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Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) are a promising source for clinical application in regenerative orthopedics. ASCs derived from the infra-patellar fat pad (IFP)—a distinct adipose structure in the knee—show superior regenerative potential compared to subcutaneous-fat-derived cells. Furthermore, it has been shown that blood products enhance ASCs' viability. A major challenge for clinical translation of both ASCs and blood products is the low comparability of obtained data due to non-standardized harvesting, isolation and preparation methods. The aim of this method-paper is to provide reproducible protocols to help standardize basic research in the field to build a sound basis for clinical translation with an emphasize on practicability. The presented protocols include (i) ASC isolation from the IFP, (ii) blood product preparation and (iii) ASC incubation with blood products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Investigate effects of long-term exercise on the remodeling markers MMP-9, TIMP-1, EMMPRIN and Galectin-3 in combined type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. Any associations between these biomarkers and glucometabolic variables were further assessed at baseline. Methods: 137 patients (age 41–81 years, 17.2% females) were included and randomized to a 12-months exercise program or to a control group. Fasting blood samples and subcutaneous adipose tissue (AT) samples were taken at inclusion and after 12-months. The intervention was a combination of aerobic and strength training for a minimum of 150 min per week. Circulating protein levels were measured by ELISA methods and RNA was extracted from AT and circulating leukocytes. Expression levels were relatively quantified by PCR. Results: After 12 months of intervention, both AT-expression and circulating levels of EMMPRIN were increased in the exercise group (p < 0.05, both) with significant difference in change between the two groups (p < 0.05 both). No significant effect was observed on MMP-9, TIMP-1 and Galectin-3. Levels of TIMP-1 (AT-expression and circulating) were significantly correlated to insulin, and HOMA2- after Bonferroni correction (p = 0.001, by 48 performed correlations). Conclusion: The increase in levels of EMMPRIN after long-term exercise training, might indicate some degree of AT remodeling in these patients after 12-months of exercise, whether beneficial or not. The remodeling markers were to some extent associated with glucometabolic variables in our population with the combined disease. Trial registration clinicaltrials.gov, NCT01232608. Registered 2 November 2010 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity has become one of the main threats to health worldwide and therefore gained increasing clinical and economic significance as well as scientific attention. General adipose-tissue accumulation in obesity is associated with systemically increased proinflammatory mediators and humoral and cellular changes within this compartment. These adipose-tissue changes and their systemic consequences led to the concept of obesity as a chronic inflammatory state. A pathognomonic feature of Crohn's disease (CD) is creeping fat (CF), a locally restricted hyperplasia of the mesenteric fat adjacent to the inflamed segments of the intestine. The precise role of this adipose-tissue and its mediators remains controversial, and ongoingwork will have to define whether this compartment is protecting from or contributing to disease activity.This review aims to outline specific cellular changes within the adipose-tissue, occurring in either obesity or CF. Hence the potential impact of adipocytes and resident immune cells from the innate and adaptive immune system will be discussed for both diseases. The second part focuses on the impact of generalized adipose-tissue accumulation in obesity, respectively on the locally restricted form in CD, on intestinal inflammation and on the closely related integrity of the mucosal barrier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]