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The Yangtze giant softshell turtle Rafetus swinhoei is the rarest turtle species, with just two individuals known to be surviving, one male in a zoo in China and one individual recently identified as a female in the wild in Viet Nam. As the species is on the brink of extinction, it is an urgent priority to search for additional individuals in the wild, and for areas where it may still be present. Here, we analysed areas where the species may still occur, identified through interview surveys in Viet Nam. In addition, we introduced a novel system for evaluating the potential for occurrence of this rare and elusive freshwater turtle, using a conservation priority index. This index was based on three recorded variables: (1) probability of the species' presence based on interviews with local fishers, (2) degree of habitat alteration, and (3) fishing intensity, with the latter two based on experts' evaluation of the sites where the species could potentially be present. There were at least 13 independent, reliable sightings in the 2010s, seven of which were in 2018–2019, indicating that R. swinhoei potentially persists in the wild. Although the species was confirmed at only one site, there are at least three more sites where it is likely to be present, and 13 sites of conservation interest. We provide a description of all sites where the species is potentially present, and a summary of relevant interviews. The Da River system has the highest number of recent sightings. We recommend that a research and conservation project be initiated urgently, and outline how such a project could be implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Almost all Asian turtle species are considered threatened by the World Conservation Union (IUCN). We investigated the turtle fauna and their distribution in hilly forests in northern Vietnam (TamThanh commune, Quan Son district) during two consecutive periods (12th–23th May, 12th–24th August 2019). These forests are of Subtropical Moist Forest type according to WWF, and dominated by evergreen and semi-evergreen forests. We used a combination of (1) field surveys; (2) hunter interviews; (3) examination of hunter quarry, and (4) monitoring of hunting activity. We performed field surveys in bamboo and hilly secondary forests (500–1350 m), applied 103 hunter interviews, and examined the same number of hunter bags. We found a total of 124 different individuals of as many as 9 turtle species (representing 18% of the currently known total chelonian fauna in the Indo-Burma region). Two species were the most dominant, the Impressed tortoise (Manouria impressa), found mostly as shells in villages, and the Indochinese box turtle (Cuora galbinifrons) sighted inside bamboo forests at different elevations. C. galbinifrons is one of the most critically endangered turtle species in the world. Given that there are still large expanses of unexplored bamboo forests and mixed bamboo—evergreen forest (over 5 million hectares) remaining throughout northern Vietnam, if our results are typical of other similar habitats, it is likely that C. galbinifrons may be more common than currently assessed. We suggest that field surveys should be conducted as soon as possible to confirm whether these turtles are as seriously threatened as presently considered by the IUCN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]