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Introduction: This study aims to evaluate the predictive value of color Doppler ultrasound for the diagnosis of aberrant right subclavian artery (ARSA) with a co-occurring non-recurrent right laryngeal nerve (NRLN). Material and methods: In the present study, 58 patients with ARSA (ARSA group) and 1,280 patients without ARSA (controls) were diagnosed by ultrasonography. In addition, 32 patients with ARSA (ARSA operation group) and controls underwent thyroidectomy with surgical exploration with or without NRLN. Then, the incidence of NRLN was analyzed. The right common carotid artery (RCCA) and right subclavian artery (RSA) trends were observed by ultrasound, and classified into two types: RCCA and RSA originating from the innominate artery (IA) (type I), and IA could not be detected (type II). Results: A total of 32 cases of NRLN were found in the ARSA operation group, but no case was found in controls, and the difference was statistically significant (p = 0.0006). The difference in the constituent ratio of type I and type II was statistically significant between the ARSA group and controls (p = 0.0002). That is, the IA could not be detected in the ARSA group, which was accompanied by the RCCA that originated from the aortic arch, while the IA was detected in most patients in the control group at the level of the sternoclavicular joints. Conclusions: Aberrant right subclavian artery can be rapidly detected by ultrasonography. Aberrant right subclavian artery occurs when the RCCA originates from the aortic arch during detection. Patients with ARSA sometimes have co-occurring NRLN. Hence, vigilance in protecting the NRLN is needed during an operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bladder cancer is a common malignant tumor with a high recurrence rate and mortality, while the detailed mechanisms for bladder cancer progression and metastasis are unknown. Recently, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been reported to be involved in the development of cancers. In this study, we aim to investigate the role of lncRNA LINC00355 in bladder cancer progression and metastasis. The association between LINC00355 and the prognosis of bladder cancer patients was determined by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Cell migration and invasion ability were detected using the Transwell migration and invasion assay. The relationships of LINC00355, miR-424-5p, and High Mobility Group AT-Hook 2 (HMGA2) were verified through the luciferase assay and RNA pull-down assay. Xenograft tumor was established to evaluate tumor lung metastasis in vivo. qRT-PCR and western blot were used to detect gene expression. LINC00355 was upregulated in bladder cancer patients, especially in patients with higher TNM stage. Elevated LINC00355 was correlated with the poor prognosis of bladder cancer patients. Besides, overexpressed LINC00355 promoted migration, invasion, and epithelialmesenchymal transition (EMT) ability of bladder cancer cells. Contrarily, decreased LINC00355 suppressed migration, invasion, and EMT ability of bladder cancer cells, and lung metastasis of xenograft tumors. Furthermore, LINC00355 could regulate HMGA2 expression by acting as a sponge for miR-424-5p. Overexpression of HMGA2 induced EMT of bladder cancer cells. Additionally, LINC00355 regulated the migration, invasion, and EMT ability of bladder cancer cells through modulating HMGA2 expression via sponging miR-424-5p. LINC00355 promoted migration, invasion, and EMT ability of bladder cancer through elevating HMGA2 expression via acting as a sponge for miR-424-5p. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The smoothing function is used to solve the problem of low simulation efficiency of multi-stage stiffness Dual Mass Flywheel (DMF) model, and the influence of different smoothing functions and fitting factor β on the fitting effect is studied. Firstly, based on the analysis of the working principle of multi-stage stiffness DMF, a mathematical model of DMF considering multi-stage stiffness and damping nonlinearity is established, and the accuracy of the model is verified by bench test. Then, tanh function, arctangent function, and sigmoid function are used to smooth the segment points in the DMF model, which solves the problem of inefficiency and not easy to converge in simulation. Finally, a 3-DOF model of the transmission system with DMF is established to simulate and analyze the smooth effect of the smoothing function and the performance difference between different smoothing functions. The results show that the smoothing function can effectively improve the stability of the simulation model. By comparing the three smoothing functions, it can be seen that the sigmoid function has the most obvious effect, which can shorten the simulation time by 52%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of cytoskeleton-associated membrane protein 4 (CKAP4) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is controversial. The present study aimed to investigate the association between tumor CKAP4 mRNA expression and clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis in patients with HCC. Data relating to CKAP4 mRNA expression in HCC tumor and normal adjacent liver tissues, and clinicopathological characteristics, were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus and The Cancer Genome Atlas databases. The CKAP4 mRNA levels in tumor tissues were compared with those in normal adjacent liver tissues, their association with clinicopathological parameters was analyzed, and diagnostic and prognostic values were evaluated in patients with HCC. In all 4 datasets (total samples, n=693), CKAP4 mRNA levels were significantly higher in tumor tissues compared with adjacent tissues (all P<0.001), with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve ranging from 0.799-0.898 for HCC diagnosis. In patients with HCC with available clinical data (n=361), the low-level CKAP4 mRNA group exhibited a lower body mass index (P=0.005), higher α-fetoprotein level (P<0.001), more frequent adjacent liver tissue inflammation (P<0.001), poorer tumor histological grade (P<0.001), higher Ishak fibrosis score (P=0.035) and a more advanced tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage (P=0.014) compared with the high-level CKAP4 mRNA group. Patients stratified by all the above parameters, except for TNM stage, exhibited significantly different expression of tissue CKAP4 mRNA (P<0.05-0.001). Furthermore, higher CKAP4 mRNA levels were observed in patients who died within one year following diagnosis compared with those who survived >3 years (P=0.003). The high-level CKAP4 mRNA group also exhibited lower overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) rates compared with the low-level group [hazard ratio (HR)=1.494; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.044-2.138; P=0.028] for OS and (HR=1.616; 95% CI, 1.022-2.555; P=0.040) for DFS. The results of the present study suggest that CKAP4 mRNA is upregulated in HCC tumor tissues compared with normal adjacent tissues, and is associated with poor clinical prognosis, pathological features and survival in patients with HCC. Thus, CKAP4 is a potential biomarker for HCC diagnosis and prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Described herein is an environmentally benign method for the synthesis of multisubstituted 3-alkoxylated-2-oxindoles 3 via direct alkoxylation of 3-halooxindoles 1. A wide variety of such multisubstituted 3-alkoxylated-2-oxindole scaffolds were smoothly obtained in good yields (up to 94%) by heating in an oil bath at 35 °C for 24 h. A particularly valuable feature of this method was the development of environment-friendly chemistry using alcohols 2 as both the substrates and solvents in the presence of a catalytic amount of base. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel dumbbell-shaped defected ground structure (DB-DGS) with embedded capacitor is presented in this paper. Compared with conventional DB-DGS structure, the proposed DB-DGS exhibits many attractive characteristics including double resonance, high value and compact size. Q The equivalent lumped circuit model for the novel DGS is developed, and its parameters are extracted. Based on this new DB-DGS, a low-pass filter (LPF) using the novel DB-DGS has been constructed, which provides a more steep rejection property, a wider stopband and compact size. The proposed structure is experimentally verified through the demonstration of a low-pass filter design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bronchial artery aneurysm is uncommon, and the occurrence of multiple aneurysms arising from a bronchial artery is even rarer. To date, there has been only one published case report describing double bronchial artery aneurysms. We herein describe a case of three aneurysms arising from a left bronchial artery, accompanied by multiple bilateral hypertrophied bronchial and intercostobronchial arteries, as well as a double aortic arch. Bronchial artery aneurysm is potentially life-threatening, and immediate treatment is recommended to minimise the potential risk of rupture. The aneurysms in our case were successfully treated via transcatheter arterial embolisation using coils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma (NFPA) is one of the most common types of pituitary adenoma. The marine anthraquinone derivative SZ-685C has been isolated from the secondary metabolites of the mangrove endophytic fungus Halorosellinia sp. (No. 1403) which is found in the South China Sea. Recent research has shown that SZ-685C possesses anticancer and tumor suppressive effects. The tetrazolium-based colorimetric assay (MTT assay) to investigate the different effect of the marine compound SZ-685C on the proliferation of primary human NFPA cells, rat normal pituitary cells (RPCs) and rat prolactinoma MMQ cell lines. Hoechst 33342 dye/propidium iodide (PI) double staining and fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated Annexin V/PI (Annexin V-FITC/PI) apoptosis assays detected an enhanced rate of apoptosis in cells treated with SZ-685C. Enhanced expression levels of caspase 3 and phosphate and tensin homolog (PTEN) were determined by Western blotting. Notably, the protein expression levels of Akt were decreased when the primary human NFPA cells were treated with SZ-685C. Here, we show that SZ-685C induces apoptosis of human NFPA cells through inhibition of the Akt pathway in vitro. The understanding of apoptosis has provided the basis for novel targeted therapies that can induce death in cancer cells or sensitize them to established cytotoxic agents and radiation therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel coupled-defected ground structure (C-DGS) with inductors inserted between the adjacent defected ground structure (DGS) cells is presented in this paper. In comparison to conventional C-DGS structure, the proposed C-DGS exhibits a larger coupling-coefficient, resulting in a wider stop-band. Moreover, the stopband can be adjusted flexibly without modification since the couplingcoefficient varies with the change of the inductance of the inserted inductor. Based on this new C-DGS, a low-pass filter (LPF) using cascaded C-DGS is constructed. The proposed structure is experimentally verified through the demonstration of a low-pass filter design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the signal processing point of view, the nondifferentiable data defined on the Cantor sets are investigated in this paper. The local fractional Fourier series is used to process the signals, which are the local fractional continuous functions. Our results can be observed as significant extensions of the previously known results for the Fourier series in the framework of the local fractional calculus. Some examples are given to illustrate the efficiency and implementation of the present method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Aberrant activation of the proto-oncogene B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 11A (BCL11A) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of leukemia and lymphoma. However, the clinical significance of BCL11A in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains unknown. Results: We examined BCL11A expression at the protein and mRNA levels in a cohort (n = 114) of NSCLC patients and assessed the relationship between BCL11A expression and clinicopathological parameters. Data from array-based Comparative Genomic Hybridization (aCGH) and microRNA transfection experiments were integrated to explore the potential mechanisms of abnormal BCL11A activation in NSCLC. Compared to adjacent non-cancerous lung tissues, BCL11A expression levels were specifically upregulated in NSCLC tissues at both the mRNA (t = 9.81, P < 0.001) and protein levels. BCL11A protein levels were higher in patients with squamous histology (x2 = 15.81, P = 0.001), smokers (x2 = 8.92, P = 0.004), patients with no lymph node involvement (x2 = 5.14, P = 0.029), and patients with early stage disease (x2 = 3.91, P = 0.048). A multivariate analysis demonstrated that in early stage NSCLC (IA-IIB), BCL11A was not only an independent prognostic factor for disease-free survival (hazards ratio [HR] 0.24, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.12-0.50, P < 0.001), but also for overall survival (HR = 0.23, 95% CI 0.09-0.61, P = 0.003). The average BCL11A expression level was much higher in SCC samples with amplifications than in those without amplifications (t = 3.30, P = 0.023). Assessing functionality via an in vitro luciferase reporter system and western blotting, we found that the BCL11A protein was a target of miR-30a. Conclusions: Our results demonstrated that proto-oncogene BCL11A activation induced by miR-30a and gene amplification may be a potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for effective management of this disease [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report 1×4 optical splitters (OSs) with different splitting ratios based on either rod-type or hole-type silicon photonic crystal self-collimation ring resonators (SCRRs). The four beam splitters of the OSs are formed by changing the radii of silicon rods or air holes. The light beam propagating along the SCRR can be controlled by the self-collimation effect. The transmission spectra at the through and drop ports are investigated by using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The simulated results agree well with the theoretical calculation. For 1550-nm dropping wavelength, the free spectral ranges for rod-type and hole-type configurations are 28.8nm and 32.5 nm, respectively, which almost cover the whole optical communication C-band window. The dimensions of these structures are only about 10 µm×10 µm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Non-small cell lung cancer patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations have mixed responses to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Intertumor heterogeneity in EGFR mutations is one potential explanation for this phenomenon. Methods. We performed direct sequencing to identify EGFR mutations in 180 pairs of lung adenocarcinoma samples (from 3,071 patients). The high-resolution melting method was used in discordant cases to confirm EGFR mutation status. Matching samples were divided into four groups: primary lesions detected at different times, primary tumors with matched metastatic lymph nodes, multiple pulmonary nodules, and primary tumors with matched distant metastases. Multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate correlations between heterogeneity and patient characteristics. Results. In the study population, the discordance rate was 13.9% (25 of 180). The multiple pulmonary nodules group had the highest discordance rate of 24.4% (10 of 41; odds ratio for heterogeneity in primary lesions detected at different times, 6.37; 95% confidence interval, 1.71-23.72; p = .006). Discordance rates in the metachronous and synchronous settings were 15.7% (22 of 140) and 7.5% (three of 40), respectively. In the 34 patients who developed EGFR TKI resistance, 10 (29.4%) cases exhibited heterogeneity and five (14.7%) patients exhibited a mixed response to the drug. Three (8.8%) of the patients with a mixed response also exhibited discordant EGFR mutations. Conclusions. The overall discordance rate of EGFR mutation heterogeneity in Asian patients with pulmonary adenocarcinoma is relatively low, but the rate in patients with multiple pulmonary nodules is significantly higher. This observation may explain the mixed tumor response to EGFR TKIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this work is to elucidate the selective area growth of SiC nanorods on the electrospun nanofibers catalyzed by terbium metals, and further explore the optimal growth conditions and field emission properties in this case. X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy were used to investigate the growth mechanism. Test results indicated that our experimental process should be an organic whole and each aspect is indispensable. Furthermore, our work finished up with excellent field emission results, showing a rather low Eto of 8 V/μm and a large β value of 904. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Well-crystallized β-SiC nanorods grown on electrospun nanofibers were synthesized by carbothermal reduction of Tb doped SiO2 (SiO2:Tb) nanofibers at 1,250 °C. The as-synthesized SiC nanorods were 100–300 nm in diameter and 2–3 μm in length. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results suggested that the growth of the SiC nanorods should be governed by vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) mechanism with Tb metal as catalyst. Tb(NO3)3 particles on the surface of the electrospun nanofibers were decomposed at 500 °C and later reduced to the formation of Tb nanoclusters at 1,200 °C, and finally the formation of a Si–C–Tb ally droplet will stimulate the VLS growth at 1,250 °C. Microstructure of the nanorod was further investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was found that SiC <111> is the preferred initial growth direction. The liquid droplet was identified to be Si86Tb14, which acted as effective catalyst. Strong green emissions were observed from the SiC nanorod samples. Four characteristic photoluminescence (PL) peaks of Tb ions were also identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was undertaken to determine whether neuropeptide Y (NPY) induces proliferation of rat aortic endothelial cells (RAECs). Since NPY increased the permeability of RAEC monolayers to large molecules via the NPY Y3 receptor, RAEC proliferation has been evaluated in terms of NPY-receptor subtypes and also intracellular mechanisms. RAECs were incubated with gases containing 20, 15, or 10% O2 and a certain amount of N2, depending on the O2 content in 5% CO2 incubators. NPY (10-9-10-6 M) increased the RAEC numbers under hypoxic conditions, such as 15 or 10% O2. Peptide YY elicited no proliferative effect on RAEC, and NPY-(18-36) inhibited the NPY-induced increase in cell number, suggesting that NPY increases the RAEC count through the NPY Y3 receptor. Pertussis toxin, U-73122, GF-109203X, myristorylated autocamtide-2-related inhibitory peptide, and wortmannin inhibited the NPY-induced proliferation of RAEC concentration dependently. DY9760e little affected the proliferation caused by NPY. ML-9 and imatinib actually enhanced the NPY-induced proliferation of cells. These results indicated that the NPY Y3 receptor is coupled with Gi protein, and that NPY-induced increases in RAEC proliferation are mediated by phospholipase C-protein kinase C and/or phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathways. In intracellular Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent pathways, calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II partly participates in the NPY-induced cell proliferation. Regarding the previously reported effect of NPY on the permeability of RAEC monolayers to large molecules, it is probable that protein kinase C and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathways are activated for both permeability and cell proliferation induced by NPY under hypoxia, relevant to new insights into the roles of NPY in ischemia-hypoxia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE To investigate the features of chronic prostatitis (CP) during puberty and the effects of biofeedback on young males with this disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS In all, 40 patients were divided into two groups; group 1 included 25 pubertal patients with CP (mean age 16.5 years,sd 1.1) and group 2 was a control group including 15 patients (mean age 16.2 years,sd 1.2) with a normal lower urinary tract. National Institute of Health-Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI) scores (three parts) were assessed individually in both groups. Expressed prostatic secretions and urine samples after prostate massage from group 1 were cultured to determine whether patients were infected with bacteria, and group 1 was categorized into various NIH types. Each patients in the two groups underwent urodynamics and group 1 were treated with biofeedback. RESULTS In group 1, there were one, three and 21 patients with type II, IIIA and IIIB prostatitis. The incidence of staccato voiding and detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia (DSD), and the maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax), postvoid residual urine volume (PVR), maximum detrusor pressure (Pdetmax) and maximum urethral closure pressure (MUCP) between the groups were significantly different ( P < 0.05). The total NIH-CPSI scores and all the subdomains between the groups before biofeedback were significantly different ( P < 0.001). In group 1 the difference in NIH-CPSI scores and Qmax before and after biofeedback was significant ( P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The main type of CP during puberty is IIIB; the dominating symptom is a voiding disorder. The impact on life and psychological effects are substantial. Pubertal boys with CP have pelvic floor dysfunction and several abnormal urodynamic values, i.e. staccato voiding, DSD, decreasing Qmax, and increasing Pdetmax and MUCP. The effect of biofeedback strategies for treating pubertal CP is satisfactory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hypoxia-inducible hormone required for erythroid differentiation. Expression of the EPO receptor is not restricted to hematopoietic cells and exhibits a multi-tissue distribution that includes neural cells, vascular endothelium and muscle progenitor cells. The ability for EPO to stimulate progenitor cell proliferation and prevent apoptosis is critical for maintenance of the erythroid lineage, but is also observed in neural and muscle progenitor cells. Mice lacking the EPO receptor die in utero due to severe anemia. However, even prior to lack of erythroid cell production in the embryo proper, these mice exhibit increased apoptosis in the brain as early as E10.5 and a reduction in the number of neural progenitor cells. Corresponding cultures of primary neural cells exhibit decreased neuron generation and increased sensitivity to reduced oxygen tension, and neurons do not survive after 24 h at low oxygen tension. In contrast, hypoxia induces EPO and EPO receptor in wild-type neuronal cells, and EPO enhances neuron survival at low oxygen tension. In vivo EPO is neuroprotective in adult animal models for brain ischemia. Induction of EPO and its receptor by hypoxia likely contributes to its neuroprotective activity and selective cell survival in the brain during hypoxic stress. Copyright © 2006 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) elevates the permeability of cultured rat aortic endothelial cells (RAECs) in monolayer cultures under hypoxic conditions (5% o2) possibly by binding to the NPY Y3 receptor. The present study evaluated the effects of NPY compared to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). RAECs were cultured on the upper chamber base of a double-chamber culture system, FITC-labeled albumin was introduced into the chamber, and permeation into the lower chamber was measured. Treatment was with 3 × 10-7 M NPY or 10-7 g/ml VEGF for 2 h along with specific inhibitors. The VEGF receptor-2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor tyrphostin SU-1498 and the protein kinase C inhibitor bis-indolylmaleimide I (GF-109203X) suppressed the VEGF-induced increase in monolayer permeability but not that caused by NPY. Furthermore, although the action of NPY was blocked in a concentration-dependent manner by phospholipase C inhibitor 1-(6-{[(17β)3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl]amino}hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione (U-73122), it was less sensitive than VEGF. However, the effects of both NPY and VEGF on the permeability of the RAEC monolayer were blocked with equal concentration dependence by STI571 (imatinib mesylate), which is an inhibitor of Abl tyrosine kinase in the nucleus and/or cytoplasm. The myosin light-chain kinase inhibitor 1-(5-chloronaphthalene-1-sulfonyl)-1H-hexahydro-1,4-diazepine HCl (ML-9) suppressed both NPY- and VEGF-induced increment in permeability by ∼70%, whereas the calmodulin-dependent kinase inhibitor DY-9760e could decrease to below the baseline. These results indicate that the NPY Y3-receptor subtype is specifically linked to the effects of STI571 on endothelial cells, and that NPY, a sympathetic coneurotransmitter, may increase vascular permeability in association with altered intracellular or nuclear signal transduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Axons travel frequently in bundles to reach their target. After arriving at the target, axon terminals defasciculate, migrate to topographically defined positions, and form synapses with appropriate target neurons. Here we present evidence that the B-type receptors of the erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular (Eph) family and a ligand, ephrin-B3, influence hippocampal axon defasciculation. The EphB receptors are expressed in the hippocampus, and the ligand, ephrin-B3, is transcribed in the lateral septum, the major subcortical target ofhippocampal neurons. Ephrin-B3 promotes adhesion of hippocampal neurons to the ligand-expressing substrates in vitro, and the loss of the receptor EphB2 abrogates the effects of ephrin-B3. In mice deficient in EphB2 and EphB3, many hippocampal axons remain in bundles. This phenotype was also observed in mice that were specifically deleted for the cytoplasmic domain of EphB2. These observations indicate that the EphB receptors and their ligand regulate hippocampal axon defasciculation at the septal target, possibly through a receptor-mediated forward signaling mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the topographic mapping of axon terminals. Expression of ephrins receptors and ligands in the hippocampus; Role of ephrins guidance factors in regulating ontogeny of hippocampal projection; Spatial organization of neurons in synaptic interconnections.

With the development of oil and gas exploration to deep layers, ultra-deep layers below 7 000 m have become the focus of exploration. The formation, preservation and prediction of ultra-deep ancient carbonate reservoirs are key problems. Based on the analysis of the drilling data below 7 000 m of Ordovician in Tarim Basin, China, this paper characterizes the development characteristics and formation and evolution process of ultradeep carbonate reservoirs. The formation of ultra-deep carbonate reservoirs is controlled by high-energy depositional bodies, penecontemporaneous exposed karstification and the reconstruct of faults. Through seismic attribute extraction, beads were found and a method of drilling along the fault zone along the karst layer was proposed. The success rate of drilling was increased to 95%. The quantitative sculpture and characterization technology of fracture-cavity has been established, and hydrocarbon accumulation regularity and well point optimization method for fracture-cavity reservoirs have been formed. Mechanical models of vugs in fault and fracture-cavity carbonate reservoirs are established, and numerical simulation and theoretical analysis are carried out. The results show that the distance from fault plane increases, and the fracture development ability decreases. Over 8 500 m is the dominant distribution area of carbonate reservoir, 8 500-9 200 m is the effective distribution area, 9 200-9 500 m is the general distribution area, below 11 000 m, large vugs are gradually disappearing. Parabolic pressure arches are formed at the top of the paleocave in the ultra-deep carbonate reservoir in the platform basin area to prevent the cave from collapsing completely. Take the parabolic cave with the height-span ratio of 1 and arrow height 8 m as an example, its fully closed depth is over 50 000 m. Therefore, the lower limit of exploration depth for carbonate cave reservoirs far exceeds the current drillable depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]