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The diffusion technology has been developed for the formation of binary clusters involving elements of group III and V in silicon. It is shown that by controlling the concentration of elements of group III and V atoms, multilayer silicon-based heterojuns can be formed in the surface region of silicon with enriched AIIIBV nanocrystals, followed by enriched with various combinations of Si2AIIIBV unit cells (1 – 5 m thick). This creates a practical new material based on silicon - a continuous graded-gap structure, i.e. heterojunsby a smooth transition from the band gap of III – V semiconductor compounds to the band gap of silicon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thioredoxins (Trx) are small multifunctional redox proteins that contain thioredoxin conserved domain and active site WCXXC. The Trx family has an important role in multiple processes, including electron transport, seed germination, redox regulation, biotic and abiotic stresses resistance, etc. Although Trx genes have been extensively characterized in some plants, they have not been reported in peanut until now. The identification of AhTrx genes provides potential candidate genes for studying their effects and regulatory mechanisms in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) growth and development, especially under aluminium (Al) stress. It is also helpful to further analyze the Al resistance pathway in plants. Seventy AhTrx genes were identified using a genome-wide search method and conservative domain analysis. Then the basic physicochemical properties, phylogenetic relationship, gene structure, chromosomal localization, and promoter prediction were studied by the bioinformatic methods. Furthermore, the expressions of AhTrx genes under different Al treatment times in two peanut cultivars were tested using a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Seventy AhTrx genes were identified and characterized. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that all AhTrx members could be classified into 9 groups with different conserved domains. Motif 1 was found to exist in every sequence, with an active site. Furthermore, the gene structures showed that the AhTrx family was complicated and changeable during evolution. The chromosomal localization indicated that the distribution and density of the Trx family on 20 peanut chromosomes were uneven. Predictive promoter analysis indicated that AhTrx proteins might play a role in phytohormones synthesis and stress response. Finally, the expression patterns of the AhTrx genes showed that every gene was differently expressed under Al treatment in different peanut cultivars, some were obvious, others had no significant difference, some were at a high level, while others were at a low level. This study systematically identifies the Trx gene family in peanut, providing some candidates for further study on its effects and regulatory mechanism under Al stress in peanut. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thioredoxins (Trx) are small multifunctional redox proteins that contain thioredoxin conserved domain and active site WCXXC. The Trx family has an important role in multiple processes, including electron transport, seed germination, redox regulation, biotic and abiotic stresses resistance, etc. Although Trx genes have been extensively characterized in some plants, they have not been reported in peanut until now. The identification of AhTrx genes provides potential candidate genes for studying their effects and regulatory mechanisms in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) growth and development, especially under aluminium (Al) stress. It is also helpful to further analyze the Al resistance pathway in plants. Seventy AhTrx genes were identified using a genome-wide search method and conservative domain analysis. Then the basic physicochemical properties, phylogenetic relationship, gene structure, chromosomal localization, and promoter prediction were studied by the bioinformatic methods. Furthermore, the expressions of AhTrx genes under different Al treatment times in two peanut cultivars were tested using a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Seventy AhTrx genes were identified and characterized. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that all AhTrx members could be classified into 9 groups with different conserved domains. Motif 1 was found to exist in every sequence, with an active site. Furthermore, the gene structures showed that the AhTrx family was complicated and changeable during evolution. The chromosomal localization indicated that the distribution and density of the Trx family on 20 peanut chromosomes were uneven. Predictive promoter analysis indicated that AhTrx proteins might play a role in phytohormones synthesis and stress response. Finally, the expression patterns of the AhTrx genes showed that every gene was differently expressed under Al treatment in different peanut cultivars, some were obvious, others had no significant difference, some were at a high level, while others were at a low level. This study systematically identifies the Trx gene family in peanut, providing some candidates for further study on its effects and regulatory mechanism under Al stress in peanut. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to acquire good Fe-based VC composite coating by laser cladding and minimize cracks and pores during preparation, we designed an experimental scheme with response surface methodology (RSM) and studied effects of laser process parameters, such as output current, pulse width, pulse frequency, and scanning speed, on geometric characteristics and quality of the clad coating. A mathematical model was established for clad geometric features and dilution rate. Analysis of variance of test results shows that, the greater the pulse width, the greater the clad dilution rate; synergy of large output current and low scanning speed will give rise to greater clad width-to-height ratio. Through analysis and discussion, a set of optimum laser process parameters were obtained, and based on verification test, the errors between predicted value and measured value for the optimum process parameters were small, indicating high confidence level of this regression prediction model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 2024 aluminum alloy was studied in the X-ray diffraction experiment under 50 min resonance fatigue. The contact between the full width at half-maximum (FWHM) on the diffraction pattern and the dislocation density of a 2024 aluminum alloy in resonance fatigue was analyzed theoretically by using linear analysis based on the Fourier transform, and finally the dislocation density of the specimen damage area after resonance fatigue was calculated to be 5.6847 × 1014 m–2. Then, the cause of the dislocation was analyzed. The dislocation density evolution in vibration of aeronautical aluminum alloys is instrumental in establishing the resonance fatigue mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A numerical investigation is conducted on the flow past a transversely oscillating square cylinder at various amplitudes with a Reynolds number of 200 in the "lock-on" region. Floquet stability analysis was then applied to study the three-dimensional instability of its wake. The results show that mean recirculating region sizes decrease and force coefficients increase as the oscillating amplitude increases. The dynamic mode decomposition analysis reveals that although oscillating amplitude changes the topology of high order harmonic modes, the primary modes share similar features, which result in the classical "2S" mode at various amplitudes. The distinct high-order-harmonic modes lead to the difference of the flow pattern at various amplitudes. For the three-dimensional instability, the oscillating amplitudes can be divided into three stages, I (0 ≤ A/D < 0. 3), II (0.3 ≤ A/D < 0.4), and III (0.4 ≤ A/D < 0.7). In region I, the dominant Floquet mode is Mode-A corresponding to a long wavelength λz/D ≈ 3.49. As the oscillating amplitude increases to region III, the wavelength of the dominant mode abruptly changes to a much shorter wavelength λz/D ≈1.14 (a new mode called Mode-SA). Mode-SA shows similar features to Mode-A, except that this mode dissipates rapidly in the wake. Region II is the transitional region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we introduce a new definition for nilpotent fuzzy Lie ideal, which is a well-defined extension of nilpotent Lie ideal in Lie algebras, and we name it a good nilpotent fuzzy Lie ideal. Then we prove that a Lie algebra is nilpotent if and only if any fuzzy Lie ideal of it, is a good nilpotent fuzzy Lie ideal. In particular, we construct a nilpotent Lie algebra via a good nilpotent fuzzy Lie ideal. Also, we prove that with some conditions, every good nilpotent fuzzy Lie ideal is finite. Finally, we define an Engel fuzzy Lie ideal, and we show that every Engel fuzzy Lie ideal of a finite Lie algebra is a good nilpotent fuzzy Lie ideal. We think that these notions could be useful to solve some problems of Lie algebras with nilpotent fuzzy Lie ideals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The welding of Cr-plated sheet steel at laser welding speeds in excess of 30 m/min results defects. In this work a fibre laser was used to weld Crplated sheet steel and the effects of the laser parameters (laser power, minimum input energy of laser input and power density) for high welding speeds (>30 m/min) was researched. The welding speed was increased linearly with the required laser power and the turning point appeared when the focus position from the focal 0 to 5 mm. The welding speed was decreased linearly with the required the minimum input energy of laser input accordingly, the turning point appeared at the same position. The relationship between welding speed and laser power density was two linear segments and the turning point was 40 m/min, 6.50 × 105 W/cm2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To establish the biotechnology platforms for production of bio‐based chemicals in various micro‐organisms is considered as a promising target to improve renewable production of isoprene. Methods and Results: In this study, we heterologously expressed the mevalonate (MVA) isoprene biosynthesis pathway, and explored three strategies of increasing isoprene production in Escherichia coli. We first manipulated the expression levels of the MVA pathway genes through changing the gene cassettes and promoters. To introduce cofactor engineering, we then overexpressed NADP‐dependent glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase gene from Clostridium acetobutylicum to supply available NADPH. To reduce the inhibitory by‐product accumulation, we finally knocked out acetate‐producing genes, phosphate acetyl transferase and pyruvate oxidase B in E. coliJM109 (DE3), decreasing acetate accumulation 89% and increasing isoprene production 39%. The strategies described here finally increased the isoprene titre to 92 mg l−1 in two‐gene deletion strain JMAB‐4T7P1Trc, increasing 2·6‐fold comparing to strain JM7T7. Conclusion: The multimodularly engineering approaches including promoter engineering, cofactor engineering and by‐product reducing could be used to improve isoprene production in E. coli. Significance and Impact of the Study: The metabolic strategies in this study show us directions for further studies to promote transformation of renewable sources to isoprene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor radial X-ray camera is designed to measure the poloidal profile of the plasma X-ray emission with high spatial and temporal resolutions and will be installed inside equatorial port 12. Due to the harsh environment of neutron and gamma radiations, nuclear radiation hardness of many components has to be considered in design and test, including silicon detector array, electronics, and cabling. As for electronics put in a port cell, a preliminary design of highly integrated preamplifier and program controllable mid-amplifier has been completed, and many tests have been done to investigate the radiation hardness performance of the amplifiers together with detectors. In the Cf-252 neutron test with flux of $\sim 2.23\times 10^{3}\,\,\text {n}\cdot \text {cm}^{-2}\cdot \text {s}^{-1}$ and fluence greater than $1.0\times 10^{10}\,\,\text {n}\cdot \text {cm}^{-2}$ , there was no performance degradation in detector and preamplifier. In the Co-60 gamma test with a dose rate of $0.5\,\,\text {Gy}\cdot \text {min}^{-1}$ and an accumulated dose of 200 Gy, the performance change was not found in preamplifier and mid-amplifier except for some radiation damage to the power module in the board of preamplifier. In the following accelerator neutron test where the neutron flux is $\sim 5\times 10^{7}\,\,\text {n}\cdot \text {cm}^{-2}\cdot \text {s}^{-1}$ and neutron fluence is $2\times 10^{12}\,\,\text {n}\cdot \text {cm}^{-2}$ , the functional problem was not found in preamplifier and cable, while there were occurrences of single-event effect in mid-amplifier. The detector underwent 10% decrease of sensitivity to visible light. In addition, shielding cabinet was designed to provide good protection for electronics inside. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is the study of the notions of lower and upper fuzzy topological subpolygroups. Results concerning the image and the inverse image of a lower (upper) fuzzy topological subpolygroup under a good homomorphism of polygroups (endowed with fuzzy topologies) are pointed out. Moreover, we discuss about the quotient of a lower (upper) fuzzy topological subpolygroup with respect to a normal subpolygroup and finally, about the product of a finite family of lower (upper) fuzzy topological subpolygroups. The study is concentrated on the similarities/differences between these kind of fuzzy topological subpolygroups and the similar ones obtained from hypergroups endowed with a fuzzy topology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The new tokamak generation will be characterized by the necessity of full remote maintenance for most of the critical components. Because no human intervention can be envisaged, the remote systems will have to prove high reliability and rescue capabilities. The availability of the fusion facility will have to be maximized, as a consequence, the efficiency of the maintenance equipment will become a key factor. To fulfill these constraints, the remote maintenance principles will need to be simplified as much as possible and be taken into account at the early stages of the tokamak design. This is an iterative process between Tokamak and Maintenance designs in order to reach the best possible tradeoff. Such an exercise of this iterative work was done on the China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR) preliminary design. Main targets were established in the view of optimization of the remote maintenance, then an assessment of the first maintenance scenario, envisaged for the in-vessel components, was done and alternative solutions were proposed. This process was repeated during meetings with the tokamak subsystem owners. This paper will present the results of a first phase of optimization that can represent the current state of the remote maintenance design for CFETR. The work has provided guidelines for main tokamak subsystems such as the magnet configuration, the blanket and divertor modularity, the neutron shielding and cryostat arrangement, and the transfer and hot cell configuration. It also produced some innovative solutions for the overall maintenance scheme like the implementation of a hot cell at the top of the tokamak hall avoiding cask transfers. On this basis a CFETR maintenance scenario is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytophthora sojae is a destructive soilborne pathogen causing seedling damping-off and root rot of soybean ( Glycine max). The goal of this study was to determine the genetic structure of P. sojae populations in Fujian, China. Nine microsatellite markers were used to investigate the genetic variation in 19 P. sojae populations, sampled from Fujian Province and northeastern China (Jilin and Heilongjiang Provinces) between 2002 and 2013. Overall, a low genetic diversity, Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium, and an [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Camellia oleifera Abel, a woody oil plant of major economic value, has strong ability for stress resistance. However, insufficient genetic and genomic information hinders the research into the mechanisms of its stress response. In this work, Illumina Genome sequencing platform was used for de novo assembling the transcriptomes of leaves from C. oleifera seedlings grown under optimal (control) and drought conditions. A total of 66570 unigenes with a mean length of 659.78 bp were assembled, amongst which 35259 unigenes could be annotated using the NCBI nr database, Swiss-Prot protein database, Cluster of Orthologous Groups of protein (COG) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database. In addition, 10869 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were mined in the leaf transcriptome of C. oleifera. In a comparative transcriptome analysis, when large numbers of differentially expressed unigenes (DEUs) were detected at different stages of drought stress, most unigenes were downregulated under the stress. In the KEGG pathway enrichment analysis, some important KEGG metabolic pathways of C. oleifera were discovered, such as circadian rhythm, flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, and ribosomal structure. Our studies provide a comprehensive map of physiological and molecular responses of C. oleifera to drought stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of two anaesthetic techniques (total intravenous technique vs. inhalational technique) on changes in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels during open cholecystectomy. Forty ASA PS I-II patients undergoing open cholecystectomy were randomly assigned to two groups. Group R received total intravenous anaesthesia with propofol and remifentanil and group F received balanced inhalational anaesthesia with isoflurane. The plasma levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin IL-6 and interleukin IL-10 were measured during and after surgery. The pro-inflammatory cytokine levels (TNF-alpha and IL-6) and the anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) showed a significant increase in their concentrations compared with pre-induction levels in both groups (P < 0.05). By the end of anaesthesia and surgery, TNF-alpha and IL-6 were significantly lower in group R than in group F (P < 0.05). At the end of anaesthesia and 12 hours postoperatively, IL-10 levels in group R were higher than in group F (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that total intravenous anaesthesia using propofol and remifentanil suppresses the inflammatory response caused by surgery to a greater extent than a balanced inhalation technique using isoflurane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in the amorphous structure and fatigue resistance of ZrCuAlNi bulk metallic glass are studied. A copper-rich phase produced by cyclic stresses is discovered. This phase observed on the fracture surface may hinder crack propagation. The specimens after fatigue failure have a V shape (do not break into two completely) due to the high density of shear bands and multiple branching of the shear bands in the strained region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper extends the notion of fuzzy BCK-subalgebras to fuzzy hyper BCK-subalgebras and defines an extended fuzzy BCK-subalgebras. This study considers a type of fuzzy hyper BCK-ideals in this hyperstructure and describes the relationship between hyper BCK-ideals and fuzzy hyper BCK-ideals. In fact, it tries to introduce a strongly regular relation on hyper BCK-algebras. Moreover, by using the fuzzy hyper BCK-ideals, it defines a congruence relation on (weak commutative) hyper BCK-algebras that under some conditions is strongly regular and the quotient of any hyper BCK-algebra via this relation is a (hyper BCK-algebra) BCK-algebra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 (LSMO) thin films were deposited on (001)SrTiO3(STO) and n-type doped Nb:SrTiO3(NSTO) single crystal substrates respectively. The metal to insulator transition temperature(TMI) of LSMO film on NSTO is lower than that on STO, and the TMI of LSMO can be tuned by changing the applied current in the LSMO/NSTO p-n junction. Such behaviors were considered to be related to the carrier concentration redistribution in LSMO film caused by the change of depletion layer thickness in p-n junction which depends greatly on the applied electric field. The phenomenon could be used to configure artificial devices and exploring the underlying physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Adaptive behaviour is closely related to quality of life in children with intellectual disability (ID), but little is known about the adaptive behaviour of children with fragile X syndrome (FXS) in China. Method In boys with FXS, the adaptive behaviours in six domains, including self-dependence, locomotion, work skills, communication, socialisation and self-management, were assessed by the Infants-Junior Middle School Students Social-life Abilities Scale. In addition, we compared the adaptive skills of boys with FXS to those of three control groups of boys, including boys with Down syndrome (DS) and typically developing (TD) boys matched by chronological age (CA) or mental age (MA). The profile of the adaptive behaviour of boys with FXS is discussed in detail. Results Compared to boys with DS, boys with FXS obtained lower scores in three domains in adaptive behaviour, including work skills, socialisation and self-management skills; boys with FXS had better scores in self-dependence and locomotion skills than boys matched for MA; as expected, boys with FXS had significantly poorer adaptive skills in all six domains assessed compared to CA boys. Conclusion The development of adaptive skills in boys with FXS was worse than that of boys with DS. The profile of the adaptive behaviour of boys with FXS establishes a basis for the development of targeted interventions to promote social development in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Negative differential resistance(NDR) and bipolar resistive switching (RS) phenomena were observed in Au/Ga2O3-x/Nb:SrTiO3/Au heterostructures fabricated by growing amorphous gallium oxide thin films on 0.7%Nb-doped SrTiO3 substrates using pulsed laser deposition technique. The RS behavior is reproducible and stable without the forming process. The NDR phenomenon happened during the course of RS from low resistance state to high resistance state and was dependent much on the applied forward bias. The bias dependent charge releasing from oxygen vacancies was considered to contribute to the NDR behavior. The results show that there is a very close relationship between NDR and RS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A genomic library was used to develop seven SSR markers for studying the population genetics of Alternaria solani, a pathogenic fungus causing early blight disease of potato and tomato worldwide. Population genetic analysis of 268 isolates of A. solani sampled from four locations, each representing one of four potato production systems in China, indicates that these SSR markers are moderately diverse, selectively neutral and possibly unlinked. Population genetic analysis also indicated that genetic variation of A. solani in China is high. About 2/3 of 123 genotypes were detected only once and genotype diversity measured by the standardized Shannon index ranged between 0·82 and 0·92 in the populations. Although clones were detected in multiple populations separated by thousands of kilometres, random association among SSR loci was found in half of the populations assayed. On average, nearly six copies of genetic material were exchanged among these populations each generation and no isolation by distance was detected. It is hypothesized that the joint effects of cryptic sexual reproduction and human-mediated gene flow may account for the observed population genetic structure of A. solani in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]