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Animal bones, particularly from cattle after slaughter, are commonly discarded, posing environmental challenges and highlighting the need for sustainable valorization. This study investigated the effect of enzyme and organic acid treatment on physicochemical properties, particle size, microstructure and safety of meat-bone paste (MBP). Two samples were prepared: a control (MBP-C) without enzyme treatment and an experimental sample (MBP-E) treated with pepsin and ascorbic acid. Results showed that the enzyme reaction rate increased from 0.004 mmol/min at 60 min to 0.014 mmol/min at 120–180 min before declining to 0.006 mmol/min at 480 min, suggesting substrate depletion or product inhibition. Temperature greatly influenced reaction rates, peaking at 0.0129 mmol/min at 30 °C, with significant declines at higher temperatures due to enzyme denaturation. The enzyme's kinetic performance was proportional to the pepsin concentration, demonstrating enhanced catalytic efficiency at higher enzyme concentrations. Particle size analysis revealed that enzyme treatment significantly reduced bone particle size, with 86.33% of particles measuring between 0.05 and 0.2 mm, compared to 86.4% between 0.25 and 0.75 mm in the untreated sample. Microscopy confirmed these findings, showing an average particle size reduction from 0.21 mm to 0.052 mm after enzyme treatment. Physicochemical analysis revealed no significant differences in chemical composition between the two samples. However, enzyme-treated MBP-E exhibited a lower pH (5.9) compared to MBP-C (7.02), attributed to the addition of ascorbic acid. Water-binding capacity significantly increased in MBP-E (82.54% vs. 77.28%), indicating enhanced hydration and collagen loosening during enzymatic action. Enzyme treatment significantly reduced the total viable count and eliminated pathogenic bacteria (E. coli, Listeria, Salmonella), improving MBP safety. These findings highlight the potential of this approach for valorizing animal bones as a valuable food ingredient while promoting sustainable waste management practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meat-grinder plates are critical for efficiently processing meat, significantly influencing the grinding process. This study aimed to develop a meat-grinder plate with variable diameter holes and assess its impact on ground meat quality and processing efficiency. Various meat types (beef, horse meat, mutton, chicken, and pork) were processed using both plate designs: a control plate with a constant hole diameter of 12 mm and a developed plate with featured holes increasing in diameter from periphery to center (8 mm–12 mm–16 mm). The results demonstrate that the developed plate significantly improves the WBC of minced meat, with notable increases in beef (58.3% vs. 57.7%), horse meat (61.8% vs. 56.2%), chicken (51.0% vs. 49.1%), and pork (46.1% vs. 43.6%), indicating a more homogeneous particle size distribution. Yield stress, a critical factor influencing the rheological properties of minced meat, also showed substantial improvements, particularly in poultry (18.9% increase) and pork (31.3% increase). The variable hole design produced a higher proportion of intermediate-sized particles, contributing to a more cohesive texture and potentially enhancing the binding properties of processed meat products. Theoretical calculations based on the Hagen–Poiseuille equation and empirical data confirmed that the new plate design increases the grinder's productivity by 50%, with average throughput rising from 150 kg/h to 225 kg/h. Additionally, the developed plate reduced power consumption by up to 7.3%, particularly in horse meat processing, highlighting its cost effectiveness for industrial applications. These findings suggest that the variable diameter hole plate design offers substantial improvements in ground meat quality and processing efficiency, with potential implications for industrial meat-processing operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study designed and evaluated an encapsulator unit for producing biocomponent‐containing capsules using sodium alginate. The encapsulator's principle of operation involved maintaining the gel‐forming mixture at a controlled temperature (20–50°C) and utilizing a gear pump to deliver the mixture to a nozzle for capsule formation. Increasing temperature and gear pump rotation speed reduced viscosity, affecting the capsule number, size, and stability. The optimal capsule size and quality were achieved with a sodium alginate concentration of 1%, yielding capsules with rounded shapes, uniform sizes, and soft yet resistant structures. The encapsulation process yielded varying numbers of capsules depending on the rotational speed of the gear pump and the temperature of the gel‐forming mixture. Higher temperatures and rotation speeds generally resulted in increased capsule yields. This research advances encapsulation technology for delivering sensitive biomaterials like probiotics, aiding in process optimization. Practical applications: The encapsulator is designed for the production of capsules using structure‐forming compounds and can be used in biotechnology, chemical, food and other industries. The encapsulator allows for the production of capsules with precise size and shell thickness, ensuring high quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the design of a centrifuge for the separation of fat from meat–bone slurry to produce fat-extracted animal feed. The characteristics of the main components of the equipment and the principle of its operation were presented. The productivity of the centrifuge depending on duration and speed of rotation was determined. Data were provided for different drum speeds (1000, 1500, 2000, 2500 rpm) and centrifugation durations (5, 7, 10 and 15 min), with the yield (output) of defatted slurry measured as a percentage. Among the various conditions tested, the maximum yield of slurry was observed when the drum was rotated at 2000 rpm for 5 min, with a yield of 68.97%, while the lowest yield was observed when the drum was rotated at 1000 rpm for 15 min, with a yield of 55%. On the basis of modeling, a physical model including centrifugal separation with simultaneous centrifugal filtration was presented in the form of a system of differential, algebraic, and criterion equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is growing interest in exploring new types of cultivated plants that offer unique health benefits. Safflower is a promising plant nutrition resource that has gained popularity in Kazakhstan and worldwide. However, one of the pressing issues is improving the consumption pattern of food products, including vitamins and microelements. This article aims to develop a small‐scale processing line for safflower oil production in small enterprises of the cereal‐processing industry. The primary focus is on purifying safflower from impurities and husks, as well as compressing and centrifuging the oil raw material for high‐quality and biologically valuable product. The authors developed a processing line consisting of a sheller‐compress and a centrifuge of original constructions for separating husks from the kernel and compressing and centrifuging the oil raw material. The process combines husking, compressing, filtration, and sedimentation to ensure primary purification of plant oils and the removal of mechanical impurities. The production of safflower oil has become an urgent task due to its rich composition of vitamins and phospholipids. The newly developed processing line ensures the production of high‐quality safflower oil and has great potential for small enterprises in the cereal‐processing industry. The article highlights the importance of primary purification of plant oils and its impact on the quality of the final product. Practical applications: The following conclusions emerged from the research. The relevance of fat oil growing, including signs of increased popularity of safflower oil in Kazakhstan and in the world has been studied. Various types (husking, compressing, sedimentation, centrifuging and filtering) of primary purification of safflower and purification of oil from mechanical impurities have been investigated. The dependence of extraction of pressed safflower oil on the speed of rotation of the filter and settling rotor and the equipment structure itself has been studied. The sheller‐compress for purification of safflower has been developed to combine husking and compressing processes to increase the oil content of the processed oil raw material and the productivity of the processing equipment. The centrifuge is designed for primary purification of safflower oil from mechanical impurities, allowing to combine the sedimentation and filtering processes due to rotors and to obtain purified safflower oil. The problem of intensification of the purification process is characterized by the ratio of different defined parameters. As a result, optimum parameters were determined and a processing line was developed with the use of a sheller‐compress and a centrifuge with a filtering and pre. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of this study was to investigate the survival rate of three species of encapsulated bacteria (Propionibacterium acidipropionicici, Propionibacterium freudenreichii, and Propionibacterium thoenii) in model solutions designed to simulate the acidity levels found within the human gastrointestinal tract. The capsules were prepared by extrusion from gelatin and sodium alginate in a 1:1 ratio on a laboratory encapsulator. The use of gelatin and sodium alginate was found to provide optimum characteristics suitable for encapsulation of live bacteria. Three strains of Propionibacterium asidirgorionici, Propionibacterium freudenreichii, and Propionibacterium thoenii were subjected to in vitro assay to evaluate their probiotic potential. The final cell survival rate of P. freudenreichii was 105 CFU/mL, indicating that this probiotic is sensitive to acidic medium. The viability of encapsulated probiotics was studied in a model medium simulating the gastrointestinal tract. It was found that alginate–gelatin capsules could provide protection to P. freudenreichii from gastric acid and lead to high levels of viable bacteria released in the intestine. Practical application: Encapsulation of Propionibacterium freudenreichii into alginate–gelatin capsules produced capsules capable of delivering live probiotic bacteria into the intestine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sunflower is a major agricultural oilseed crop, and the Republic of Kazakhstan has been steadily strengthening its position as a producer of oilseeds. In this study, an oil pressing machine with two processes, including grinding sunflower seeds and pressing the obtained cake to separate the oil, is constructed. The experiment investigated the impact of different grinding degrees (hole diameters of plates of 5 mm, 4 mm, 3 mm, and 2 mm) and screw rotation speeds (ranging from 30 rpm to 250 rpm) on oil pressing efficiency. The study used sunflower seeds with an oil content of 45–47% and moisture of 7–9%. The results showed that increasing the grinding degree and screw rotation speed led to higher oil yield. The optimal condition was a grinding degree of 4 mm and a screw rotation speed of 60 rpm, resulting in the highest oil yield of 15.6 g/s. Additionally, the residual oil content of the seed cake decreased significantly as pressure increased during pressing, particularly with 4 mm grinding. Power consumption increased with higher screw rotation speeds and finer grinding degrees, indicating the influence of grinding components on energy demand. The cake density increased with higher screw rotation speeds and finer grinding degrees, highlighting the impact of grinding mechanisms on cake compactness. Moreover, the temperature of the cake rose with increased screw rotation speed and the presence of grinding sieves. These findings provide valuable insights into optimizing the sunflower oil pressing process, highlighting the importance of selecting appropriate grinding degrees and screw rotation speeds to maximize oil yield and pressing efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is devoted to modeling the pressing process of an experimental screw press for safflower oil production in small enterprises of the grain processing industry. The theoretical analysis for developing the process of oil pressing in a screw press is considered. Using methods of mathematical modeling, the problem of squeezing the liquid phase from dispersed material is described and solved. The basic scheme and characteristics of the press equipment and the principle of its work are presented. The proposed method of the theoretical calculation of the pressing process helps to determine the optimal parameters and to press safflower oil using the proposed design of the screw press. During the process of pressing, the highest value of oil yield is reached at the diaphragm gap of δ = 0.1 mm and screw rotation speed of ω = 6.2 rad/s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the results of the study of the dependence of yield stress (YS) and water-binding capacity (WBC) on mechanical processing of meat and bone raw materials when changing the rotational speed and the gap between the rotary knives of the grinder. It is revealed that the parameters of YS and WBC also increase when the rotational speed increases. Thus, the highest values of YS (943.29 Pa) and WBC (66.98%) are observed when the rotary knives' rotational speed is 4000 min−1 and the clearance between knives is 0.16 mm, while the lowest values of YS (635.87 Pa) and WBC (63.83%) are observed when the knives' rotational speed is 1000 min−1 and the clearance is 0.38 mm. The power consumption of the electric motor of the unit increases as the rotation speed of the working bodies increases and the gap between the knives decreases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]