files of the University Equine Hospital of the Vetmeduni Vienna were searched for cases with protein‐losing enteropathy, weight loss, chronic enteritis and performed oral glucose tolerance tests. Furthermore, only cases from which intestinal samples had been kept in the repository were selected. Freshly collected small intestinal samples from 8 randomly chosen slaughter horses without any overt clinical signs were collected and used as control. Small bowel tissue was routinely stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and the presence of CXCR3 in cells was shown by an in-situ immunofluorescence technique. Stained sections were analyzed using an Imager microscope and immunofluorescence of each individual slide was expressed as mean fluorescence intensity (MFI/μm2) using specific software. A total of 160 files with clinical histories of intestinal malabsorption, chronic weight loss or small intestinal inflammation were selected and further analyzed. Finally, only 7 cases fulfilled all criteria of equine CIBD. One of the cases had a concurrent adenocarcinoma of the caecum. One case showed histological signs of proliferative enteritis suggestive for infection with Lawsonia intracellularis, but the organism could no longer be detected in the sections. MFI was not significantly different between the diseased and the control group (p=0.613). One control horse reacted unexpectedly strong and was considered as unhealthy. Therefore, it was excluded from the control group. This pilot study showed that small intestinal mucosae of horses with histological lesions suggestive for CIBD did not express significantly more CXCR3 on cells in the gut walls than did randomly chosen slaughter horses. Therefore, this study could not prove that upregulation of CXCR3 on mucosal cells, possibly lymphocytes, is a specific response to gluten. Gluten allergy in the horse may be mediated by other cytokine receptors as well. Whether gluten allergy is the major cause of CIBD in horses cannot yet be concluded . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]