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Based on Van Allen Probes observations, in this study we perform a statistical analysis of the spectral intensities of plasmaspheric hiss at L‐shells of 1.8–3.0 in the slot region. Our results show that slot region hiss power intensifies with a strong day‐night asymmetry as the level of substorm activity or L‐shell increases. Using the statistical spectral profiles of plasmaspheric hiss, we calculate the drift‐ and bounce‐averaged electron pitch angle diffusion coefficients and subsequently obtain the resultant electron loss timescales through 1‐D Fokker‐Planck simulations. We find that slot region electron loss timescales vary significantly from <1 day to several years, showing a strong dependence on electron energy, L‐shell and substorm activity. We also construct an empirical model of slot region electron loss timescales due to scattering by plasmaspheric hiss, which agrees well with the 1‐D simulation results and can be readily used in modeling the dynamics of slot region electrons.Key Points: We perform a statistical analysis of the global distribution of hiss wave spectral intensities in the slot regionThe drift‐ and bounce‐averaged pitch angle diffusion coefficients of slot region electrons are calculatedWe develop an empirical model of slot region electron loss timescales due to plasmaspheric hiss [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A highly sensitive magnetic field sensor based on mode coupling effect in a microstructured optical fiber (MOF) was theoretically investigated by using the finite element method. Magnetic fluid with refractive index higher than silica was designed to be filled into one cladding air hole in MOF to form a defect core. The coupling wavelength between fiber core modes and defect core modes can be modulated by external magnetic field. Simulation results show that the measuring sensitivity of magnetic field and figure of merit reached 1620 pm/Oe, 0.081/Oe in x-polarized mode and 1790 pm/Oe, 0.045/Oe in y-polarized mode, respectively. Meanwhile, the intensity of magnetic field depicts a good linear relationship with the coupling wavelength for both orthogonal polarized directions in the range of 25–175.9 Oe. The performance of the designed magnetic field sensor can be improved by optimizing the structural parameters in MOF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ultra high-sensitivity temperature and refractive index (RI) sensor based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect in D-shape high birefringence photonic crystal fiber (PCF) is presented and discussed by the finite element method (FEM). The designed PCF is polished to enhance the interaction of the evanescent field with the external medium, ultimately improving the sensing performance. The influence of three different plasma materials, gold, silver and aluminum, on the sensing performance was investigated. Finally, the chemically stable plasma material gold is selected to coat on flat surface of D-shape PCF for SPR sensing, realizing the sensitive real-time monitoring of RI and temperature. The sensing performance was greatly improved, with a wide RI (1.43 to 1.50) and temperature (36 $^{\circ }$ C to 86 $^{\circ }$ C) detection range, and the corresponding maximum sensitivity was 44850 nm/RIU and −16.875 nm/ $^{\circ }$ C, respectively. Furthermore, the sensitivity is not particularly sensitive to the sizes of the designed air holes, which leads to a sensor with high structure tolerance. Numerical results show that the coating thickness not only affects the sensitivity but also the detection range of the sensor, so we can tune the RI and temperature detection range by adjusting the gold film thickness to meet specific detection requirements. The sensor with enhanced sensitivity, tunable detection range, and high fabrication tolerance has a wide application prospect in the field of life science research, chemical production, and environmental monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A magnetic field sensor based on a Sagnac interferometer using a magnetic fluid-filled birefringent photonic crystal fiber (MF-BPCF) was proposed and studied by finite element method. Two large air holes in the birefringent photonic crystal fiber were designed to fill with magnetic fluid. The MF-BPCF in the proposed Sagnac interferometer acted as the sensing head. As magnetic field perpendicular to the MF-BPCF, magnetic fluid was anisotropic. The characteristics of the output spectrum of the Sagnac interferometer was simulated. The results showed that when the phase difference $\phi$ satisfied integer multiples of $2\pi$ , several dip wavelengths appeared. Not only the intensity but also the direction of the magnetic field was measured. The measuring sensitivity could be further promoted by making the dip wavelength approach $\lambda _{B_g=0}$. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whistler mode hiss acts as an important loss mechanism contributing to the radiation belt electron dynamics inside the plasmasphere and plasmaspheric plumes. Based on Van Allen Probes observations from September 2012 to December 2015, we conduct a detailed analysis of hiss properties in plasmaspheric plumes and illustrate that corresponding to the highest occurrence probability of plumes at L = 5.0–6.0 and MLT = 18–21, hiss emissions occur concurrently with a rate of >~80%. Plume hiss can efficiently scatter ~10‐ to 100‐keV electrons at rates up to ~10−4 s−1 near the loss cone, and the resultant electron loss timescales vary largely with energy, that is, from less than an hour for tens of kiloelectron volt electrons to several days for hundreds of kiloelectron volt electrons and to >100 days for >5‐MeV electrons. These newly obtained statistical properties of plume hiss and associated electron scattering effects are useful to future modeling efforts of radiation belt electron dynamics. Key Points: Plume hiss occurs concurrently with a rate of >~80%, corresponding to the highest occurrence rate of plumes at L = 5.0‐6.0 and MLT = 18‐21Plume hiss is efficient for pitch angle scattering ~10‐ to 100‐keV electrons near the loss conePlume hiss can drive more efficient scattering of >500‐keV electrons at higher L‐shells than normal frequency hiss at lower L‐shells [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scattering by plasmaspheric hiss is responsible for the newly reported reversed energy spectra with abundant high‐energy but fewer low‐energy electrons between hundreds of kiloelectronvolts and ~2 MeV in the inner magnetosphere. To deepen our understanding of the contributions of plasmaspheric hiss to the formation of reversed electron energy spectrum, we conduct a detailed theoretical parametric analysis through numerical simulations to explore the sensitivity of hiss‐induced reversed electron energy spectrum to ambient magnetic field, plasma density, and hiss wave distribution properties. Given L‐shell, variations of ambient plasma density and wave frequency spectrum contribute importantly to the formation of reversed electron energy spectrum, while variations of background magnetic field (which usually shows small changes in the plasmasphere) and wave normal angle distribution play a less effective role. Our study suggests that the reversed electron energy spectrum has important implications for unveiling the sophisticated energy‐dependent nature of wave‐particle interactions and energetic particle dynamics in geospace. Key Points: Variations of ambient plasma density and wave frequency spectrum contribute importantly to the formation of reversed electron energy spectraVariations of background magnetic field and wave normal angle distribution play a less effective roleReversed energy spectra are more likely to form and evolve more pronouncedly at lower pitch angles [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both magnetosonic (MS) waves and plasmaspheric hiss can resonantly scatter outer radiation belt electrons, leading to various electron pitch angle distribution. Based on electron diffusion coefficients calculations and 2‐D Fokker‐Planck diffusion simulations, we perform a parametric study to quantitatively investigate the net electron scattering effect and the relative contributions of simultaneously occurring hiss and MS waves with groups of different wave amplitude combinations. It is found that the combined scattering effects are dominated by pitch angle scattering due to hiss emissions at L = 4, when their amplitude is comparable to or stronger than that of MS waves, thereby producing the butterfly, top‐hat, flat‐top, and pancake pitch angle distributions, while the butterfly distributions can evolve over a broader energy range when MS waves join the combined scattering effects. Our results demonstrate that the relative intensities of various plasma waves play an essential role in controlling the radiation belt electron dynamics. Plain Language Summary: The Earth's outer radiation belt electrons exhibit high dynamics in terms of both pitch angle and energy distributions. Because MS waves and hiss can frequently occur simultaneously inside the plasmasphere, it is important to understand their combined scattering effects on and relative contributions to the radiation belt electron dynamics. Although a number of case studies have been performed to analyze the consequences of combined scattering by these two concurrently occurring plasma waves, there lack parametric and comprehensive investigations to look into the combined scattering effects corresponding to groups of different intensities of the two wave modes. In this letter, by combining the calculations of wave‐induced electron diffusion coefficients and 2‐D Fokker‐Plank diffusion simulations, we quantitatively analyze electron pitch angle and energy distributions under the impacts of 255 different wave amplitude combinations of these two wave modes, which can lead to top‐hat, pancake, flat‐top, and butterfly PADs. Our results indicate that the relative wave amplitudes of these two waves play an essential role in controlling the dynamic variations of radiation belt electron distribution. Key Points: A parametric study is performed to investigate the combined electron scattering effect by hiss and MS waves with different wave amplitudesThe combined scattering effect of concurrent hiss and MS waves can lead to top‐hat, flat‐top, pancake, and butterfly PADsThe relative intensities of various plasma waves are important in controlling dynamic variations of radiation belt electron distribution [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We develop a general 3-D relativistic test particle (TP) simulation code to examine the trajectories and pitch angle variations of test electrons. We investigate the conditions when the electrons transit broadband, parallel propagating H+ band electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves to find whether the classical quasilinear theory (QLT) can be applied to interactions between H+ band EMIC waves and radiation belt relativistic (and ultra-relativistic) electrons. We find that to reach good consistency between TP scattering coefficients and QLT calculations, the wave-particle resonant interaction time (which indicates the time of particles traveling in the wave fields and being resonant with the wave fields) must be carefully calculated to ensure the validity of the linear diffusion process. This wave-particle resonant interaction time depends largely on the wave amplitude, the bandwidth, and the initial parameters of electrons for TP simulations; once the time of electrons traveling in the wave fields becomes large enough when the pitch angles of electrons scattered by wave fields reach the maximal value limited by the resonance condition and cannot be diffused any longer, the linear diffusion process of particles defined by QLT will not be valid any longer. When the resonant electrons start to travel through the wave field, they undergo the linear diffusion process resulting from the pitch angle scattering by the H+ band EMIC wave field. As the time of traveling in the wave fields increases, the test electrons will suffer effective pitch angle scattering and the pitch angles of these electrons will reach the maximum value limited by the resonance condition, which is determined by the wave and electron parameters. These electrons are then reflected by the wave fields and the linear wave-particle interactions defined by QLT will not be valid anymore. This kind of wave-particle interaction subsequently introduces considerable deviation of TP diffusion coefficients from those predicted by QLT calculations. Our results demonstrate that the general validity of QLT in describing how broadband EMIC waves affect radiation belt relativistic electrons is highly related to the time of electron traveling in the wave fields, which tends to increase for smaller wave power and broader wave frequency spectra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves have long been recognized to play a crucial role in the dynamic loss of ring current protons. While the field‐aligned propagation approximation of electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves was widely used to quantify the scattering loss of ring current protons, in this study, we find that the wave normal distribution strongly affects the pitch angle scattering efficiency of protons. Increase of peak normal angle or angular width can considerably reduce the scattering rates of ≤10 keV protons. For >10 keV protons, the field‐aligned propagation approximation results in a pronounced underestimate of the scattering of intermediate equatorial pitch angle protons and overestimates the scattering of high equatorial pitch angle protons by orders of magnitude. Our results suggest that the wave normal distribution of electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves plays an important role in the pitch angle evolution and scattering loss of ring current protons and should be incorporated in future global modeling of ring current dynamics. Plain Language Summary: Electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) wave is a class of electromagnetic wave that is frequently observed in the Earths' magnetosphere. EMIC waves can cause the loss of ring current protons by scattering them into the atmosphere. Previous attempts to quantify the loss of ring current protons by EMIC waves are mostly limited to the assumption that the waves are propagating exactly along the direction of geomagnetic field line. In this study, we show that this assumption will seriously break down once the waves are obliquely propagating. The obliquity of EMIC waves not only influences the pitch angle evolution of ring current protons but also affects their loss time scales. Our study confirms the importance of including the obliquity of EMIC waves in the modeling efforts of ring current dynamics. Key Points: The wave normal angle distribution strongly affects the EMIC wave‐driven scattering loss of ring current protonsQuantitative differences in the diffusion coefficients between field‐aligned and oblique waves are presentedPitch‐angle scattering of higher‐energy ring current protons is more sensitive to the variation of wave normal angle distribution [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Plasmaspheric hiss is known to play an important role in radiation belt electron dynamics in high plasma density regions. We present observations of two crossings of a plasmaspheric plume by the Van Allen Probes on 26 December 2012, which occurred unusually at the post‐midnight‐to‐dawn sector between L ~ 4–6 during a geomagnetically quiet period. This plume exhibited pronounced electron densities higher than those of the average plume level. Moderate hiss emissions accompanied the two plume crossings with the peak power at about 100 Hz. Quantification of quasi‐linear bounce‐averaged electron scattering rates by hiss in the plume demonstrates that the waves are efficient to pitch angle scatter ~10–100 keV electrons at rates up to ~10−4 s−1 near the loss cone but become gradually insignificant to scatter the higher energy electron population. The resultant timescales of electron loss due to hiss in the nightside plume vary largely with electron kinetic energy over 3 orders of magnitude, that is, from several hours for tens of keV electrons to a few days for hundreds of keV electrons to well above 100 days for >1 MeV electrons. Changing slightly with L‐shell and the multiquartile profile of hiss spectral intensity, these electron loss timescales suggest that hiss emissions in the nightside plume act as a viable candidate for the fast loss of the ≲100 keV electrons and the slow decay of higher energy electrons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bounce resonant interactions with magnetospheric waves have been proposed as an important contributing mechanism for scattering near-equatorially mirroring electrons by violating the second adiabatic invariant associated with the electron bounce motion along a geomagnetic field line. This study demonstrates that low-frequency plasmaspheric hiss with significant wave power below 100 Hz can bounce resonate efficiently with radiation belt electrons. By performing quantitative calculations of pitch angle scattering rates, we show that low-frequency hiss-induced bounce resonant scattering of electrons has a strong dependence on equatorial pitch angle αeq. For electrons with αeq close to 90°, the timescale associated with bounce resonance scattering can be comparable to or even less than 1 h. Cyclotron and Landau resonant interactions between low-frequency hiss and electrons are also investigated for comparisons. It is found that while the bounce and Landau resonances are responsible for the diffusive transport of near-equatorially mirroring electrons to lower αeq, pitch angle scattering by cyclotron resonance could take over to further diffuse electrons into the atmosphere. Bounce resonance provides a more efficient pitch angle scattering mechanism of relativistic ( ≥1 MeV) electrons than Landau resonance due to the stronger scattering rates and broader resonance coverage of αeq, thereby demonstrating that bounce resonance scattering by low-frequency hiss can contribute importantly to the evolution of the electron pitch angle distribution and the loss of radiation belt electrons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important plasma wave mode in the geospace, magnetosonic waves can interact with both radiation belt electrons and protons, thereby impacting the dynamics of magnetospheric particles. Based on the Doppler-shifted resonance condition and the cold plasma dispersion relation, we investigate the profiles of resonance zone and resonant frequency of the Landau resonance between radiation belt electrons and magnetosonic waves and the cyclotron resonances with protons. The results demonstrate that resonant interactions between magnetosonic waves and magnetospheric charged particles largely rely on L-shell, wave normal angle, and kinetic energy and equatorial pitch angle of particles. Resonance zones for the Landau resonance between magnetosonic waves and radiation belt electrons are confined to a very narrow (mostly less than 1°) extent of magnetic latitude, which tends to shift to lower latitudes with increasing equatorial pitch angle and decreasing electron energy. Landau resonance frequencies also increase with magnetosonic wave normal angle. In contrast, higher order cyclotron resonances of magnetosonic waves with protons are much easier to occur in a broad range of magnetic latitude. As the resonance order increases, the coverage of the resonance zone shrinks overall and occupies the geomagnetic equatorial region. In addition, resonant frequencies increase with resonance order. Corresponding to higher order cyclotron resonances, protons are more likely to interact with magnetosonic waves at intermediate to high frequencies. Our study can be useful to elaborate the resonant interaction processes between magnetosonic waves and radiation belt electrons and protons and improve the current understanding of the multi-aspect impact of magnetosonic waves on the magnetospheric particle dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new scheme of antenna for wireless body area networks is proposed. A coupling-fed circular-patch antenna with TM01 mode is designed, simulated, and tested, which radiates omni-directional pattern along the body surface and has linear polarization normal to the surface. Both simulated and measured results show this antenna satisfies the expected 9% bandwidth (5.725–5.875 GHz) for return-loss ≤ -10 dB, and it is suitable for on-body communication application. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 2623–2627, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24712 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes a new kind of microstrip reflectarray antenna, of which the polarization could be reconfigured among all the polarization states instead of some fixed states in a dual-or multi-polarized antenna. The mechanism for polarized variability is so simple that only mechanical rotation is needed. Theoretical analysis shows that the reflected polarization covers all states and that the dual-or multi-layered unit structure sandwiched with air-gaps can broaden the bandwidth efficiently. Moreover, it is demonstrated that adopting more elements can enhance antenna gain. With these advantageous features, this kind of antenna has the potential significance for engineering applications in radar, communication, etc. In this article, a complete theoretical analysis as well as a specific design sample is given to verify this method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strong electrostatic electron cyclotron harmonic (ECH) waves on the dayside magnetosphere have been reported based on observations of the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft. In this study, we analyze high‐quality wave data from the four MMS satellites between 1 September 2015 and 30 August 2018 to investigate the statistical properties of dayside ECH emissions. The results show that dayside ECH waves are preferentially observed on the prenoon side in the outer magnetosphere (L = 8–12), with average wave amplitude Ew > 0.1 mV/m. In addition, besides the typical near‐equatorial (|MLAT| ≤ 15°) region, dayside ECH waves exhibit moderate occurrence rate and wave amplitude in higher latitudinal regions (i.e., 15 < |MLAT| ≤ 40°), possibly due to the off‐equatorial geomagnetic field minimum. Our reported double peaks of dayside ECH wave occurrence zone and considerable occurrence rates of prenoonside ECH waves suggest that dayside ECH waves can be a potentially important contributor to the formation of dayside diffuse aurora. Plain Language Summary: We use wave spectral data from the four Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft to statistically analyze the distributions of wave amplitudes and occurrence rates as a function of L shell, MLT, geomagnetic activity (AE* and Kp indices), and MLAT for dayside first harmonic band electron cyclotron harmonic (ECH) waves. The conclusions are summarized as follows: (1) Dayside ECH waves preferentially occur on the prenoonside of the outer magnetosphere, with peak occurrence rates around 30%. (2) In higher latitudinal regions (|MLAT| = 15–25°,25–40°), contrary to previous conclusions regarding ECH wave occurrence patterns, dayside ECH waves occur with significant occurrence rates, comparable to that of dayside ECH waves in near‐equatorial areas. (3) Similar to the distribution of occurrence rates, dayside ECH waves have most intense electric field amplitudes over L = 8–12, MLT = 8–11, with an average wave strength >0.1 mV/m.Whistler mode chorus waves are considered as the primary mechanism to explain dayside diffuse aurora, but the role of ECH waves has not been systematically evaluated because of lack of dayside ECH observations. As shown by our results, moderate dayside ECH waves can be observed on the prenoonside of the outer magnetosphere. This observation could be of great importance in understanding the generation of dayside diffuse aurora. Key Points: Dayside ECH waves are preferentially observed with moderate average wave strength on the prenoonside to noonside in the outer magnetosphereIn higher latitudinal regions, dayside ECH waves have comparable occurrence rates and wave amplitude to that of the near‐equatorial regionsAlthough weak dayside ECH waves occur predominantly, the occurrence rates of moderate and strong dayside ECH waves are not negligible [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By investigating the resonant energy and latitudinal resonance region of Landau resonance between H+ band electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves and radiation belt electrons and performing calculations of quasi‐linear diffusion coefficients, we find that Landau resonance with EMIC waves, characterized by a very broad range of resonant energies from below 1 eV to above 10 MeV and the strikingly small extent of the latitudinal resonance region well below 0.1°, can be a feasible candidate accounting for the pitch angle scattering of near‐equatorially mirroring electrons. Compared to the dominant pitch angle scattering caused by the cyclotron resonance for greater than ~2‐MeV electrons at equatorial pitch angles less than ~80° with the rates well above 10−4 s−1, Landau resonance with H+ band EMIC waves has the potential to drive more efficient pitch angle scattering of radiation belt electrons from ~10 MeV down to tens of kiloelectron volts at equatorial pitch angles greater than ~ 85°. Plain Language Summary: Electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves are thought to be very important for pitch angle scattering of radiation belt electrons, which may play a crucial role for the rapid dropout of relativistic electrons fluxes in the outer radiation belt during a geomagnetic storm, or for the intense relativistic electron precipitation. Although cyclotron resonance with EMIC waves acts as an important loss process during geomagnetic storms, this mechanism is believed to solely affect trapped electrons with small pitch angles well away from 90°. In the present work, we introduce the Landau resonance between H+ band EMIC waves and radiation belt electrons. The crucial role for pitch angle scattering near‐equatorially mirroring electrons by Landau resonance is investigated by Quasilinear diffusion theory (QLT) calculations in our work. Key Points: H+ band EMIC waves drive the Landau resonance with radiation belt electrons over a very broad energy range from >10 MeV to tenths of an eVLandau resonance between H+ band EMIC waves and electrons at > ~60 degrees occurs in a very limited rangeEMIC scattering electrons due to the cyclotron resonance and Landau resonance occur at two distinct ranges of equatorial pitch angle [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a typical event that fast magnetosonic (MS) waves, exohiss, and two‐band chorus waves occurred simultaneously on the dayside observed by Van Allen Probes on 25 December 2013. By combining calculations of electron diffusion coefficients and 2‐D Fokker‐Planck diffusion simulations, we quantitatively analyze the combined scattering effect of multiple waves to demonstrate that the net impact of combined scattering does not simply depend on the wave intensity dominance of various plasma waves. Although the observed MS waves are most intense, the electron butterfly distribution is inhibited by exohiss and chorus, and electrons are considerably accelerated by combined scattering of MS and chorus waves. The simulated electron pitch angle distributions exhibit the variation trend consistent with the observations. Our results strongly suggest that competition and cooperation between resonant interactions with concurrently occurring magnetospheric waves need to be carefully treated in modeling and comprehending the radiation belt electron dynamics. Plain Language Summary: It has been acknowledged that wave‐particle interactions play an important role in energy exchange between plasma waves and radiation belt electrons. Most previous studies focused on the wave‐particle interaction effect of individual wave modes, while only rather limited investigations look into the competition and cooperation between various kinds of plasma waves upon their modulation of the radiation belt electron dynamics. In the present study, we report a typical event that magnetosonic waves, exohiss, and two‐band chorus waves occurred simultaneously on the dayside. By computations of the electron diffusion coefficients and 2‐D Fokker‐Planck diffusion simulations, we have found that the competition and cooperation between these three wave modes are delicate in that the net combined scattering impact does not simply depend on the dominance of wave intensity but requires careful analyses via diffusion simulations. Our results demonstrate the importance of incorporating the combined scattering effect by various simultaneously occurring magnetospheric waves during modeling and comprehending the complex radiation belt electron dynamics. Key Points: A typical event that MS waves, exohiss, and two‐band chorus waves occurred simultaneously in the dayside plasmatrough is reportedThe combined scattering effect makes a big difference to the radiation belt electron dynamics compared to contributions of individual wavesNumerical simulations can approximately explain the variation trend of observed electron pitch angle distributions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]