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The compositional changes of successively emplaced mafic magmatites provide insights into the evolution of orogenic belts, particularly the transformation processes and properties of the orogenic lithospheric mantle. Herein, we present new zircon U‒Pb ages and Lu‒Hf isotopes, as well as whole-rock major, trace element, and Sr – Nd isotope compositions from three mafic intrusions in the Asuo area, central Tibet, to clarify the evolution of the Lhasa – Qiangtang Orogenic Belt (LQOB). These mafic intrusions can be classified into calc-alkaline basalts and are enriched in large ion lithophile elements and depleted in high-field strength elements. Significant differences in the whole-rock trace element compositions, Sr – Nd isotope values, and U – Pb ages stratify them into two groups, namely Groups I and II, of which Group I rocks (ca. 105 Ma) show lower87Sr/88Sri = (0.70694–0.70701), [Sm/Yb]N = (1.51–1.54) and higher εNd (t) = (−0.74 to −0.61) than Group II (ca. 97–95 Ma) (87Sr/88Sri = 0.70759–0.70870; εNd (t) = –4.58 to −3.75; [Sm/Yb]N = 2.43–2.94). These features indicate that the mantle source exhibits a progressive increase in the proportion of garnet, along with significant addition of subduction-related components into the primary melts. One scenario for producing such trace element patterns and gradually enriched radioactive isotope signatures involves the extensive heating of an oceanic slab beneath the LQOB by upwelling asthenosphere, which leads to the extensive melting of sediments within the slab. Identification of ca. 105–95 Ma Asuo mafic rocks suggests their formation in a post-collisional setting with additional heat input from the deep mantle. These results provide new evidence supporting the occurrence of the Lhasa – Qiangtang collision within the framework of north-south bidirectional subduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

H/D isotope separation faces critical challenges in terms of separation efficiency and cost. This study presents a novel, scalable fabrication of centimeter-scale, defect-free vermiculite monolayer membranes via a modified Langmuir–Blodgett method. These membranes demonstrate H/D separation efficiency comparable to monolayer graphene, promising cost-effective applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Myc family is essential for cell proliferation, differentiation, and metabolism, particularly in embryonic development and stem cell functions. However, the specific role of Myc in porcine early embryonic development is not fully understood. This study observed high Myc expression during the four-cell stage of porcine embryos. Inhibition of Myc using 10058-F4 impaired embryonic development, disrupted energy metabolism, and increased DNA methylation. Mechanistically, these effects were dependent on α-KG, a TCA cycle intermediate and cofactor for TET demethylation enzymes. Sequencing analysis of four-cell embryos post- Myc inhibition revealed downregulation of key metabolic enzymes related to α-KG, such as CS, IDH2, leading to reduced α-KG levels. Supplementation with α-Ketoglutarate (α-KG) mitigated the negative effects of Myc inhibition, including lower blastocyst rates, decreased ATP levels, and increased 5 mC levels. In conclusion, Myc regulates the expression of key metabolic enzymes during the four-cell stage, influencing early embryonic metabolism and epigenetic reprogramming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of berberine (BBR) on Salmonella enteritis in broiler chickens and to elucidate its mechanisms of action preliminarily. Blood samples were collected from 21- to 35-day-old Sanhuang male chicks to measure immune and biochemical indicators and to calculate the organ coefficients for the liver, spleen, bursa of Fabricius, and thymus. The caecal microbiota was analysed through 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing, and transcriptome sequencing was conducted. Compared with the positive control group (S), the berberine-treated group (BS) presented increased serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels, serum IgG levels, and total antioxidant capacity; berberine ameliorated the increase in the thymus index caused by Salmonella administration. The addition of berberine to the diet increased the abundance of beneficial bacterial genera, including Bacteroides and Lactobacillus. It also decreased the abundance of harmful bacterial genera, including Faecalibacterium and Streptococcus. Transcriptome analysis revealed that gene expression in the S and BS groups was associated with T cell selection and B cell receptor signalling pathways, which are enriched primarily in multiple immune-related signalling pathways, including the B cell receptor signalling pathway, NF- κ B signalling pathway, intestinal immune network for IgA production, asthma, and African trypanosomiasis. The significantly expressed genes included ATAD5, ERP29, MGST2, PIK3CA, and HSP90AA1. The present study demonstrated that berberine has a good therapeutic effect on Salmonella infection in chicks, as it inhibits the occurrence and development of Salmonella -induced intestinal inflammation by regulating the balance of the gut microbiota and the expression of related genes, including ATAD5, ERP29, MGST2, PIK3CA, and HSP90AA1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green tea possesses a range of beneficial effects, including anti-obesity, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, owing to its biologically active components, primarily catechins such as epicatechin (EC), epicatechin gallate (ECG), epigallocatechin (EGC), and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). However, few studies have investigated the four catechin monomers simultaneously, and the molecular mechanisms of their anti-obesity effects have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effects of four catechin monomers on the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes of mice. Our findings demonstrated that four catechin monomers EC/ECG/EGC/EGCG (12, 25, 50 µM) dose-dependently inhibited the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and reduced triglyceride content. EGCG exhibited the most potent inhibitory effect with an optimal concentration of 50 µM. In addition, transcriptome sequencing and lipidomic analysis of EGCG-treated 3T3-L1 preadipocytes revealed that Ptgs2 and Pim1 were the most differentially expressed genes involved in regulating adipocyte differentiation. The results suggested that EGCG up-regulated the expression of the Pla2g2e gene and down-regulated the expression of the Pla2g4a and Pla2g2a genes via the glycerophospholipid metabolic pathway, which subsequently elevated lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) levels, influencing the differentiation process of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Coal mining can pose safety risks as mining stress and adsorption-desorption damage the coal in front of the working face. To address this, a damage model under the coupled influence of mining stress and adsorption-desorption was proposed by incorporating statistical damage mechanics and the effective stress principle. The method for determining model parameters was provided, and the model was validated through triaxial compression tests on coal containing methane. The model parameters were qualitatively analyzed, and the impact of parameters on the deformation and damage evolution of coal was also examined. The residual strengths of coal determined by previous classical models and the proposed damage model under various confining pressures were compared. The results mainly show that coal containing methane has distinct stages during triaxial compression, including compaction, elastic deformation, yield, strain softening, and residual deformation. The proposed damage model accurately tracks deformation and damage in a coal containing methane at varying confining pressures. An increase in Weibull distribution parameters causes peak stress and damage accumulation to start at a higher strain. Furthermore, a higher correction coefficient of residual strength results in a faster stress drop rate but lower residual strength of coal after peak stress. The proposed damage model accurately predicts the residual strength of coal under various confining pressures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synchronous detection of visual features of small- and wide-field moving targets in complex dynamic environments has been a challenge in the field of moving target detection. Fortunately, the visual system of Drosophila flies can detect visual features of small- and wide-field moving targets synchronously from complex dynamic environments, thus providing a good paradigm for the synchronous detection of visual features of small- and wide-field moving targets in complex dynamic environments, however, there is little literature that comprehensively analyses and verify this. In this paper, we present a bio-inspired computing model for detecting visual features of small- and wide-field moving targets synchronously. The model consists of three stages. First, visual stimuli are perceived and divided into parallel ON and OFF pathways. Then, the feedback mechanism and the full Hassenstein-Reichardt correlator are applied to the Medulla neurons. Finally, the Lobula Columnar 11 is used to detect visual features of small-field moving targets, i.e., the position, meanwhile, the Lobula Plate Tangential Cell is utilized to detect visual features of wide-field moving targets, i.e., the translational directional selectivity. Through extensive experiments, the proposed model can detect visual features of small- and wide-field moving targets synchronously. In addition, the proposed model improves the detection rate in small-field moving target detection by 17.18% compared with the traditional bio-inspired computing model, while the effectiveness of the proposed model is further verified by comparing it with the conventional moving target detection methods. Moreover, the proposed model can also effectively detect visual features of wide-field moving targets. The source code can be found at https://github.com/szhanghh/A-bio-inspired-visual-neural-computing-model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distributing quantum entanglement between distant parties is a significant but difficult task in quantum information science, as it can enable numerous applications but suffers from exponential decay in the quantum channel. Quantum repeaters are one of the most promising approaches towards this goal. In a quantum repeater protocol, it is essential that the entanglement generation speed within each elementary link is faster than the memory decoherence rate, and this stringent requirement has not been implemented over a fiber of metropolitan scale so far. As a step towards this challenging goal, in this work we experimentally realize multiplexing-enhanced generation of heralded atom-photon quantum correlation over a 12 km fiber. We successively generate 280 pairs of atom-photon quantum correlations with a train of photonic time-bin pulses filling the long fiber, and read out the excited memory modes on demand with either fixed or variable storage time after successful heralding. With the multiplexing enhancement, the heralding rate of atom-photon correlation can reach 1.95 kHz, and the ratio between the quantum correlation generation rate to memory decoherence rate can be improved to 0.46 for a fiber length of 12 km. This work therefore constitutes an important step towards the realization of a large-scale quantum repeater network. Successfully implementing a quantum repeater would require an entanglement generation rate higher than the memory decoherence rate, but current implementations with atomic memories are still far from this goal. Here, the authors narrow this gap by exploiting spatial and time-bin multiplexing in an atomic DLCZ memory, and sending the frequency-converted signal photon through 12 km of telecom fiber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We aimed to explore the prognostic significance of collagen content in solitary fibrous tumors (SFTs) of the central nervous system (CNS) and preliminarily investigate its relationship with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of SFTs. Methods: Collagen content was identified using Masson's trichrome staining, and quantitatively assessed. Radiomic methods were applied to extract quantitative MRI features of SFTs, which were then analyzed in relation to collagen content. Results: The collagen content in CNS SFTs was categorized into high- and low-content groups, with a cutoff value of 6%. Survival analysis indicated a positive correlation between collagen content and overall survival (OS). In multivariate Cox regression analysis, incorporating factors such as mitosis, necrosis, Ki67, and collagen content and other indicators, collagen content emerged as an independent prognostic factor. Collagen content demonstrated a negative correlation with tumor histological phenotype, Ki67, WHO grade, mitosis, necrosis, and brain invasion. Additionally, the signal intensity of SFTs on T2-weighted imaging (T2WI) decreased with increasing collagen content. Radiomics analysis identified 1,702 features from each patient's region of interest, with 12 features showing significant differences between the high and low collagen content groups. Among the quantitative parameters and radiomic models, the combined T1- and T2WI models exhibited the highest diagnostic performance. Conclusion: These findings suggest that collagen content is an independent prognostic risk factor for OS. Furthermore, combined radiomic models based on T1-and T2WI sequences may offer a more comprehensive, objective, and accurate assessment of collagen content in CNS SFTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tight gas sandstone represents a significant unconventional resource extensively discovered across numerous sedimentary basins around the world. Tight sandstone reservoirs are characterized by low porosity, low permeability, variable source material, rapid spatial and temporal changes, poor reservoir properties, and strong heterogeneity. Traditional geophysical methods struggle to meet the demands of exploration and development of these types of reservoirs. This study applies a high-precision comparative approach using well-seismic integration to establish a relative isochronous stratigraphic framework. Based on this framework, extracting seismic properties can effectively predict tight sandstone reservoirs. This paper, focusing on the Penglaizhen Formation in the Luodai Gas Field of the Western Sichuan Jurassic system. This entire process accomplished in three steps: starting with regional marker layers as the initial framework; followed by the establishment of a relative isochronous framework through precise well-seismic integration; and finally stratigraphic slicing techniques to delineate isochronous stratigraphic framework with shorter time intervals. Thereby enhancing the reliability of subsurface stratigraphic information and data accuracy. The study posits that current technological means cannot create a truly isochronous stratigraphic framework; thus, "isochronous" is considered a relative concept in this context. The framework aims to ensure temporal consistency by minimizing discrepancies through mutual constraints between well and seismic data, serving to exploration and development requirements. Furthermore, analyses such as sensitive attribute extraction, impedance inversion, and assessment of hydrocarbon potential in tight sandstone reservoirs demonstrate strong correlation with drilling results. This validation underscores the framework's efficacy in interpreting industrial gas production flows, thereby providing robust support for future oil and gas exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The kidney plays a crucial role in maintaining the body's microenvironment homeostasis. However, current treatment options and therapeutic agents for chronic kidney disease (CKD) are limited. Fortunately, the advent of kidney organoids has introduced a novel in vitro model for studying kidney diseases and drug screening. Despite significant efforts has been leveraged to mimic the spatial-temporal dynamics of fetal renal development in various types of kidney organoids, there is still a discrepancy in cell types and maturity compared to native kidney tissue. The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a crucial role in regulating cellular signaling, which ultimately affects cell fate decision. As a result, ECM can refine the microenvironment of organoids, promoting their efficient differentiation and maturation. This review examines the existing techniques for culturing kidney organoids, evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of various types of kidney organoids, and assesses the advancements and limitations associated with the utilization of the ECM in kidney organoid culture. Additionally, it presents a discussion on constructing specific physiological and pathological microenvironments using decellularized extracellular matrix during certain developmental stages or disease occurrences, aiding the development of kidney organoids and disease models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a pulse-mode N2 plasma surface treatment process was proposed as a means of reducing plasma damage and improving the GaN/GaOx ratio on the surface before SiNx deposition, which further contributes to an enhanced density of 2DEG and a reduced sheet resistance. With the pulsed N2 plasma surface treatment combined with subsequent SiNx passivation, the fabricated GaN HEMTs exhibit negligible current collapse and suppressed leakage current. The improved behavior is attributed to the fact that the pulsed N2 plasma is capable of nitriding the surface and removing carbon contaminants as identified through x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. Compared to the traditional continuous-wave-mode N2 plasma, the pulsed N2 plasma pre-treatment effectively prevents continuous collisions of the plasma during acceleration, thereby significantly reducing plasma damage. This work offers valuable insights for surface treatment processes in micro- and nanofabrication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Short peptides are versatile molecules for the construction of supramolecular materials. Most reported peptide materials are hydrophobic, stiff, and show limited response to environmental conditions in the solid‐state. Herein, we describe a design strategy for minimalistic supramolecular metallo‐peptide nanofibers that, depending on their sequence, change stiffness, or reversibly assemble in the solid‐state, in response to changes in relative humidity (RH). We tested a series of histidine (H) containing dipeptides with varying hydrophobicity, XH, where X is G, A, L, Y (glycine, alanine, leucine, and tyrosine). The one‐dimensional fiber formation is supported by metal coordination and dynamic H‐bonds. Solvent conditions were identified where GH/Zn and AH/Zn formed gels that upon air‐drying gave rise to nanofibers. Upon exposure of the nanofiber networks to increasing RH, a reduction in stiffness was observed with GH/Zn fibers reversibly (dis‐)assembled at 60–70 % RH driven by a rebalancing of hydrogen bonding interactions between peptides and water. When these metallo‐peptide nanofibers were deposited on the surface of polyimide films and exposed to varying RH, peptide/water‐vapor interactions in the solid‐state mechanically transferred to the polymer film, leading to the rapid and reversible folding‐unfolding of the films, thus demonstrating RH‐responsive actuation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Short peptides are versatile molecules for the construction of supramolecular materials. Most reported peptide materials are hydrophobic, stiff, and show limited response to environmental conditions in the solid‐state. Herein, we describe a design strategy for minimalistic supramolecular metallo‐peptide nanofibers that, depending on their sequence, change stiffness, or reversibly assemble in the solid‐state, in response to changes in relative humidity (RH). We tested a series of histidine (H) containing dipeptides with varying hydrophobicity, XH, where X is G, A, L, Y (glycine, alanine, leucine, and tyrosine). The one‐dimensional fiber formation is supported by metal coordination and dynamic H‐bonds. Solvent conditions were identified where GH/Zn and AH/Zn formed gels that upon air‐drying gave rise to nanofibers. Upon exposure of the nanofiber networks to increasing RH, a reduction in stiffness was observed with GH/Zn fibers reversibly (dis‐)assembled at 60–70 % RH driven by a rebalancing of hydrogen bonding interactions between peptides and water. When these metallo‐peptide nanofibers were deposited on the surface of polyimide films and exposed to varying RH, peptide/water‐vapor interactions in the solid‐state mechanically transferred to the polymer film, leading to the rapid and reversible folding‐unfolding of the films, thus demonstrating RH‐responsive actuation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is an important economic crop, and the use of plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) to enhance its growth and suppress soil-borne diseases has garnered considerable research interest. However, the potential of yeast to augment the growth-promoting and disease-suppressing effects of PGPB on tobacco remains unclear. Methods: This study investigated the effects of Pichia sp. microbial fertilizer (J1), PGPB- Klebsiella oxytoca microbial fertilizer (ZS4), and their composite fertilizer (JZ) on tobacco growth indexes, soil properties, and soil microbial community through a pot experiment. Additionally, field experiments were conducted to further assess the efficacy of the composite microbial fertilizer on tobacco growth and the incidences of soil-borne diseases, including tobacco bacterial wilt (TBW) and tobacco black shank (TBS). Results and discussions: In the pot experiment, application of the microbial fertilizers significantly enhanced soil organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), total potassium (TK), available phosphorus (AP), and available potassium (AK) levels. Compared to the control group (CK), J1, ZS4, and JZ microbial fertilizers significantly promoted tobacco growth, and the composite microbial fertilizers demonstrated superior to the individual microbial fertilizers. We found that the application of microbial fertilizer led to significant alterations in the structure and composition of the bacterial and fungal communities based on the high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. The bacterial and fungal diversity indexes showed a decreasing trend. Key microorganisms such as Sphingomonas , Kitasatospora , Nitrosospira , Mortierella , and Trichoderma were identified as influential in regulating soil physicochemical parameters to enhance tobacco growth. Functional prediction further demonstrated a significant increase in the relative abundances of certain enzymes, including Alkaline phosphatase, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase (ACC deaminase), and Peroxidase, as well as antimicrobial substances like Tetracycline, Isoquinoline alkaloid, and Phenylpropanoids, following inoculation with the fertilizer. Besides, field experiments revealed that the JZ fertilizer significantly promoted tobacco growth and reduced the incidence of TBW and TBS, indicating its potential for further application in tobacco cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reiner Gamma is a potential target for low-orbiting spacecraft or even surface-landed missions in the near future. Unfortunately, thus far, no comprehensive low-altitude (below 20 km) or surface measurements of the magnetic field, magnetic source and plasma environment have been made post-Apollo to complement and complete our understanding of the solar wind interaction with lunar magnetic anomalies and swirl formation. Acquiring the detailed geological knowledge of the Reiner Gamma region is significant for the above scientific targets. In this study, the following research work in the lunar Reiner Gamma magnetic anomaly region was carried out for the regional geological investigation: (1) topographic and geomorphologic analysis; (2) element, mineral, and sequence analysis; and (3) a 1:10,000 regional geological map analysis. Our work helps define measurement requirements for possible future low-orbiting or surface-landed missions to the Reiner Gamma area or similarly magnetized regions of the lunar surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the diagnostic value of intraoperative cytology and rapid immunocytochemistry in primary central nervous system lymphoma. 254 cases of lymphoma and 82 cases of non-lymphoma were collected from 2010 to 2023. Frozen section(FS) was using alone in 44 cases during 2010–2014, FS and intraoperative cytology(IC) were using in 251 cases during 2015 to 2022. Rapid immunocytochemical(RICC, CD20, GFAP) were using with FS + IC in 41 cases during 2021 to 2023. Method One: According to the results of archives, statistic the diagnostic accuracy of lymphoma during three time periods. Method Two: All cases were randomly renumbered, 4 neuropathologists compared the accuracy of independent histology and that of combining cytology. The archives showed the diagnostic accuracy of FS in PCNSL was 77.27%, FS + IC was 86.06%, FS + IC + RICC was 92.68%. The retrospective study demonstrated the diagnostic accuracy of FS was 79.76%, FS + IC was 87.33% and FS + IC + RICC was 92.68%. The positive predictive value, negative predictive value, sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of CD20 were 100%, 76.92%, 90.32%, 100% and 92.68%, respectively. The results of the paired χ2 test was no statistically significant difference (0.05 < P < 0.1) between FS + IC + RICC and immunohistochemical (IHC) diagnosis of paraffin sections. The integration of IC + RICC + FS diagnosis can significantly enhance the intraoperative diagnostic accuracy of PCNSL and rectify potential errors that may occurred when relying solely on FS diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ligand-protected metal nanoclusters provide an ideal platform for investigating photoredox catalysis. The central challenge is balancing their stability and catalytic activity. Here we show a photochemical reduction–oxidation cascade method for synthesizing an Au8Cu6 nanocluster, which features a robust structure and active surface. Photoredox catalytic activity of Au8Cu6 is developed for the functionalization of alkynes under oxidative conditions. Mechanism studies based on the precise structure reveal the catalytic process of the Au8Cu6 nanocluster. Oxidant-dependent selectivity of Au8Cu6 catalysis is developed for chemodivergent synthesis of mono- and di-functionalized products in high efficiency. The results will stimulate more research on metal nanocluster synthesis and catalysis. Ligand-protected metal nanoclusters provide an ideal platform for investigating the balance of stability and activity in photoredox catalysis. Here, the authors apply a photochemical reduction–oxidation cascade method to synthesize an Au8Cu6 nanocluster with a robust structure and active surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the diagnostic value of intraoperative cytology and rapid immunocytochemistry in primary central nervous system lymphoma. 254 cases of lymphoma and 82 cases of non-lymphoma were collected from 2010 to 2023. Frozen section(FS) was using alone in 44 cases during 2010–2014, FS and intraoperative cytology(IC) were using in 251 cases during 2015 to 2022. Rapid immunocytochemical(RICC, CD20, GFAP) were using with FS + IC in 41 cases during 2021 to 2023. Method One: According to the results of archives, statistic the diagnostic accuracy of lymphoma during three time periods. Method Two: All cases were randomly renumbered, 4 neuropathologists compared the accuracy of independent histology and that of combining cytology. The archives showed the diagnostic accuracy of FS in PCNSL was 77.27%, FS + IC was 86.06%, FS + IC + RICC was 92.68%. The retrospective study demonstrated the diagnostic accuracy of FS was 79.76%, FS + IC was 87.33% and FS + IC + RICC was 92.68%. The positive predictive value, negative predictive value, sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of CD20 were 100%, 76.92%, 90.32%, 100% and 92.68%, respectively. The results of the paired χ2 test was no statistically significant difference (0.05 < P < 0.1) between FS + IC + RICC and immunohistochemical (IHC) diagnosis of paraffin sections. The integration of IC + RICC + FS diagnosis can significantly enhance the intraoperative diagnostic accuracy of PCNSL and rectify potential errors that may occurred when relying solely on FS diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Specific recognition and detoxification for copper is the key step for the early diagnosis and treatment of various diseases such as neurodegenerative disease and Wilson's disease. Herein, a Chlorella vulgaris‐inspired versatile theranostic nanoparticles is facilely and greenly prepared by assembling quercetin into poly(beta‐cyclodextrin) (PQNPs), which is further employed in the specific recognition and detoxification for Cu2+ in vitro and in vivo. PQNPs can be used in the detection of Cu2+ in aqueous solutions with fast response time (<5 s) and low detection limit (6.499 nM). The detection for Cu2+ in water and serum can be achieved by naked eye instantaneously on a PQNPs‐based paper sensor, and PQNPs can also act as a biological diagnostic agent for the Cu2+ imaging. Remarkably, PQNPs significantly enhance cell viability of the cell models induced by Cu2+ through the synergistic capacities of chelating Cu2+ and antioxidation. The detoxification of PQNPs for copper poisoning model is further ascertained in vivo, and it found that poly‐β‐cyclodextrin is capable of crossing the blood–brain barrier. Taken together, the as‐prepared versatile theranostic nanoparticles possess advantages of simple composition, significant theranostic efficacy, and novel treatment pattern, presenting an intriguing avenue to develop therapeutics for tackling abnormal copper metabolism in the clinic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Vitamin D (VD) deficiency was reported to correlate with ulcerative colitis (UC) activity, which might be closely related to gut microbiota dysbiosis. This study aims to investigate the effects of washed microbiota transplantation (WMT) on VD metabolism in UC. Methods: The serum levels of 25‐hdroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] in 121 patients with UC and 53 healthy controls (HC) were detected. Subsequently, a non‐randomized control trial (non‐RCT) was conducted. Patients with UC were non‐randomly assigned to undergo WMT (n = 28) vs. conventional treatment (5‐aminosalicylic acid, 5‐ASA, n = 10). Serum levels of 25(OH)D, fecal microbiota, and the expression of vitamin D receptor (VDR) in patients with UC were evaluated with a 3‐month follow‐up. Results: Serum VD levels collected in the clinic practice indicated that patients with UC had significantly lower VD levels than HC (P < 0.001). In the non‐RCT, serum 25(OH)D level and VDR expression significantly increased (P = 0.011, 0.026, respectively) in the WMT group, while no noticeable changes were observed in the non‐WMT group. Microbiome profiling revealed that the increase in VD levels after WMT was positively associated with the abundances of Adlercreutzia_equolifaciens, Ruminococcus_obeum, and Dorea but negatively correlated with Escherichia. Conclusions: The study suggested that WMT increases the levels of VD with characteristic changes of specific microbiota, which indicated the association between the VD and the activity of UC might be regulated by gut microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effects of laser power on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Inconel 718 formed by SLM were systematically studied. The results show that with the increase in laser power from 285 W to 360 W, the increase in working temperature in the molten pool promoted the evaporation of gas and the vaporization of the low-melting-point alloy components, and the relative density gradually increased from 99.31% to 99.79%. In addition, with the increase in laser energy density, the microstructure gradually coarsened from columnar dendrites to cellular crystals. The nano-hardness of the material decreased with the increase in laser power. The nano-hardness of four groups of samples from 285 W to 360 W decreased form 3.43 GPa to 2.09 GPa, and the elastic modulus decreased form 205.72 GPa to 199.91 GPa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of an active near‐infrared laser heterodyne system using a supercontinuum light source as the light signal for trace species detection is experimentally demonstrated. The characteristics of the supercontinuum light source and the data processing methods used in heterodyne detection are described. The measurement of methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) absorption spectra was carried out in the laboratory to evaluate the active laser heterodyne system, and high‐resolution absorption spectra of CO₂ and CH₄ were recorded simultaneously. The stability of the active laser heterodyne system is analyzed using Allan variance analysis of long‐term observation data. The active near‐infrared laser heterodyne detection system demonstrated in this paper has great potential for the development of industrial parks' gas monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shape of fruits is a critical trait affecting the commercial value and consumer acceptance of horticultural crops. Genetic regulation of fruit shape involves complex interactions among multiple genes and environmental factors. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding the genetic mechanisms controlling fruit shape in several key horticultural crops, including tomato, pepper, cucumber, peach, and grape. We present the identification and characterization of genes and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that influence fruit shape, focusing on the roles of genes such as OVATE, SUN, FAS, LC, ENO, GLOBE, CsSUN, CsFUL1, CsCRC, PpCAD1, PpOFP1, and VvSUN. This review highlights the importance of hormonal pathways, particularly those involving synthesis and concentration of cytokinins and brassinosteroids in shaping fruit morphology, and explores how these genes interact and form regulatory networks that collectively determine the final fruit shape. This knowledge provides a foundation for developing strategies to improve fruit quality and yield through genetic modification and breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With advancements in integrated space–air–ground global observation capabilities, the volume of remote sensing data is experiencing exponential growth. Traditional computing models can no longer meet the task processing demands brought about by the vast amounts of remote sensing data. As an important means of processing remote sensing data, distributed cluster computing's task scheduling directly impacts the completion time and the efficiency of computing resource utilization. To enhance task processing efficiency and optimize the allocation of computing resources, this study proposes a Multi-Strategy Improved Siberian Tiger Optimization (MSSTO) algorithm based on the original Siberian Tiger Optimization (STO) algorithm. The MSSTO algorithm integrates the Tent chaotic map, the Lévy flight strategy, Cauchy mutation, and a learning strategy, showing significant advantages in convergence speed and global optimal solution search compared to the STO algorithm. By combining stochastic key encoding schemes and uniform allocation encoding schemes, taking the task scheduling of aerosol optical depth retrieval as a case study, the research results show that the MSSTO algorithm significantly shortens the completion time (21% shorter compared to the original STO algorithm and an average of 15% shorter compared to nine advanced algorithms, such as a particle swarm algorithm and a gray wolf algorithm). It demonstrates superior solution accuracy and convergence speed over various competing algorithms, achieving the optimal execution sequence and machine allocation scheme for task scheduling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rising CO2 concentration in the atmosphere due to extensive use of fossil fuels has led to serious climate and environmental issues. One efficient solution is that CO2 capture from industrial emissions followed its conversion into value-added chemicals driven by renewable energies. CO2 electroreduction (CO2RR) features a green and sustainable fashion towards effective CO2 conversion, but still suffers from low multi-carbon selectivity and yield. Considering the pivotal role of CO intermediate in C–C coupling to multi-carbon formation, tandem CO2RR systems with separated CO generation and consumption components could facilitate the coupling between *CO-based intermediates to energy-intensive multi-carbons by manipulating CO diffusion and surface coverage. In this aspect, we comprehensively reviewed the design principles of tandem systems for CO2 electroreduction reaction. The chemistry behind the C–C coupling regarding to their distribution and diffusion was initially introduced, which was followed by achievements on tandem architectures, from catalysts, electrodes to systems. Future directions and perspectives on advanced tandem system designs for CO2RR were discussed at the end. This review contributes to the understanding of structure-performance correlations in tandem catalysis and helps guide the effective collection of multi-carbons of high-yield and high-selectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban forest policies have garnered increasing global attention for their critical role in providing key ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, air pollution control, microclimate regulation, and biodiversity enhancement, as well as their potential to drive green innovation and sustainable urban development. This study utilized panel data from 273 Chinese cities between 2000 and 2022, employing a quasi-natural experiment and a difference-in-differences (DID) model to systematically evaluate the impact of the National Forest City Policy (NFCP) on urban green innovation. The results indicate that NFCP significantly enhances urban green innovation, with these findings remaining robust across a series of validation tests. Mechanism analysis revealed that the policy fosters green innovation by increasing environmental attention, facilitating talent aggregation, and reducing carbon emissions. Furthermore, heterogeneity analysis showed that the policy's effects are more pronounced in small- and medium-sized cities, non-transportation hub cities, and economically developed regions. Based on these findings, this paper offers recommendations for optimizing policy implementation across different city types to further promote sustainable urban green economic development. This study broadens the research perspective on the relationship between urban policies and green innovation, providing more precise decision-making guidance for policymakers while also highlighting the important role urban forests play in enhancing ecosystem services and driving sustainable urban growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

U-type medium-deep borehole heat exchanger (U-MDBHE) is a sustainable building heating technology. Current studies assess the long-term thermal performance of U-MDBHE using typical meteorological year weather data. The conclusions indicate a discernible deterioration in the thermal performance of U-MDBHE attributed to heat extraction attenuation. The thermal performance deterioration leads to the oversize of U-MDBHE and hinders the widespread application of U-MDBHE. This study introduces a novel idea that the long-term thermal performance of U-MDBHE should be evaluated considering climate change (CC) and verifies that the favorable effects of CC on the thermal performance of U-MDBHE can effectively mitigate the adverse effect of heat extraction attenuation. The favorable effects of CC include reducing the heating demand (due to the reduced building heating load (BHL) caused by CC) and improving the heating supply capacity (due to the enhanced outlet temperature caused by CC). In addition, the reduced BHL under CC enhances the inlet temperature of U-MDBHE, thereby improving its operation safety. CC mitigates the heat extraction attenuation of U-MDBHE, with the strongest effect in the ascending well, followed by the descending well, and then the butted well. Case studies using experimentally validated simulations on the 30-year operation of U-MDBHE demonstrate that by mitigating the adverse effect of the heat extraction attenuation, CC reduces the accumulated energy consumption by 14.31%–26.59% and improves the operation safety by up to 100% in Harbin (severe cold region) and Beijing (cold region). This study significantly contributes to improving the long-term thermal performance of U-MDBHE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complement system, comprising over 30 proteins, is integral to the immune system, and the coagulation system is critical for vascular homeostasis. The activation of the complement and coagulation systems involves an organized proteolytic cascade, and the overactivation of these systems is a central pathogenic mechanism in several diseases. This review describes the role of complement and coagulation system activation in critical illness, particularly sepsis. The complexities of sepsis reveal significant knowledge gaps that can be compared to a profound abyss, highlighting the urgent need for further investigation and exploration. It is well recognized that the inflammatory network, coagulation, and complement systems are integral mechanisms through which multiple factors contribute to increased susceptibility to infection and may result in a disordered immune response during septic events in patients. Given the overlapping pathogenic mechanisms in sepsis, immunomodulatory therapies currently under development may be particularly beneficial for patients with sepsis who have concurrent infections. Herein, we present recent findings regarding the molecular relationships between the coagulation and complement pathways in the advancement of sepsis, and propose potential intervention targets related to the crosstalk between coagulation and complement, aiming to provide more valuable treatment of sepsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Irrational pharmacotherapy and increasing pharmacy costs remain major concerns in healthcare systems. Pharmacists are expected to employ diagnosis-related group (DRG) data to analyse inpatient pharmacy utilization. OBJECTIVE: This project aimed to pilot an efficient pharmacist-led programme to analyse factors related to pharmacy expenses, evaluate the rational use of drugs in batch processing, and make further interventions based on DRG data. METHODS: Patients from the OB25 (caesarean section without comorbidities or complications) DRG were selected in 2018, and the most relevant factors were identified through statistical analysis. Interventions were implemented by sending monthly reports on prescribing data and drug review results for the same DRGs to the department starting in 2019. Pre–post comparisons were conducted to demonstrate changes in pharmacy costs and appropriateness at a tertiary teaching hospital with 2,300 beds in China. RESULTS: A total of 1,110 patients were identified from the OB25 DRG data in 2018. Multivariate linear analysis indicated that the number of items prescribed and wards substantially influenced pharmacy expenditure. Drugs labelled as vital, essential, and non-essential revealed that 46.6% of total pharmacy costs were spent on non-essential drugs, whereas 38.7% were spent on vital drugs. The use of inappropriate pharmaceuticals and drug items was substantially reduced, and the average pharmacy cost after intervention was 336.7 RMB in 2020. The benefit–cost ratio of the programme was 9.86. CONCLUSION: Interventions based on DRG data are highly efficient and feasible for reducing inpatient pharmacy costs and non-essential drug use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advancement of geological big data has rendered data-driven methodologies increasingly vital in Mineral Prospectivity Mapping. The effective integration of quantitative and qualitative data, including experiential and knowledge-based insights, is crucial in geological data fusion. Specifically, the conversion of raw data into samples and the selection of predictive methods are two core issues that constitute the focus of this study. Traditional clustering methods require the user to specify the number of clusters in advance. The two-step clustering can automatically determine the clustering result 'k' while analyzing both continuous and categorical variables, by building a Cluster Feature (CF) and using information criteria to merge nodes. In this study, we conducted an analysis utilizing stream sediment element data, residual gravity anomalies, and fault distribution through the two-step clustering method. Factor analysis (FA) was employed to reduce 16 elemental variables from stream sediments into five uncorrelated continuous variables; additionally, residual gravity anomalies were transformed from continuous to categorical variables via an interval-based method before being combined with fault distribution, resulting in seven variables for clustering. The research findings indicate that categorical variables significantly influence clustering results; concurrently, as the importance of continuous variables within the cluster increases, so does k. When only one categorical variable is present, residual gravity anomalies show significantly better clustering than fault distribution; however, when two categorical variables are involved, it is essential to consider the quantity of categories: more categories lead to poorer quality. The results from the Jiaolai Basin's northeastern margin indicate a significant correlation with known gold deposits; two-step clustering is a promising and effective method for improving mineral prospecting efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disease that relapses frequently. Keratinocyte apoptosis dysregulation plays a crucial role in the pathological mechanisms of psoriasis. PANoptosis is a process with intermolecular interaction among pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis. The mechanism of PANoptosis in the occurrence and development of psoriasis is still unclear. Here we present a novel approach by identifying PANoptosis-related signatures (PANoptosis-sig) from skin tissue of psoriasis patients and healthy controls on transcriptional and protein levels. Five PANoptosis-sig (TYMP, S100A8, S100A9, NAMPT, LCN2) were identified. Enrichment analysis showed they were mainly enriched in response to leukocyte aggregation, leukocyte migration, chronic inflammatory response and IL−17 signaling pathway. Single cell transcriptome analysis showed TYMP and NAMPT were expressed in almost all cell populations, while LCN2, S100A8 and S100A9 were significantly highly expressed in keratinocyte. We then constructed predictive and diagnostic models with the PANoptosis-sig and evaluated their performance. Finally, unsupervised consensus clustering analysis was conducted to ascertain psoriasis molecular subtypes by the PANoptosis-sig. The psoriasis cohort was divided into two distinct subtypes. Immune landscape showed that the stromal score of cluster 1 was significantly higher than cluster 2, while the immune and estimate scores of cluster 2 were expressively higher than cluster 1. Cluster 1 exhibited high expression of Plasma cells, Tregs and Mast cells resting, while cluster 2 showed high expression of T cells, Macrophages M1, Dendritic cells activated, and Neutrophils in immune infiltration analysis. And cluster 2 was more sensitive to immune checkpoints. In conclusion, our findings revealed potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of psoriasis, enhancing our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying PANoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Head‐direction (HD) cells are a fundamental component in the hippocampal‐entorhinal circuit for spatial navigation and help maintain an internal sense of direction to anchor the orientation in space. A classical HD cell robustly increases its firing rate when the head is oriented toward a specific direction, with each cell tuned to only one direction. Although unidirectional HD cells are reported broadly across multiple brain regions, computation modelling has predicted the existence of multiple equilibrium states of HD network, which has yet to be proven. In this study, a novel HD variant of bipolar HD cells in the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) are identified that exhibit stable double‐peaked directional tuning properties. The bipolar patterns remain stable in the darkness and across environments of distinct geometric shapes. Moreover, bipolar HD cells co‐rotate coherently with unipolar HD cells to anchor the external visual cue. The discovery reveals a new spatial cell type of bipolar HD cells, whose unique activity patterns may comprise a potential building block for a sophisticated local neural circuit configuration for the internal representation of direction. These findings may contribute to the understanding of how the brain processes spatial information by shedding light on the role of bipolar HD cells in this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mechanoluminescence (ML) with the unique mechanical‐to‐optical energy conversion attracts wide attention for stress sensing. However, the development of ML materials is primarily based on crystalline material due to the crystal structure can provide an appropriate crystal field environment for emission center, which limits the expansion of ML materials and affects the deeper understanding of ML mechanism. Herein, the tunable full‐color ML can be achieved in transparent amorphous glass system. The rare earth‐doped transparent amorphous glass can produce ML under stress stimulations when in direct contact with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) or mixed with PDMS to prepare the ML elastomers. Based on the excellent ML performance of amorphous glass, an advanced device regarding the visualized detection of automotive brake tribo‐force has been developed. The findings provide profound insights into the triboelectric potential induced ML phenomenon, which offers the guiding significance in the mechanics‐related visualized detection and the design of multi‐color ML materials in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Winter sports have gained popularity in recent years. These sports and activities, however, come with some health concerns, particularly in harsh and extremely cold conditions. A self-heating, flexible, and smart conductive material that can monitor body health in extreme conditions would thus be highly desirable. Inspired by the structure of a spider-web, a flexible pressure sensor was developed by depositing a CNTs/CuS composite coating on a fabric surface with a cellulose-entangled structure constructed by hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC). The obtained flexible pressure sensor demonstrated stable physiological signal detection and temperature insensitivity during photothermal heating, attributed to the water-retention capacity of HPMC. In addition, it exhibited excellent electrical conductivity (resistance of 10 Ω cm−1), deicing (181s), sterilization (≈99.99%), UV resistance (UPF ≈ 13 926), environmental adaptability (−78 °C to 50 °C) and high sensitivity (13.25 ± 0.123 kPa−1). This coating process can be applied to various garments, offering new possibilities for designing and preparing wearable multifunctional sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate detection of asphalt pavement distress is crucial for road maintenance and traffic safety. However, traditional convolutional neural networks usually struggle with this task due to the varied distress patterns and complex background in the images. To enhance the accuracy of asphalt pavement distress identification across various scenarios, this paper introduces an improved model named SMG-YOLOv8, based on the YOLOv8s framework. This model integrates the space-to-depth module and the multi-scale convolutional attention mechanism, while optimizing the backbone's C2f structure with a more efficient G-GhostC2f structure. Experimental results demonstrate that SMG-YOLOv8 outperforms the YOLOv8s baseline model, achieving Pmacro and mAP50 scores of 81.1% and 79.4% respectively, marking an increase of 8.2% and 12.5% over the baseline. Furthermore, SMG-YOLOv8 exhibits clear advantages in identifying various types of pavement distresses, including longitudinal cracks, transverse cracks, mesh cracks, and potholes, when compared to YOLOv5n, YOLOv5s, YOLOv6s, YOLOv8n, and SSD models. This enhancement optimizes the network structure, reducing the number of parameters while maintaining excellent detection performance. In real-world scenarios, the SMG-YOLOv8 model, when applied to image data collected from projects, achieves a Pmacro of 80.5% and an Rmacro of 86.2%. This result demonstrates its excellent generalization capability and practicality. The model provides significant technical support for the intelligent detection of pavement distress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Two-line hybrid wheat technology system is one way to harness wheat heterosis both domestically and internationally. Seed vigor is a crucial parameter for assessing seed quality, as enhanced seed vigor can lead to yield increments of over 20% to a certain extent. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) were known to participate in the development and vigor of seed in plants, but its impact on seed vigor in two-line hybrid wheat remains poorly elucidated. Results: The hybrid (BS1453/11GF5135) wheat exhibited superiority in seed vigor and anti-aging capacity, compared to its male parent (11GF5135, MP) and female parent (BS1453, FP). We identified four miRNAs associated with seed vigor, all of which are novel miRNAs. The majority of targets of miRNAs were related to ubiquitin ligases, kinases, sucrose synthases and hydrolases, involving in starch and sucrose metabolism, hydrolysis, catalysis, plant hormone signal transduction, and other pathways, which played crucial roles in seed development. Additionally, we also found miR531 was differentially expressed in both male parent and hybrid, and its target gene was a component of the E1 subunit of α-ketoate dehydrogenase complex, which interacted with dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (E2) and dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (E3). Finally, We established a presumptive interaction model to speculate the relationship of miR531 and seed vigor. Conclusions: This study analyzed the seed vigor of two-line hybrid wheat, and screened seed vigor-related miRNAs. Meanwhile speculated the genetic relationship of hybrid and parents, in terms of miRNAs. Consequently, the present study provides new insights into the miRNA-mediated gene and protein interaction network that regulates seed vigor. These findings hold significance for enhancing the yield and quality of two-line hybrid wheat, facilitating its future applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this study was to elucidate the critical role of autophagy-related gene aggregation in gastric cancer tumor microenvironment cells and to investigate their major roles in cellular functions. In particular, the expression of these genes in tumor-associated fibroblast subtypes was scrutinized in an attempt to explain their cell-subpopulation-specific roles in cell–cell communication and regulation of cellular functions. Methods: In this study, single-cell RNA sequencing data were first analyzed in multiple steps, including data preprocessing, cell clustering, and cell classification. Cell subpopulations and gene expression patterns were identified and analyzed using unsupervised non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) techniques. The dynamic expression of autophagy-related gene aggregates in various cell types was deciphered by pseudotime trajectory analysis (PTA). Intercellular communication analysis was performed using the CellChat R software package, revealing the intricate communication patterns and exchange of key signaling molecules between cell subpopulations, and SCENIC analysis was used to identify gene regulatory networks and reveal the mechanisms behind cellular heterogeneity. Result: Cell subpopulations associated with pan-apoptosis were identified by NMF decomposition and SCENIC analysis. Cell–cell communication analysis revealed intricate communication patterns and exchange of key signaling molecules between cell subpopulations. Dynamic expression of autophagy-related genes aggregated in the pseudotemporal trajectory of STAD was observed by PTA. In the fibroblast subtype, different ligand-receptor interactions and their key roles in immunomodulation were observed. Conclusion: By deeply analyzing and comparing gene expression patterns within cellular subpopulations and intercellular communication, this study provides new insights into the role of pan-apoptosis-related genes in regulating immune responses and cellular functions in gastric cancer. These findings pave the way for further exploration of the role of these genes in tumorigenesis and immune regulation, as well as laying the foundation for potential therapeutic strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this study was to elucidate the critical role of autophagy-related gene aggregation in gastric cancer tumor microenvironment cells and to investigate their major roles in cellular functions. In particular, the expression of these genes in tumor-associated fibroblast subtypes was scrutinized in an attempt to explain their cell-subpopulation-specific roles in cell–cell communication and regulation of cellular functions. Methods: In this study, single-cell RNA sequencing data were first analyzed in multiple steps, including data preprocessing, cell clustering, and cell classification. Cell subpopulations and gene expression patterns were identified and analyzed using unsupervised non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) techniques. The dynamic expression of autophagy-related gene aggregates in various cell types was deciphered by pseudotime trajectory analysis (PTA). Intercellular communication analysis was performed using the CellChat R software package, revealing the intricate communication patterns and exchange of key signaling molecules between cell subpopulations, and SCENIC analysis was used to identify gene regulatory networks and reveal the mechanisms behind cellular heterogeneity. Result: Cell subpopulations associated with pan-apoptosis were identified by NMF decomposition and SCENIC analysis. Cell–cell communication analysis revealed intricate communication patterns and exchange of key signaling molecules between cell subpopulations. Dynamic expression of autophagy-related genes aggregated in the pseudotemporal trajectory of STAD was observed by PTA. In the fibroblast subtype, different ligand-receptor interactions and their key roles in immunomodulation were observed. Conclusion: By deeply analyzing and comparing gene expression patterns within cellular subpopulations and intercellular communication, this study provides new insights into the role of pan-apoptosis-related genes in regulating immune responses and cellular functions in gastric cancer. These findings pave the way for further exploration of the role of these genes in tumorigenesis and immune regulation, as well as laying the foundation for potential therapeutic strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of vacancy defects significantly impacts thermal properties of materials. In this research, we delve into the effects of vacancy defects on the thermal conductivity of ternary alloy BaAgBi, employing molecular dynamics simulations coupled with a deep neural network potential (NNP). Initially, we validate the precision of our NNP by comparing their predictions for energy, atomic forces, phonon dispersion curves, phonon density of states, and vacancy formation energy with density functional theory calculations, ensuring a high degree of accuracy. Our findings reveal that the reduction in thermal conductivity due to vacancies aligns with the Debye–Callaway model, with variations depending on the type of vacancy. Specifically, Ba vacancies result in the most notable decrement in thermal conductivity, attributable to their low phonon participation ratio and high lattice distortion, both factors that enhance phonon scattering. Besides, we find that the high energy barrier (∼1.66 eV) indicates that Ba vacancies hardly migrate at 300 K. This study helps us understand how vacancies affect thermal conductivity in BaAgBi and how different vacancy types affect it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interaction between ion beams and plasma is a fundamental and important physical process, plasma can effectively neutralize the current and charge of ion beam pulses as an ideal medium for its transmission and focusing. The analytical model of short heavy ion beam pulse in cold background plasma under external magnetic field is established. Combined with the experimental parameters, by 2.5D particle-in-cell numerical simulations, the entire transport process of heavy ion beam application strong magnetic fields in plasma is investigated. Our research results indicate that the interaction between short-pulse heavy ion beams and plasma generates a longitudinally induced magnetic field in the same direction as the external magnetic field. Moreover, the electron cyclotron electromagnetic waves of anti-parallel to local magnetic field are excited, and the excitation mechanism is mainly drift instability of electrons beam caused by the heavy ion beam. Temporal variations of the longitudinal induced magnetic field Bz in plasma and vacuum regions under different external magnetic fields [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Positron emission tomography (PET) has been investigated for its ability to reconstruct proton‐induced positron activity distributions in proton therapy. This technique holds potential for range verification in clinical practice. Recently, deep learning‐based dose estimation from positron activity distributions shows promise for in vivo proton dose monitoring and guided proton therapy. Purpose: This study evaluates the effectiveness of three classical neural network models, recurrent neural network (RNN), U‐Net, and Transformer, for proton dose estimating. It also investigates the characteristics of these models, providing valuable insights for selecting the appropriate model in clinical practice. Methods: Proton dose calculations for spot beams were simulated using Geant4. Computed tomography (CT) images from four head cases were utilized, with three for training neural networks and the remaining one for testing. The neural networks were trained with one‐dimensional (1D) positron activity distributions as inputs and generated 1D dose distributions as outputs. The impact of the number of training samples on the networks was examined, and their dose prediction performance in both homogeneous brain and heterogeneous nasopharynx sites was evaluated. Additionally, the effect of positron activity distribution uncertainty on dose prediction performance was investigated. To quantitatively evaluate the models, mean relative error (MRE) and absolute range error (ARE) were used as evaluation metrics. Results: The U‐Net exhibited a notable advantage in range verification with a smaller number of training samples, achieving approximately 75% of AREs below 0.5 mm using only 500 training samples. The networks performed better in the homogeneous brain site compared to the heterogeneous nasopharyngeal site. In the homogeneous brain site, all networks exhibited small AREs, with approximately 90% of the AREs below 0.5 mm. The Transformer exhibited the best overall dose distribution prediction, with approximately 92% of MREs below 3%. In the heterogeneous nasopharyngeal site, all networks demonstrated acceptable AREs, with approximately 88% of AREs below 3 mm. The Transformer maintained the best overall dose distribution prediction, with approximately 85% of MREs below 5%. The performance of all three networks in dose prediction declined as the uncertainty of positron activity distribution increased, and the Transformer consistently outperformed the other networks in all cases. Conclusions: Both the U‐Net and the Transformer have certain advantages in the proton dose estimation task. The U‐Net proves well suited for range verification with a small training sample size, while the Transformer outperforms others at dose‐guided proton therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To study the impact of Gx on quantification of hepatic fat contents under metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) imaged on VIBE Dixon in hepatobiliary specific phase. Methods: Forty-two rabbits were randomly divided into control group (n = 10) and high-fat diet group (n = 32). Imaging was performed before enhancement (Pre-Gx) and at the 13th (Post-Gx13) and 17th (Post-Gx17) min after Gx enhancement with 2E- and 6E-VIBE Dixon to determine hepatic proton density fat fractions (PDFF). PDFFs were compared with vacuole percentage (VP) measured under histopathology. Results: 33 animals were evaluated and including control group (n = 11) and MASLD group (n = 22). Pre-Gx, Post-Gx13, Post-Gx17 PDFFs under 6E-VIBE Dixon had strong correlations with VPs (r2 = 0.8208—0.8536). PDFFs under 2E-VIBE Dixon were reduced significantly (P < 0.001) after enhancement (r2 = 0.7991/0.8014) compared with that before enhancement (r2 = 0.7643). There was no significant difference between PDFFs of Post-Gx13 and Post-Gx17 (P = 0.123) for which the highest consistency being found with 6E-VIBE Dixon before enhancement (r2 = 0.8536). The signal intensity of the precontrast compared with the postcontrast, water image under 2E-VIBE Dixon increased significantly (P < 0.001), fat image showed no significant difference (P = 0.754). Conclusion: 2E- and 6E-VIBE Dixon can obtain accurate PDFFs in the hepatobiliary specific phase from 13 to 17th min after Gx enhancement. On 2E-VIBE Dixon (FA = 10°), effective minimization of T1 Bias by the Gx administration markedly improved the accuracy of the hepatic PDFF quantification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palm fungi are a diverse and unique group mostly found on Arecaceae hosts. They have been studied for approximately 200 years resulting in a large number of known fungal species representing over 700 genera. The timeline of palm fungal studies could be roughly divided into three phases, based on the methods and frequency of reports. They are the "Historical palm fungi era", "Classical palm fungi era" and "Molecular palm fungi era". In the first two periods, the identification of palm fungi was based on morphology, which resulted in a considerable number of morphological species scattered across the data in books, monographs and papers. With the advancement of molecular techniques, studies on palm fungi accelerated. A large number of new species were introduced in the molecular era, especially from Asia, including China and Thailand. However, there is a necessity to link these three generations of studies into a single platform combining data related to host factors, geography and utilisation. Herein, we introduce the palm fungi website: https://palmfungi.org, an integrated data platform for interactive retrieval, based on palm and fungal species. This website is not only a portal for the latest, comprehensive species information on palm fungi, but also provides a new platform for fungal researchers to explore the host-specificity of palm fungi. Additionally, this study uses palmfungi.org and related data to briefly discuss the current status of research on the distribution of palm fungi populations, showing how palmfungi.org links fungi with their palm hosts. Furthermore, the website will act as a platform for collaboration amongst taxonomists, plant pathologists, botanists, ecologists and those who are interested in palms and their relationship with ecological sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The safety of lunar landing sites directly impacts the success of lunar exploration missions. This study develops a data-driven predictive model based on machine learning, focusing on engineering safety to assess the suitability of lunar landing sites and provide insights into key factors and feature representations. Six critical engineering factors were selected as constraints for evaluation: slope, elevation, roughness, hillshade, optical maturity, and rock abundance. The XGBoost model was employed to simulate and predict the characteristics of landing areas and Bayesian optimization was used to fine-tune the model's key hyperparameters, enhancing its predictive performance. The results demonstrate that this method effectively extracts relevant features from multi-source remote sensing data and quantifies the suitability of landing zones, achieving an accuracy of 96% in identifying landing sites (at a resolution of 0.1° × 0.1°), with AUC values exceeding 95%. Notably, slope was recognized as the most critical factor affecting safety. Compared to assessment processes based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Random Forest (RF) models, XGBoost showed superior performance in handling missing values and evaluating feature importance accuracy. The findings suggest that the BO-XGBoost model shows notable classification performance in evaluating the suitability of lunar landing sites, which may provide valuable support for future landing missions and contribute to optimizing lunar exploration efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]