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In this study, surface dust samples were collected within the second ring road of Shenyang City under different land-use types, and the concentration and chemical speciation of metals in different particle sizes under different land-use types were analyzed. Dust samples were separated into four particle size fractions (＜50, 50–100, 100–500, 500–2000 μm), and particles in the range of 100–500 µm were the highest representing one-third of the dust mass. The results revealed that metals were detected in order Zn > Cr > Pb > Cu > Ni > As > Cd in different particle sizes of dust under different land-use types. The relative contribution of individual particle-size fractions for seven metals was different, but the results showed preferential partitioning to small particle-size fractions. The relative contribution of metals in individual particle-size fractions and chemical speciation were significantly affected by the type of land use. Metals concentrated on the smaller particles in the traffic area, and the particles (<50 µm) contained the highest percentage of metals but Cr. The residual fractions (F5) of Ni, Cr, As and Cu overall represented the predominant portion in different particle size of fractions under different land-use types, Zn and Pb were mostly bound to the Fe–Mn oxides-bound fraction (F3), and the exchangeable fraction (F1) accounted for a relatively large proportion of Cd. The results of the risk assessment code (RAC) of Cd indicated that the risk of Zn was medium, and it was high for Cd in the dust of Shenyang City. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-radix Montgomery Modular Multiplication (MMM) is flexible and consumes fewer cycles, but turns inefficient especially when it comes to low-bit calculation. In this brief, we propose a high-radix MMM algorithm, called Separated Iterative Digit-Digit Modular Multiplication (S-IDDMM), which accelerates the MMM by taking full advantage of multipliers and adders. The relationship among clock cycles, pipeline of multiplications and number of multipliers for the proposed algorithm is derived and utilized to optimize the overall efficiency jointly. Xilinx Virtex-7 FPGA implementations of S-IDDMM in 256 bits and 512 bits are constructed with radix-32 and radix-64, respectively. Compared with IDDMM design reported elsewhere (Amiet et al., 2016), our calculation time is reduced by more than 2 times with a similar area cost, due to deep use of multipliers and higher frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Retaining events containing action-related information in working memory (WM) is vital to daily activities such as action planning and social interaction. During processing of such events, action-related information is bound with other visual elements (e.g., colours) as event files. In this study, we explored whether retaining event files in WM consumes more attention than retaining the constituent elements. Considering that object-based attention underlies the rehearsal of static feature bindings in WM, we hypothesised that object-based attention played a key role in retaining event files in WM. As biological motion (BM) is one of the most frequently observed events in daily life, we employed BM-related event files as the tested stimuli. In separate blocks, we required participants to memorise BM, colours (or locations), or the binding between these elements (i.e., event files). Critically, we added an object-feature report task, which consumed object-based attention, during the WM maintenance phase. We predicted that the added secondary task would lead to larger impairment for BM event files than for the constituent elements. In line with this prediction, Experiments 1 and 2 consistently revealed a selective impairment to BM event files, which could not be attributed to an unbalanced number of elements between memory conditions (Experiment 3), or to the visual processing of a secondary task (Experiment 4). Taken together, these results suggest that object-based attention plays a pivotal role in maintaining event files in WM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]