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Since 2008, annual outbreaks of green tides in the Yellow Sea have had severe impacts on tourism, fisheries, water sports, and marine ecology, necessitating effective interception and removal measures. Satellite remote sensing has emerged as a promising tool for monitoring large-scale green tides due to its wide coverage and instantaneous imaging capabilities. Additionally, drift prediction techniques can forecast the location of future green tides based on remote sensing monitoring information. This monitoring and prediction information is crucial for developing an effective plan to intercept and remove green tides. One key aspect of this monitoring information is the green tide distribution envelope, which can be generated automatically and quickly using buffer analysis methods. However, this method produces a large number of envelope vertices, resulting in significant computational burden during prediction calculations. To address this issue, this paper proposes a simplification method based on azimuth difference and side length (SM-ADSL). Compared to the isometric and Douglas–Peucker methods with the same simplification rate, SM-ADSL exhibits better performance in preserving shape and area. The simplified distribution envelope can shorten prediction times and enhance the efficiency of emergency decision-making for green tide disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SBAS-InSAR technology is effective in obtaining surface deformation information and is widely used in monitoring landslides and mining subsidence. However, SBAS-InSAR technology is susceptible to various errors, including atmospheric, orbital, and phase unwrapping errors. These multiple errors pose significant challenges to precise deformation monitoring over large areas. This paper examines the spatial characteristics of these errors and introduces a spatially constrained SBAS-InSAR method, termed SSBAS-InSAR, which enhances the accuracy of wide-area surface deformation monitoring. The method employs multiple stable ground points to create a control network that limits the propagation of multiple types of errors in the interferometric unwrapped data, thereby reducing the impact of long-wavelength signals on local deformation measurements. The proposed method was applied to Sentinel-1 data from parts of Jining, China. The results indicate that, compared to the traditional SBAS-InSAR method, the SSBAS-InSAR method significantly reduced phase closure errors, deformation rate standard deviations, and phase residues, improved temporal coherence, and provided a clearer representation of deformation in time-series curves. This is crucial for studying surface deformation trends and patterns and for preventing related disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemistry is a highly technical field that relies heavily on a range of symbolic and imagic formalisms. These formalisms conceptualize specific chemical knowledge into semiotic resources that are rarely used elsewhere in most other academic fields or contexts. To develop an understanding of semiosis in highly technical fields such as chemistry, key questions include what this range of formalisms do and why they occur. These are key questions not only for our understanding of semiosis, but also if we wish to develop integrated literacy programs that can support students to marshal the multimodal discourse of chemistry. This paper explores these questions by examining how three key chemical formalisms organize their meaning: symbolic formalisms known as chemical formulas and chemical equations, and an imagic formalism known as structural formulas. Drawing on Systemic Functional Linguistics and using a corpus of formalisms from secondary school chemistry, these formalisms are explored in terms of their overarching grammatical organization and the content meanings they realize through the concept of "field." This is used to compare and contrast each formalism in terms of a semiotic typology so as to understand how they work and what meanings they realize. By exploring chemical formalisms in this way, this paper establishes a means of seeing the similarities and differences in meaning-making across formalisms and explaining why different formalisms occur. This then begins to provide a base upon which applied programs can interpret the literacy needs of chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: TCbHP (taxane + carboplatin + trastuzumab + pertuzumab) is the preferred neoadjuvant therapy regimen for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer. However, no consensus exists regarding whether specific populations may be exempt from carboplatin, allowing for de-escalation to the THP (taxane + trastuzumab + pertuzumab) regimen. Additionally, the optimal number of cycles for neoadjuvant THP remains unclear. We compared the efficacy and safety of neoadjuvant TCbHP and THP regimens, providing clinicians with a nuanced perspective to guide their treatment regimen selection. Methods: This multicenter real-world study included patients with HER2-positive breast cancer undergoing neoadjuvant TCbHP or THP between March 2019 and February 2023. Efficacy was assessed through the pathological complete response (pCR) rate, while safety was evaluated through monitoring adverse events. Results: Among 220 patients, 103 received 6 cycles of TCbHP (TCbHP×6), 83 received 6 cycles of THP (THP×6), and 34 received 4 cycles of THP (THP×4). The TCbHP×6 cohort exhibited a 66% pCR rate compared with 53% in the THP×6 cohort (P = 0.072). Subgroup analysis revealed that in patients aged ≤ 50 years, those with hormone receptor (HR)-negative status, and those with clinical stage T2, the pCR rate of the TCbHP×6 regimen was significantly higher than the THP×6 regimen (P < 0.05). The TCbHP×6 cohort reported higher frequencies of any-grade adverse events (99% versus 86.7%) and grade 3–4 events (49.5% versus 12%) than the THP×6 cohort. Propensity score matching identified 27 patient pairs between the THP×6 and THP×4 cohorts, indicating a significantly higher pCR rate for the THP×6 regimen than the THP×4 regimen (63% versus 29.6%, P = 0.029). Conclusions: The TCbHP×6 regimen is favored for individuals aged ≤ 50 years and those aged > 50, ≤60 years with HR-negative status or clinical stage T2-4. For patients in compromised general condition or lacking the specified indications, the THP×6 regimen emerges as a lower-toxicity alternative with satisfactory efficacy. To ensure treatment efficacy, a minimum of 6 cycles of neoadjuvant THP is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: TCbHP (taxane + carboplatin + trastuzumab + pertuzumab) is the preferred neoadjuvant therapy regimen for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer. However, no consensus exists regarding whether specific populations may be exempt from carboplatin, allowing for de-escalation to the THP (taxane + trastuzumab + pertuzumab) regimen. Additionally, the optimal number of cycles for neoadjuvant THP remains unclear. We compared the efficacy and safety of neoadjuvant TCbHP and THP regimens, providing clinicians with a nuanced perspective to guide their treatment regimen selection. Methods: This multicenter real-world study included patients with HER2-positive breast cancer undergoing neoadjuvant TCbHP or THP between March 2019 and February 2023. Efficacy was assessed through the pathological complete response (pCR) rate, while safety was evaluated through monitoring adverse events. Results: Among 220 patients, 103 received 6 cycles of TCbHP (TCbHP×6), 83 received 6 cycles of THP (THP×6), and 34 received 4 cycles of THP (THP×4). The TCbHP×6 cohort exhibited a 66% pCR rate compared with 53% in the THP×6 cohort (P = 0.072). Subgroup analysis revealed that in patients aged ≤ 50 years, those with hormone receptor (HR)-negative status, and those with clinical stage T2, the pCR rate of the TCbHP×6 regimen was significantly higher than the THP×6 regimen (P < 0.05). The TCbHP×6 cohort reported higher frequencies of any-grade adverse events (99% versus 86.7%) and grade 3–4 events (49.5% versus 12%) than the THP×6 cohort. Propensity score matching identified 27 patient pairs between the THP×6 and THP×4 cohorts, indicating a significantly higher pCR rate for the THP×6 regimen than the THP×4 regimen (63% versus 29.6%, P = 0.029). Conclusions: The TCbHP×6 regimen is favored for individuals aged ≤ 50 years and those aged > 50, ≤60 years with HR-negative status or clinical stage T2-4. For patients in compromised general condition or lacking the specified indications, the THP×6 regimen emerges as a lower-toxicity alternative with satisfactory efficacy. To ensure treatment efficacy, a minimum of 6 cycles of neoadjuvant THP is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lutein is widely used in medicine, health care, and food processing due to its antioxidant effects; however, it is difficult for the traditional extraction of lutein using marigolds to meet the increasing market demand for lutein. To achieve high-efficiency lutein production, we investigated the effects of different conditions on the biomass accumulation and lutein yield of Chlorella vulgaris. The optimized cultivation conditions include mixotrophic cultivation using sodium nitrate as a nitrogen source, maintaining a total-organic-carbon-to-total-nitrogen ratio of 12:1, a total-nitrogen-to-total-phosphorus ratio of 10:1, and lighting duration of 24 h. The results of the study indicated that under these specific conditions, Chlorella vulgaris attained a final biomass concentration, biomass productivity, and growth yield of 6.08 g·L−1, 1.00 g·L−1·d−1, and 1.67 g biomass/g TOC, respectively. Additionally, the concentrations of total chlorophyll, carotenoid, lutein, and protein reached 139.20 mg·L−1, 31.87 mg·L−1, 15.02 mg·L−1, and 2.17 g·L−1, respectively, and the content of lutein reached 2.47 mg·g−1. This study supplies a theoretical basis for the industrial application of lutein production using Chlorella vulgaris. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monoclinic zirconia (m-ZrO2) with the remarkable advantages of high hardness, excellent chemical stability, and heat insulation is widely used in electronic products, catalytic, and refractory materials. Here, we have systematically investigated the synthesis of m-ZrO2 nanoparticles by the hydrothermal method; the results show that in a urea–ZrO2 ratio of 2:1, 0.3 wt% Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) as an additive and a hydrothermal temperature of 180°C for 12 h, the monodispersity m-ZrO2 is successfully obtained. Furthermore, when 3% by weight m-ZrO2 was added to 3Y-ZrO2, it showed a stronger flexural strength of 325.34 MPa, which was 114.3% higher than that of 3Y-ZrO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sediment mixed layer (SML) in the deep ocean is an important interface with a rich diversity of benthic organisms. With increasing ocean mineral exploration, and eventual mining, the effect of sediment mixing on deep ocean ecosystems has raised considerable concern. We evaluate the distribution patterns and driving factors of SML depth in deep ocean nodule fields using naturally occurring 210Pb–226Ra isotopes. Results show that average SML depth has increased in Mn‐nodule fields since the end of the last century. SML processes are associated with significant desorption of 226Ra from sediments, resulting in a departure from radioactive equilibrium. By estimating possible driving factors, we conclude that anthropogenic exploration activities, rather than natural physical and/or biological drivers, are the most likely mechanism for intensified sediment mixing. 210Pb–226Ra disequilibria may be a potential tracer for quantifying the impact of human exploration on deep‐ocean sediment mixing and associated biological and geochemical effects. Plain Language Summary: The surface sediment mixed layer (SML) in the deep ocean is essential to benthic community structure and the biogeochemical cycling of many elements. The typical depth of mixed layers in the global deep ocean is <15 cm, which is mainly driven by natural biological and/or physical forces. By mapping sediment excess 210Pb profiles throughout the ocean, we found the depth of the SML in manganese nodule fields has increased significantly since the end of the twentieth century (reaching to >40 cm). The determine that the deepened mixed sediment layer is related to human exploration activities rather than other previously recognized natural drivers like bioturbation, internal solitary waves, and submarine storms. Keen attentions should be paid to the deepening and associated effects of sediment mixing in the deep ocean as human demand for critical materials continues to increase in the Anthropocene. Exploration approaches that involve low or negligible disturbance to deep‐ocean sediment should be encouraged. Key Points: Human exploration is the main reason for deepening of the sediment mixed layer in the manganese nodule areaSediment mixed processes are associated with significant desorption of 226Ra from sediments210Pb–226Ra disequilibria is a potential tracer for quantifying the impact of human drivers on deep‐ocean sediment mixing [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Periductal mastitis (PDM) is a chronic inflammatory lesion of the breast with an unknown etiology, and it is difficult for clinicians to differentiate it from granulomatous lobular mastitis (GLM), although they have different treatment strategies and prognosis. This study aimed to investigate the differences in their clinicopathologic features to inform treatment strategies. Patients and Methods: Between 2011 and 2020, 121 patients diagnosed with PDM and 57 patients with GLM were retrospective analysis. Patient data were extracted on demographics, clinical presentation, pathologic characteristics, treatments and clinical response. Histopathological evaluations were performed on core needle biopsy specimens. Immunohistochemical stains using antibodies against CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20, and CD138 was performed to define immune cell infiltration. Results: PDM patients had a higher median age compared to GLM patients (38 vs 32, p< 0.001). PDM was primarily located in the areolar area, while GLM predominantly affected the peripheral quadrant of the breast (56.20% vs 75.44%, p< 0.001). Histopathologically, more ductal dilatation (90.08% vs 3.51%, p< 0.001), ductal wall thickening (47.93% vs 1.75%, p< 0.001), and ductal rupture (44.63% vs 5.26%, p< 0.001) were observed in PDM. GLM presented with significantly more granuloma (94.74% vs 10.74%, p< 0.001), microabscess (68.42% vs 28.93%, p< 0.001), and lipid vacuole (40.35% vs 8.26%, p< 0.001) formation than PDM. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed a significant presence of CD20+ B lymphocytes in PDM and a higher prevalence of CD8+ T lymphocytes in GLM, indicating differing immune responses. Treatment outcomes varied, with PDM patients responding well to surgery and anti-mycobacterial therapy, while GLM patients showed favorable responses to steroid therapy. Conclusion: PDM is a specific entity with a similar clinical presentation but distinct histopathological features and immune profiles to GLM. Further research is needed to elucidate the pathogenesis and optimize therapeutic approaches for these breast inflammatory conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a significant source of nutrients and other components into the coastal ocean, submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is a combination of multiple spatial‐temporal scale processes, including fresh terrestrial groundwater (FSGD), recirculating seawater (RSGD), and porewater exchange (PEX). Quantifying the different types of SGD is extremely important for understanding the coastal biogeochemical cycles of various materials. The green tide bloom in the southern Yellow Sea (China) has attracted increasing attention during the past decade. Haizhou Bay is thought to be an important green tide proliferating area, but the source of an apparent high supply of nutrients has not been identified yet. We report here on our investigations of the distribution patterns of Ra and Rn isotopes in groundwater and seawater in Haizhou Bay. By solving a combined mass balance for 224Ra, 223Ra, 226Ra, and 222Rn, we estimated that the bay's water residence time is 28.8 days, FSGD is highest at 3.6 cm d−1, RSGD is 2.7 cm d−1, and PEX is lowest at 0.6 cm d−1. The total SGD into Haizhou Bay is estimated at 9.40 × 107 m3 d−1 (6.9 cm d−1), about 12 times that of the local river discharge into the bay. SGD‐derived nutrients are shown to play an important role when considered among all known nutrient sources. Our results suggest that dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and silicate (DSi) are transported by SGD mainly via FSGD. We also note that the phosphorus (DIP) budget is heavily influenced by RSGD. Plain Language Summary: Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) has been drawing attention as an important benthic boundary exchange pathway in the global marginal seas. As any water flow entering the sea, SGD may happen on small scales (centimeters, minutes to hours) as porewater exchange (PEX), and/or large scales (>meters, days to seasons) as fresh groundwater discharge (FSGD) and seawater recirculation (RSGD) in the subterranean estuary. To better understand its significance, it is necessary to interpret multi‐scale SGD processes and quantify associated nutrients fluxes accordingly. In this study, different types of SGD and associated nutrient fluxes were quantified based on multiple radium and radon isotopes in Haizhou Bay, China, which is one of the world's largest green tide proliferating areas. The FSGD and RSGD were found to be the main processes, accounting for more than 90% of the total SGD fluxes. SGD was recognized as a key nutrient source in Haizhou Bay, which is more than one order of magnitude higher than that of the local river discharge. This study highlights the crucial role of benthic boundary exchange for the health of marine ecosystem and sustainability of the future ocean. Key Points: Multi‐scale submarine groundwater discharge processes were differentiated and quantified via a multi‐isotope mass balance approachThe flux of fresh groundwater was about 30% higher than recirculated saline groundwater, and about 6 times higher than porewater exchangeFresh groundwater is a main nutrient source to Haizhou Bay, but recirculated saline groundwater makes a larger contribution to DIP inputs [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temperature is an important environmental factor for phytoplankton. Phytoplankton growth, metabolism, biodiversity, productivity, and distribution are influenced by temperature-driven nutrient stratification and mixing, as well as species’ optimal growth temperatures. There have been a number of studies focused on physiological and biochemical mechanisms of environmental–biological interactions in diatoms, yet the underlying transcriptional regulators remain limited. Here, we performed an RNA-seq-based gene expression analysis to explore the Skeletonema marinoi (isolated from Jiaozhou Bay of Qingdao, 36.13°N, 120.16°E on July 5th, 2013) cellular responses induced by low temperature (12 °C). Digital gene expression profiling of S. marinoi generated 20,319 unigenes, of which 573 differentially expressed genes appeared in the low-temperature treatment group. According to GO and KEGG enrichment analysis, different genes were involved in ten metabolic and biosynthesis pathways: ribosome, lipid, porphyrin, and chlorophyll metabolism showed strong transcriptional cold tolerances. The regulation of genes related to translation processes (e.g., pentatricopeptide repeat), fatty acid metabolism (e.g., acyl-CoA synthetase), and photosynthesis (e.g., porphyrin enzymes) provides new molecular-level insight into cold stress responses in eukaryotic marine phytoplankton. Our study suggests that this Skeletonema species could be a potential candidate for understanding the fate of thermo-sensitive diatom communities and oceanic ecosystems facing climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural radionuclides are powerful tools for understanding the sources and fate of suspended particulate matter (SPM). Particulate matter with different particle sizes behaves differently with respect to adsorption and desorption. We analyzed the activities and distribution characteristics of multiple natural radionuclides (238U, 226Ra, 40K, 228Ra, 7Be and 210Pbex) on size-fractionated SPM at the Lijin Hydrographic Station (Huanghe or Yellow River) every month over a one-year period. Results showed that medium silt (16–32 µm) was the main component. As expected, the activity of each radionuclide decreased with an increase of particle size. We examined the sources of SPM with different particle sizes using activity ratios of 226Ra/238U, 228Ra/226Ra, 40K/238U and 7Be/210Pbex, and concluded that SPM with different particle sizes originated from different sources. Our results indicate that fine SPM (<32 µm) was mainly from the erosion of soil along the lower reaches of the Yellow River, while coarse SPM (>32 µm) was mainly derived from resuspension of riverbed sediment. During high runoff periods, the concentration of SPM increased significantly, and the proportion of fine particles originating upstream increased. Naturally occurring radioactive isotopes, especially on size-fractionated particles, are therefore seen as useful tracers to understand the sources and behaviors of riverine particles transported from land to sea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medium-entropy alloys (MEA) have excellent mechanical properties and are extremely suitable for applications such as aerospace. However, almost all high- and medium-entropy alloys decrease in strength and ductility at high temperatures. As one of the alternative materials for turbine blades of aircraft engines, high/medium entropy alloys are inevitably subjected to coupling effects of high temperature and high strain rates during service. The present work focuses on improving the mechanical properties of MEAs and briefly describes the mechanical properties at high temperatures and high strain rates. Meanwhile, it integrates literature regarding the methods, including adding high melting point solutes, nanocrystalline MEA and non-isoatomic MEA, to improve the mechanical properties at high temperatures and high strain rates. Finally, we propose the potential research direction and possible problems medium entropy alloys may face in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the materials from different positions of 2219 aluminum‐alloy/304 stainless‐steel inertia friction–welded tank with long‐term storage of N2O4 are studied. The results show that the corrosion product layer composed of Fe3O4 and FeCr2O4 is covered on the surface of stainless steel. The corrosion product layer on the surface of stainless steel can effectively improve the protection effect. Severe corrosion occurred in both the sidewall and bottom aluminum alloy, with intergranular corrosion depths of about 30–50 μm observed in the cross section, accompanied by typical exfoliation corrosion. A Fe–Al‐dominated intermetallic compound layer is formed at the weld. A dynamic recrystallization zone and thermomechanical‐affected zone are included on the aluminum‐alloy side with intergranular corrosion depths of 4.3 and 13.3 μm, respectively. The granular Al matrix can be seen on the peeling surface of the aluminum alloy. Combining scanning Kelvin probe and potentiodynamic polarization curve results, the high potential of the stainless steel can further promote the corrosion of the aluminum alloy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast abscess is a common and intractable clinical condition and the use of needle aspiration (NA) or incision and drainage (ID) in treatment is controversial. This meta-analysis aimed to systematically compare the clinical effectiveness of NA and ID in treating breast abscesses. The Web of Science, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang Data were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published from inception to January 7, 2022. The ROB-2 tool assessed risk of bias; the GRADE methodology rated certainty in outcomes; and Stata 16.0 performed data analyses. Nine RCTs were included, including 703 patients. The results showed there was no significant difference in cure rate between the two groups (relative risk [RR] = 0.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.86, 1.07]; p =.469), and after subgroup analysis, we found that it was not related to the use of ultrasound guidance or not. There was no significant difference in the recurrence rate (RR = 0.68, 95% CI [0.35, 1.30]; p =.241). Furthermore, the NA group was associated with shorter healing time (weighted mean differences = −11.02, 95% CI [−15.14, −6.90]; p <.001), lower incidence of breast fistula (RR = 0.21, 95% CI [0.06, 0.72]; p =.013), lower interrupted breastfeeding rate (RR = 0.28, 95% CI [0.20, 0.39]; p <.001), and higher satisfaction rate of appearance (RR = 1.51, 95% CI [1.03–2.21]; p =.035). NA has better advantages in terms of healing time, avoidance of breast fistula, continuous breastfeeding, and patient satisfaction. Although NA and ID have similar cure and recurrence rates, NA, with or without ultrasound guidance, could be used as a first-line treatment for breast abscesses. Patients with large volumes, multicompartmental abscesses, or those who have been ineffective against multiple NA, should be considered for ID. Breast abscess is a common and intractable clinical condition in general surgery. Compared with ID for breast abscesses, NA has better advantages in terms of healing time, avoidance of breast fistula, continuous breastfeeding, and patient satisfaction and could be used as a first-line treatment for breast abscesses. Patients with large volumes, multicompartmental abscesses, or those who have been ineffective against multiple NA, should be considered for ID. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The prediction of axillary lymph node status after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) becoming critical because of the advocation of the de-escalation of axillary management. We investigate associated factors of axillary upstaging in clinical node-negative (cN0) breast cancer patients receiving NAC to develop and validate an accurate prediction nomogram. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 1892 breast cancer patients with stage of cT1-3N0 treated by NAC and subsequent surgery between 2010 and 2020 in twenty hospitals across China. Patients randomly divided into a training set and validation set (3:1). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed, after which a nomogram was constructed and validated. Results: In total, pathologic node negativity (ypN0) achieved in 1406 (74.3%) patients and another 486 (25.7%) patients upstaged to pathologic node positive (ypN+). Breast pathologic complete response (bpCR) was achieved in 445 (23.5%) patients and non-bpCR in 1447 (76.5%) patients. A nomogram was established by ER, tumor histology, HER2 status, cycle of NAC treatment, and the bpCR, which were confirmed by multivariate logistic analysis as independent predictors of nodal upstaging in the training cohort (n = 1419). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of the training cohort and validation cohort (n = 473) were 0.73 (95% CI 0.693–0.751) and 0.77 (95% CI 0.723–0.812) respectively. Conclusion: We present a nomogram with a nationwide large sample data which can effectively predict axillary upstaging after neoadjuvant chemotherapy to give better advice for individualized axillary lymph node management of breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microorganisms in sediments are critical to marine ecosystems. The microbial communities in marine sediments of the Bohai Sea (BS) and Yellow Sea (YS), the eastern Chinese marginal seas, were uncovered in employing the metagenomic approach. In addition, the taxonomic and functional compositions of microbes were compared among various sediment core depths. Results showing the compositions, diversities, and functions of the microbial communities showed no significant variations with sea areas, and significant seasonal variations was observed in station 3500–7 only on functions of the microbial communities. Moreover, the compositions, diversities, and functions of the microbial communities changed noticeably in different sediment depths in close correlation with physical and chemical properties of sediments. However, the large fraction of the variation in functional communities remained unexplained. From bioinformatic analysis of the metagenomic data, the carbon-metabolism-related genes such as glycosyl transferase (GT), glycoside hydrolase (GH), and carbohydrate esterase (CE) genes were rich in the microbial community, especially in the top sediment depth. Additionally, in this N-polluted habitat, nitrification and anaerobic ammonia oxidation (anammox) were dominant in the top sediment depth, whereas dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) and denitrification were dominant in the middle and bottom depth, respectively. Further identification of possible biogeochemical links suggested that Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Nitrospirae, Nitrospinae, Chloroflexi, and Methanomicrobia might promote effective circulation of carbon and nitrogen cycling. This study expanded our knowledge about the structure and functional potential of microbial communities associated with different sediment depth, and provided further comprehensive information on element cycles in marine environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypoxia is a common phenomenon in the sea adjacent to the Changjiang River Estuary (CJE), one of the global major estuaries. Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is a widely recognized pathway for terrestrial materials entering the sea, and has been found to be significant off the CJE. We used a 222Rn mass balance model to estimate the SGD fluxes off the CJE and showed that it is linked to seasonal dissolved oxygen (DO) variations. Average SGD fluxes were estimated to be (0.012 ± 0.010) m3/(m2·d) in winter, (0.034 ± 0.015) m3/(m2·d) in summer, and (0.020 ± 0.010) m3/(m2·d) in autumn. We found a significant negative correlation between DO concentrations and SGD rates with groundwater discharge being highest in the summer flood season. In addition, distribution patterns of SGD and hypoxia zones in summer are spatially overlapped, indicating that SGD is an important contributor to summer hypoxia in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acrylamide (ACR), a common industrial ingredient that is also found in many foodstuffs, induces dying‐back neuropathy in humans and animals. However, the mechanisms remain poorly understood. Sterile alpha and toll/interleukin 1 receptor motif‐containing protein 1 (SARM1) is the central determinant of axonal degeneration and has crosstalk with different cell death programs to determine neuronal survival. Herein, we illustrated the role of SARM1 in ACR‐induced dying‐back neuropathy. We further demonstrated the upstream programmed cell death mechanism of this SARM1‐dependent process. Spinal cord motor neurons that were induced to overexpress SARM1 underwent necroptosis rather than apoptosis in ACR neuropathy. Mechanically, non‐canonical necroptotic pathways mediated mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and mitochondrial fission. What's more, the final executioner of necroptosis, phosphorylation‐activated mixed lineage kinase domain‐like protein (MLKL), aggregated in mitochondrial fractions. Rapamycin intervention removed the impaired mitochondria, inhibited necroptosis for axon maintenance and neuronal survival, and alleviated ACR neuropathy. Our work clarified the functional links among mitophagy, necroptosis, and SARM1‐dependent axonal destruction during ACR intoxication, providing novel therapeutic targets for dying‐back neuropathies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural technology extension and social networks are the essential components of formal and informal institutions, respectively, and their influence on agricultural production has been the focus of academics. This article takes conservation tillage technology as an example, based on simple random unduplicated sampling, and uses survey data of 781 farmers in Heilongjiang, Henan, Shandong, and Shanxi provinces of China. This article empirically tests the interaction effects and heterogeneity of agricultural technology extension and social networks on farmers' adoption of conservation tillage technology and analyzes their substitution effect or complementary effect. The results showed the following: (1) From a single dimension, both agricultural technology extension and social networks can significantly promote farmers' adoption of conservation tillage technology, and the promotion effect of agricultural technology extension is greater. The average probability of farmers who accept agricultural technology extension and social networks adopting conservation tillage technology increases by 36.49% and 7.09%, respectively. (2) There is a complementary effect between agricultural technology extension and social networks in promoting farmers' adoption of conservation tillage technology. The two functions complement and support each other, and this complementary effect is more evident in social networks' reciprocity. (3) Further analysis reveals that the interaction effect between agricultural technology extension and social networks has significant group differences, technology type differences, and regional differences in farmers' adoption of conservation tillage technology. Therefore, to facilitate the extension and application of conservation tillage technology, efforts need to be made in both agricultural technology extension and social networks, fully leveraging the complementary effects of the two. In addition, differentiated policies and measures should be adopted according to local conditions, and precise policies should be implemented for different groups and technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This understanding of paralanguage contributes significantly to the conceptualization of paralanguage and provides researchers with a useful point of departure for analyzing paralanguage in relation to spoken language. Using SFL theory, the book describes meaning-making via paralanguage while considering the different types of meaning at play in sonovergent and semovergent paralanguages. Chapter 1 first introduces the objects of study and SFL theoretical parameters underpinning the description of paralanguage, and then briefly previews the model of paralanguage as contained in the book. [Extracted from the article]

Simple Summary: Metastasis is the root cause of cancer death, responsible for roughly 90% of all cancer-related fatalities. Therefore, treating metastatic cancer is essential for optimal clinical management of these patients. Although there is currently no effective treatment for metastatic breast cancer, high-throughput approaches have identified novel molecules that are critical to tumor growth and metastasis in recent years. Novel therapies that target these molecules, such as immunotherapy, have been evaluated in both preclinical and clinical settings and have proven to be very promising in prolonging survival and relieving symptoms of metastatic disease, thereby enhancing the quality of life of patients. Due to the high intertumoral and intratumoral heterogeneity of cancer, the development of subtype-specific therapeutics and the use of combination treatments to simultaneously target multiple oncogenic signaling pathways may overcome drug resistance and achieve better clinical outcome for metastatic breast cancer. Breast cancer is now the most common cancer worldwide, and it is also the main cause of cancer-related death in women. Survival rates for female breast cancer have significantly improved due to early diagnosis and better treatment. Nevertheless, for patients with advanced or metastatic breast cancer, the survival rate is still low, reflecting a need for the development of new therapies. Mechanistic insights into metastatic breast cancer have provided excellent opportunities for developing novel therapeutic strategies. Although high-throughput approaches have identified several therapeutic targets in metastatic disease, some subtypes such as triple-negative breast cancer do not yet have an apparent tumor-specific receptor or pathway to target. Therefore, exploring new druggable targets in metastatic disease is a high clinical priority. In this review, we summarize the emerging intrinsic therapeutic targets for metastatic breast cancer, including cyclin D-dependent kinases CDK4 and CDK6, the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, the insulin/IGF1R pathway, the EGFR/HER family, the JAK/STAT pathway, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARP), TROP-2, Src kinases, histone modification enzymes, activated growth factor receptors, androgen receptors, breast cancer stem cells, matrix metalloproteinases, and immune checkpoint proteins. We also review the latest development in breast cancer immunotherapy. Drugs that target these molecules/pathways are either already FDA-approved or currently being tested in clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) has been widely used as a powerful technique for monitoring land surface deformations over the last three decades. InSAR observations can be plagued by atmospheric phase delays; some have a roughly linear relationship with the ground elevation, which can be approximated using a linear model. However, the estimation results of this linear relationship are sometimes affected by phase ramps such as orbital errors, tidal loading, etc. In this study, we present a new approach to estimate the transfer function of vertical stratification phase delays and the transfer function of phase ramps. Our method uses the idea of multi-scale spatial differences to decompose the atmospheric phase delay into the vertical stratification component, phase ramp component, and other features. This decomposition makes the correlation between the vertical stratification phase delays and topography more significant and stable. This can establish the correlation between the different scales and phase ramps. We demonstrate our approach using a synthetic test and two real interferograms. In the synthetic test, the transfer functions estimated by our method were closer to the design values than those estimated by the full interferogram–topography correlation approach and the band-pass filtering approach. In the first real interferogram, out of the 9 sub-regions corrected by the proposed method, 7 sub-regions were outperformed the full interferogram–topography correlation approach, and 8 sub-regions were superior to the band-pass filtering method. Our technique offers a greater correction effect and robustness for coseismic deformation signals in the second real interferogram. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The well pattern and boundary shape of reservoirs determine the distribution of the remaining oil distribution to a large extent, especially for small-scale reservoir blocks. However, it is difficult to replicate experiences from other reservoirs directly to predict the remaining oil distribution because of the variety of irregular boundary shapes and corresponding well patterns. Meanwhile, the regular well pattern can hardly suit irregular boundary shapes. In this paper, we propose a well placement method for undeveloped irregular reservoirs and a multi-step prediction framework to predict both oil saturation and pressure fields for any reservoir shape and well pattern. To boost the physical information of input characteristics, a feature amplification approach based on physical formulae is initially presented. Then, 3D convolution technology is employed for the first time in 3D reservoir prediction to increase the spatial information in the vertical direction of the reservoir in the input. Moreover, to complete the two-field prediction, the concept of multi-task learning is adopted for the first time, improving the rationality of the forecast. Through the loss-based ablation test, we found that the operation we adopt will increase the accuracy of prediction to some extent. By testing on both manually designed and real irregular-shape reservoirs, our method is proven to be an accurate and fast oil saturation prediction method with its prediction loss less than 0.01 and calculation time less than 10 s in the future one year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring the interaction between water, land, and food (WLF) is a premise guaranteeing to ease resource restrictions and achieve sustainable development in major agricultural production areas. We chose 26 indicators to build a WLF nexus evaluation index system. We used the coupling coordination model to measure the coupling coordination degree of the WLF nexus in 15 prefecture-level cities and 151 counties under the jurisdiction of Hebei Province in 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020. Then, the spatial correlation was analyzed using the global and local Moran's I. Finally, the regional differences and spatiotemporal patterns were analyzed using a spatial gravity center model and kernel density estimation. The results are as follows: (1) In 11 cities, the comprehensive evaluation index of the WLF and of each subsystem shows a fluctuating upward trend. More than 95% of the counties' comprehensive evaluation indices improved, and the difference between counties in the north and south narrowed after 2010. (2) The spatial pattern of the WLF in counties has evolved from a pattern of "high in the south and low in the north" to "high in the north and low in the south", with the development speed of the north being higher than that of the south. (3) The coupling coordination degree of the WLF has a positive spatial autocorrelation relationship in different counties; however, the spatial connection eventually deteriorates, and the geographic pattern exhibits "agglomeration decrease" characteristics. In Hebei Province, the WLF coupling coordination rate slowly improves, and there is a significant development gap between counties. Therefore, local conditions should be taken into consideration when implementing measures to reduce the conflict between water, land, and food in actual regional conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the era of targeted therapy, whether patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer are exempted from anthracycline usage in the neoadjuvant setting is controversial. Objectives: Our objective was to retrospectively analyze the differences in pathological complete remission (pCR) rates between the anthracycline group and the nonanthracycline group. Design: The CSBrS-012 study (2010–2020) included female primary breast cancer patients with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) who underwent standard breast and axillary surgery post-NAC. Methods: A logistic proportional hazard model was applied to estimate the association of covariates with pCR. Propensity score matching (PSM) was performed to balance the differences in baseline characteristics, and subgroup analyses were performed using the Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel test. Results: A total of 2507 patients were enrolled: the anthracycline group (n = 1581, 63%) and the nonanthracycline group (n = 926, 37%). A pCR was recorded in 17.1% (271/1581) of patients in the anthracycline group and in 29.3% (271/926) in the nonanthracycline group, and the difference in the pCR rate between the two groups was statistically significant [odds ratio (OR) = 2.00, 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.65–2.43); p < 0.001). In the subsequent subgroup analysis, substantial differences in pCR rates between the anthracycline and nonanthracycline groups were detected in the nontargeted [OR = 1.91, 95% CI (1.13–3.23); p = 0.015] and dual-HER2-targeted populations [OR = 0.55, 95% CI (0.33–0.92); p = 0.021) before PSM, whereas differences vanished after PSM. The pCR rates between the anthracycline and nonanthracycline groups did not differ for the single target population, either before or after PSM. Conclusion: In the presence of trastuzumab and/or pertuzumab, the pCR rate of patients with HER2-positive breast cancer receiving anthracycline was not superior to that of patients receiving nonanthracycline. Thus, our study further provides clinical evidence for exempting anthracycline treatment in HER2-positive breast cancer in the era of targeted therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial cell filamentation is a morphological change wherein cell division is blocked, which can improve bacterial survival under unfavorable conditions (e.g., antibiotic stress that causes DNA damage). As an extrachromosomal DNA molecule, plasmids can confer additionally advantageous traits including antibiotic resistance on the host. However, little is known about whether plasmids could shift bacterial morphological responses to antibiotic stress. Here, it is reported that plasmid‐free cells, rather than plasmid‐bearing cells, exhibit filamentation and asymmetrical cell division under exposure to sub‐inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics (ciprofloxacin and cephalexin). The underlying mechanism is revealed by investigating DNA damage, cell division inhibitor sulA, the SOS response, toxin‐antitoxin module (parDE) located on plasmids, and efflux pumps. Significantly higher expression of sulA is observed in plasmid‐free cells, compared to plasmid‐bearing cells. Plasmid carriage enables the hosts to suffer less DNA damage, exhibit stronger efflux pump activities, and thus have a higher antibiotic tolerance. These benefits are attributed to the parDE module that mediates stress responses from plasmid‐bearing cells and mainly contributes to cell morphological changes. Collectively, the findings demonstrate that plasmids can confer additional innate defenses on the host to antibiotics, thus advancing the understanding of how plasmids affect bacterial evolution in hostile environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pivotal measure for reducing pollution and facilitating green and sustainable agriculture lies in the application of biopesticides to replace chemical pesticides. The argument still rests on whether the use of the Internet can assist farmers in selecting biopesticides or not. In light of 532 microscopic research datapoints from the largest rice-producing province in China, the Probit model was applied in this article to probe the influencing factors regarding the use of the Internet on their selection of the biopesticides by farmers, and the TAM-PR model was also adopted to explore its intrinsic mechanisms. According to the research findings, the use of the Internet directly contributed to the application of biopesticides, which can affect farmers' decisions regarding biopesticides by means of perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use in an indirect manner, and the mediating effect was 19.74% and 20.98%, respectively. The result regarding perceived risk was not significant. The use of the Internet has a remarkable effect on farmers with high incomes and large-scale operations, while it has an insignificant effect on farmers with low incomes and individual operations. It has a remarkable positive effect on farmers with high academic qualifications compared with those with low academic qualifications. Furthermore, personal, household-based production and village and green cognitive characteristics also have a significant influence on the application of biopesticides. Hence, it is of great significance to continuously facilitate the application of rural Internet usage, encourage environmentally friendly modes of production, and reduce agricultural pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The bone scan (BS) is widely used in follow-up to detect bone metastasis (BM) in breast cancer (BC) patients presenting bone-related symptoms after surgery. However, it remains controversial whether asymptomatic BS (intensive postoperative BS) screening could be translated into a survival benefit. Therefore, we conducted this multicenter real-world study to understand the prognostic impact of intensive postoperative BS screening among 1059 Chinese patients with BM during the years 2005–2013. This study showed that intensive postoperative BS screening was an independent prognostic factor and prolonged the survival in patients with BC with BM. The prognostic value of intensive BS screening was consistently favorable for survival in patients at clinical high-risk. These findings suggested that intensive BS screening was important for improving survival, and should be recommended for postoperative surveillance, especially for patients with a high risk of recurrence and metastasis. The prognostic value of intensive postoperative bone scan (BS) screening, which is performed in asymptomatic patients with breast cancer (BC) after surgery, remained unclear. Patients diagnosed with BC with bone metastasis (BM) from five medical centers in China during the years 2005–2013 were retrospectively collected. Propensity score matching (PSM) was performed to balance the baseline characteristics. The survival outcomes were overall survival (OS) and overall survival after BM (OSABM). Among 1059 eligible patients, 304 underwent intensive postoperative BS while 755 did not. During a median follow-up of 6.67 years (95%CI 6.45, 7.21), intensive postoperative BS prolonged the median OS by 1.63 years (Log-Rank p = 0.006) and OSABM by 0.66 years (Log-Rank p = 0.002). Intensive postoperative BS was an independent prognostic factor for both OS (adjusted HR 0.77, 95%CI 0.64, 0.93, adjusted p = 0.006) and OSABM (adjusted HR 0.71, 95%CI 0.60, 0.86, adjusted p < 0.001). The prognostic value of intensive postoperative BS was consistently favorable for OS among clinical high-risk patients, including those with ages younger than 50, stage II, histology grade G3 and ER-Her2- subtype. This multicenter real-world study showed that intensive postoperative BS screening improved survival for BC patients with BM and should probably be recommended for postoperative surveillance, especially for patients at clinical high-risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferromanganese nodules (Fe‐Mn nodules) are considered as potential sources of in‐demand metals (such as manganese, cobalt, nickel, copper, and rare‐earth elements) that are used in high‐technology industries. The resource potential of Mn nodules in the world ocean remains uncertain due to technological and financial challenges. Here we propose an effective tracer: the natural radioactive radon isotope (222Rn) to assess the abundance of Fe‐Mn nodules on the sea floor. Significant linear relationships were observed between benthic excess 222Rn fluxes and concentrations with Fe‐Mn nodule occurrence and coverage on the global seafloor. Benthic excess 222Rn flux >107 dpm/m2/yr or bottom water 222Rn concentrations >2,000 dpm/m3 indicate the possibility of Fe‐Mn nodules occurrence at >80% and seabed coverage of >25%. Our results indicate radon, relatively easy to measure, could serve as a novel and efficient tool for targeting Fe‐Mn nodule resources in the global abyssal ocean. Plain Language Summary: Ferromanganese nodules (Fe‐Mn nodules) are source of critical and rare metal for high technology industries. They are found on the abyssal plains of the deep oceans, but their abundance distributions are not well known. Here we proposed a more efficient method to locate Fe‐Mn nodule deposits and asses abundance of Fe‐Mn nodule field by measuring bottom water 222Rn. Bottom water 222Rn was mapped globally and found to overlap well with the distribution of the Fe‐Mn nodules. Benthic excess 222Rn flux and concentration were linearly increased with the probability and ocean floor coverage of Fe‐Mn nodules occurrence. Other processes, including molecular diffusion, biological activity, and deep ocean currents are not sufficient to support the measured near bottom 222Rn. This method is time‐saving and cost‐effective, most importantly, occurrence and abundance of the Fe‐Mn nodules can be quantitatively estimated via benthic ex222Rn flux or bottom water 222Rn activity. Key Points: A significant positive linear relationship was found between the probability of Mn nodule occurrence and the benthic ex222Rn flux (r = 0.95)Benthic ex222Rn flux was linearly correlated with the percentage of the ocean floor coverage by Fe‐Mn nodules (r = 0.93)Surplus of ex222Rn flux can be a robust monitor to pinpoint locations and assess abundance of Fe‐Mn fields in the global deep ocean [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scyphozoan jellyfish outbreak events are drawing increasing attentions during the past decade. Elemental compositions of statoliths are helpful to understand jellyfish life history and blooming mechanisms, but very rare endeavor has been focused on the Scyphozoan class. In this work, we explored the feasibility of element analysis of Aurelia aurita (a representative Scyphozoan jellyfish outbreak species in China) which may be used as proxies of environment parameters during jellyfish living and moving. Statolith crystals of Aurelia aurita were found to be a gathering of hexahedron type trigonal needle with size of 10–50 µm long, and 5–10 µm in diameter. By using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) downhole profiling method, elements such as Ca, Sr, Mg, Na and P were found to be above the limit of detection and limit of quantification. The epidermis of statocyst could significantly impact the element analyses, so the real statolith element signal section needs to be selected based on elements and Ca profiles together with care. By laser ablated a signal spot repeatedly, the analytical uncertainty was about 3%–4% for Sr/Ca content ratio and Mg/Ca content ratio, but above 10% for other element/Ca content ratios (n=3). Based on the analysis of statolith from temperature-control cultured jellyfish, Sr/Ca content ratios among different statoliths of the same jellyfish were about 6% (n=14), demonstrating biological processes/vital effects causing small variations compared with analytical uncertainties. Therefore, Sr/Ca content ratios may be used as a potential proxy to reveal the living environment variations the Scyphozoan jellyfish has experienced, such as temperature history, which is helpful to understand jellyfish bloom mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patients with hormone receptor (HR)-positive tumors breast cancer usually experience a relatively low pathological complete response (pCR) to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). Here, we derived a 10-microRNA risk score (10-miRNA RS)-based model with better performance in the prediction of pCR and validated its relation with the disease-free survival (DFS) in 755 HR-positive breast cancer patients (273, 265, and 217 in the training, internal, and external validation sets, respectively). This model, presented as a nomogram, included four parameters: the 10-miRNA RS found in our previous study, progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status, and volume transfer constant (Ktrans). Favorable calibration and discrimination of 10-miRNA RS-based model with areas under the curve (AUC) of 0.865, 0.811, and 0.804 were shown in the training, internal, and external validation sets, respectively. Patients who have higher nomogram score (>92.2) with NAC treatment would have longer DFS (hazard ratio=0.57; 95%CI: 0.39–0.83; P=0.004). In summary, our data showed the 10-miRNA RS-based model could precisely identify more patients who can attain pCR to NAC, which may help clinicians formulate the personalized initial treatment strategy and consequently achieves better clinical prognosis for patients with HR-positive breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide but its etiology remains unclear. Obesity is recognized as a risk factor for BC, and many obesity-related genes may be involved in its occurrence and development. Research assessing the complex genetic mechanisms of BC should not only consider the effect of a single gene on the disease, but also focus on the interaction between genes. This study sought to construct a gene interaction network to identify potential pathogenic BC genes.Methods: The study included 953 BC patients and 963 control individuals. Chi-square analysis was used to assess the correlation between demographic characteristics and BC. The joint density-based non-parametric differential interaction network analysis and classification (JDINAC) was used to build a BC gene interaction network using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of hub gene SNPs were evaluated using a logistic regression model. To assess reliability, the hub genes were quantified by edgeR program using BC RNA-seq data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and identical edges were verified by logistic regression using UK Biobank datasets. Go and KEGG enrichment analysis were used to explore the biological functions of interactive genes.Results: Body mass index (BMI) and menopause are important risk factors for BC. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, the BC gene interaction network was identified using JDINAC. LEP, LEPR, XRCC6, and RETN were identified as hub genes and both hub genes and edges were verified. LEPR genetic polymorphisms (rs1137101 and rs4655555) were also significantly associated with BC. Enrichment analysis showed that the identified genes were mainly involved in energy regulation and fat-related signaling pathways.Conclusion: We explored the interaction network of genes derived from SNP data in BC progression. Gene interaction networks provide new insight into the underlying mechanisms of BC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: For estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer, neoadjuvant endocrine therapy (NET) has been shown to be as effective as neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT). We evaluated the prognostic significance of Preoperative Endocrine Prognostic Index (PEPI). Methods: We conducted a prospective, multi-center, non-randomized, controlled trial that enrolled postmenopausal early-stage strongly ER-positive (≥ 50%) and HER2-negative breast cancer patients. All patients were given 4-month NET before surgery. The primary objective was to investigate the 5-year recurrence-free survival (RFS) in patients who had PEPI 0–1 or pathological complete response (pCR) without chemotherapy. Patients who had PEPI 0–1 or pCR were recommended to receive adjuvant endocrine therapy only and patients had PEPI ≥ 2 may receive adjuvant chemotherapy at the discretion of the treating physician. Results: A total of 410 patients were included and 352 patients constituted the per-protocol population. Overall, 9 patients (2.5%) had pCR (ypT0/is ypN0), 128 patients (36.4%) had PEPI = 0, and 56 patients (15.9%) had PEPI = 1. After a median follow-up of 60 months (4–104 months), patients who had PEPI 0–1 or pCR showed an improved 5-year RFS [99.5% (95% CI 98.5–99.9%) for PEPI 0–1 or pCR group vs. 93.7% (95% CI 89.6–97.8%) for PEPI ≥ 2 group, P = 0.028]. No survival difference was detected between patients received adjuvant chemotherapy vs. no chemotherapy among PEPI ≥ 2 cases. Conclusion: PEPI 0–1 or pCR may be used to define a group of ER-positive and HER2-negative postmenopausal early breast cancer patients with low relapse risk for whom adjuvant chemotherapy can be safely withheld. Studies on the identification and alternative treatment options for endocrine-resistant tumors are warranted. Clinical trial registration: NCT01613560. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-cost carbon sources are not economical or sustainable for the heterotrophic culture of Chlorella vulgaris. In order to reduce the cost, this study used sweet sorghum extract (SE) and its enzymatic hydrolysate (HSE) as alternative carbon sources for the heterotrophic culture of Chlorella vulgaris. Under the premise of the same total carbon concentration, the value-added product production performance of Chlorella vulgaris cultured in HSE (supplemented with nitrogen sources and minerals) was much better than that in the glucose medium. The conversion rate of the total organic carbon and the utilization rate of the total nitrogen were both improved in the HSE system. The biomass production and productivity using HSE reached 2.51 g/L and 0.42 g/L/d, respectively. The production of proteins and lipids using HSE reached 1.17 and 0.35 g/L, respectively, and the production of chlorophyll-a, carotenoid, and lutein using HSE reached 30.42, 10.99, and 0.88 mg/L, respectively. The medium cost using HSE decreased by 69.61% compared to glucose. This study proves the feasibility and practicability of using HSE as a carbon source for the low-cost heterotrophic culture of Chlorella vulgaris. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We evaluated the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of a single subcutaneous dose of romosozumab 210 mg, a monoclonal antibody against sclerostin, in an open‐label, parallel‐group study in participants with severe (stage 4) renal impairment (RI; n = 8) or end‐stage renal disease requiring hemodialysis (ESRD‐RH; n = 8), or healthy participants with normal renal function (n = 8). Compared with the group with normal renal function, the mean romosozumab exposure was 31% and 43% higher as measured by maximum observed serum concentration and area under the concentration‐time curve, respectively, in the severe RI group and similar to those in the ESRD‐RH group. For all 3 groups, the maximum mean percent increase in procollagen type 1 N terminal propeptide and decrease in serum C‐telopeptide levels from baseline were observed on day 15. Changes in procollagen type 1 N terminal propeptide and serum C‐telopeptide were of similar patterns in all 3 groups. The single dose of romosozumab 210 mg was well tolerated. Adverse events (AEs) were reported for 13 patients (7 patients with severe RI and 6 with ESRD‐RH), with no deaths, AEs, or serious AEs leading to withdrawal. The incidence of subjects with postbaseline transient decreases in serum calcium (severe RI, n = 1; ESRD‐RH, n = 5) and increases in intact parathyroid hormone (severe RI, n = 7; ESRD‐RH, n = 7; healthy, n = 3) were greater in severe RI and ESRD‐RH groups than in the healthy group. All reported events of hypocalcemia (severe RI, n = 1; ESRD‐RH, n = 4) were asymptomatic. These results support the use of romosozumab without dose adjustment in patients with severe RI or ESRD‐RH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sediment-water interface in the coastal ocean is a highly dynamic zone controlling biogeochemical fluxes of greenhouse gases, nutrients, and metals. Processes in the sediment mixed layer (SML) control the transfer and reactivity of both particulate and dissolved matter in coastal interfaces. Here we map the global distribution of the coastal SML based on excess 210Pb (210Pbex) profiles and then use a neural network model to upscale these observations. We show that highly dynamic regions such as large estuaries have thicker SMLs than most oceanic sediments. Organic carbon preservation and SMLs are inversely related as mixing stimulates oxidation in sediments which enhances organic matter decomposition. Sites with SML thickness >60 cm usually have lower organic carbon accumulation rates (<50 g C m−2 yr−1) and total organic carbon/specific surface area ratios (<0.4 mg m−2). Our global scale observations reveal that reworking can accelerate organic matter degradation and reduce carbon storage in coastal sediments. The authors map the global distribution of the mixed layer in coastal ocean sediments, based on a neural network model. These observations reveal that mixing can accelerate organic matter degradation and reduce carbon storage in the coastal ocean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) plays a critical role in the spread of antibiotic resistance and the evolutionary shaping of bacterial communities. Conjugation is the most well characterized pathway for the spread of antibiotic resistance, compared to transformation and transduction. While antibiotics have been found to induce HGT, it remains unknown whether non-antibiotic pharmaceuticals can facilitate conjugation at a microbial community-wide level. Results: In this study, we demonstrate that several commonly consumed non-antibiotic pharmaceuticals (including carbamazepine, ibuprofen, naproxen and propranolol), at environmentally relevant concentrations (0.5 mg/L), can promote the conjugative transfer of IncP1-α plasmid-borne antibiotic resistance across entire microbial communities. The over-generation of reactive oxygen species in response to these non-antibiotic pharmaceuticals may contribute to the enhanced conjugation ratios. Cell sorting and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing analyses indicated that non-antibiotic pharmaceuticals modulate transconjugant microbial communities at both phylum and genus levels. Moreover, microbial uptake ability of the IncP1-α plasmid was also upregulated under non-antibiotic pharmaceutical exposure. Several opportunistic pathogens, such as Acinetobacter and Legionella, were more likely to acquire the plasmid conferring multidrug resistance. Conclusions: Considering the high possibility of co-occurrence of pathogenic bacteria, conjugative IncP1-α plasmids and non-antibiotic pharmaceuticals in various environments (e.g., activated sludge systems), our findings illustrate the potential risk associated with increased dissemination of antibiotic resistance promoted by non-antibiotic pharmaceuticals in complex environmental settings. A5CekS1hSG7sRJ8ebfxUwd Video abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) plays a critical role in the spread of antibiotic resistance and the evolutionary shaping of bacterial communities. Conjugation is the most well characterized pathway for the spread of antibiotic resistance, compared to transformation and transduction. While antibiotics have been found to induce HGT, it remains unknown whether non-antibiotic pharmaceuticals can facilitate conjugation at a microbial community-wide level. Results: In this study, we demonstrate that several commonly consumed non-antibiotic pharmaceuticals (including carbamazepine, ibuprofen, naproxen and propranolol), at environmentally relevant concentrations (0.5 mg/L), can promote the conjugative transfer of IncP1-α plasmid-borne antibiotic resistance across entire microbial communities. The over-generation of reactive oxygen species in response to these non-antibiotic pharmaceuticals may contribute to the enhanced conjugation ratios. Cell sorting and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing analyses indicated that non-antibiotic pharmaceuticals modulate transconjugant microbial communities at both phylum and genus levels. Moreover, microbial uptake ability of the IncP1-α plasmid was also upregulated under non-antibiotic pharmaceutical exposure. Several opportunistic pathogens, such as Acinetobacter and Legionella, were more likely to acquire the plasmid conferring multidrug resistance. Conclusions: Considering the high possibility of co-occurrence of pathogenic bacteria, conjugative IncP1-α plasmids and non-antibiotic pharmaceuticals in various environments (e.g., activated sludge systems), our findings illustrate the potential risk associated with increased dissemination of antibiotic resistance promoted by non-antibiotic pharmaceuticals in complex environmental settings. A5CekS1hSG7sRJ8ebfxUwd Video abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patients with osteoporosis and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at increased risk of fracture and associated negative outcomes, including increased mortality. The present post hoc analysis of two randomized, multicenter, phase 3 clinical trials—Fracture Study in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis (FRAME) and Active‐Controlled Fracture Study in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis at High Risk (ARCH)—investigated the efficacy and safety of romosozumab in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and mild‐to‐moderate CKD. The analysis included data from 7147 patients from FRAME and 4077 from ARCH. Eighty‐one percent of patients from FRAME and 85% from ARCH had mild or moderate reduction in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at baseline, and part of this reduction is likely age related. During the 1‐year double‐blind phases of the trials, patients received romosozumab 210 mg sc or placebo monthly in FRAME and romosozumab 210 mg sc monthly or alendronate 70 mg po weekly in ARCH. Bone mineral density (BMD) at the lumbar spine, total hip, and femoral neck and vertebral and nonvertebral fractures were assessed at baseline and month 12. In both trials, the least‐square mean percent change from baseline BMD was significantly greater in the romosozumab groups versus controls across all kidney function categories at month 12. Romosozumab reduced the relative risk of new vertebral fractures at month 12 among patients with eGFR of 30–59, 60–89, and ≥90 mL/min by 72% (95% confidence interval [CI] 14–91; p = 0.017), 70% (40–85; p < 0.001), and 84% (30–96; p = 0.005), respectively, in FRAME versus placebo, and by 51% (5–75; p = 0.04), 19% (−28 to 49; p = 0.39), and 57% (1–81, p = 0.04), respectively, in ARCH versus alendronate. Incidences of adverse events, asymptomatic decreases in serum calcium, and evolution of kidney function during the studies were similar across all baseline kidney function groups. Romosozumab is an effective treatment option for postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and mild‐to‐moderate reduction in kidney function, with a similar safety profile across different levels of kidney function. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radium isotopes are powerful proxies in oceanography and hydrology. Radium mass balance models, including assessments of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD), often overlook particle scavenging (PS) as a pathway for dissolved radium removal from the world ocean. Here, we build a global ocean 226Ra mass balance model and reevaluate the potential importance of PS. We find that PS is the major 226Ra sink for the upper ocean, removing about 96% of the total input from various sources. Aside from vertical exchange with the lower ocean, SGD is the largest 226Ra source into the upper ocean. The biological pump transfers particles to the deep ocean, resulting in a major but often overlooked impact on the global 226Ra marine budget. Our findings suggest that radium mass balance models should consider PS in systems with high siliceous algae production and export fluxes and long water residence times to prevent underestimation of large‐scale SGD fluxes. Plain Language Summary: Radium is a very powerful tracer for many oceanographic processes. A common assumption in radium investigations is that incorporation into particles plays a negligible role in mass balances. Contrary to this assumption, we found that particle scavenging related to the so‐called "biological pump" is the largest sink for 226Ra in the global ocean, and that submarine groundwater discharge is the largest terrestrial input. Particle scavenging can be even more important in highly productive coastal systems with long water residence times and high particle burial efficiencies. Particle scavenging, which has been overlooked in many mass balance calculations, may be important for 226Ra and 228Ra budgets from local to global scales. Key Points: Particle scavenging is the major 226Ra sink for the upper ocean, removing about 96% of the total input from various sourcesSubmarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is the largest terrestrial 226Ra source into the upper ocean, followed by river input and sediment diffusionParticle scavenging can be important in coastal oceans with high primary production and particle burial efficiencies [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lurasidone is an atypical anti-psychotic approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. It is mainly used to treat schizophrenia in adults through its antagonistic action on dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors. The present study systematically assessed the efficacy and safety of lurasidone in the treatment of schizophrenia. Clinical, double-blind, parallel, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of lurasidone in the treatment of schizophrenia were retrieved from PubMed\Medline, EBSCO, Embase, Cochrane Library, OVID, Web of Science and related clinical trial registration websites up to May 2023. A total of two investigators independently screened the included references and evaluated their quality. RevMan 5.3 software was used for meta-analysis of each measure outcome. The present systematic review was registered in PROSPERO (ID=CRD42018108178). A total of eight RCTs were included in the present study, including a total of 2,456 patients with schizophrenia. All eight references were randomized, double-blind and parallel control trials. All eight references were evaluated as high quality. The meta-analysis results demonstrated that there were no significant change in total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) score, Clinical Global Impression of Severity (CGI-S) score and Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) between the 40 mg lurasidone group and the placebo group (P>0.05). However, as the dosage increased, the 80, 120 and 160 mg lurasidone groups had significant changes in total PANSS score, CGI-S score and MADRS Compared with placebo (P<0.05), although changes in MADRS in the 120 mg lurasidone group were not statistically significant (P>0.05). In terms of safety, the changes in the incidence of agitation in the 40 mg lurasidone group (P<0.05), vomiting in the 80 mg group (P<0.05) and akathisia in the 160 mg group (P<0.05) were statistically significant and there were also statistically significant changes in the incidence of akathisia, nausea, somnolence and extrapyramidal disorder among the 40, 80 and 120 mg lurasidone groups (P<0.05); No statistically significant changes in the in the incidence of other adverse reactions (P>0.05). In conclusion, existing evidence suggests that the initial dose of lurasidone for schizophrenia can be adjusted to 80 mg. As the condition aggravates, the dose can be incrementally increased to 160 mg. A dose of 160 mg lurasidone is recommended as the most efficacious and safe dose for acute schizophrenia and the risk of occurrence of akathisia, nausea, somnolence and extrapyramidal disorder is still high when lurasidone is administered at a dose of 80-120 mg. The dose should be promptly adjusted or the drug should be withdrawn if the aforementioned adverse reactions worsen. Multi-center, high-quality and long-term clinical RCTs influenced by the included references are still necessary to support the aforementioned conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical education is an important part of higher education. Carrying out physical education teaching in accordance with national standards and carrying out physical fitness tests on a regular basis are the key tasks of physical education teaching. The existing problems are that the college sports curriculum is single, the evaluation standard of the sports curriculum is not unified, the timeliness and guiding significance of the physical education management system are low, and so on. The above problems make it difficult for students to correctly measure their physical health, and teachers have a heavy workload to guide students scientifically through complex data. This paper attempts to design and implement a more timely and readable college students' physical fitness analysis system. And through data mining technology, we can mine the relevant information hidden in the data to help teachers provide more scientific and effective guidance and suggestions for students. Based on the design of the intelligent control model of athlete training plan based on big data analysis, this paper conducts simulation experiments by using environmental simulation. A training plan to solve the problem of large data fluctuations in the data classification trend is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of the high heterogeneity of breast cancer outcome, identification of novel prognostic biomarkers is critical to improve patient stratification and guide precise treatment. We examined the prognostic value of gamma‐interferon‐inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (GILT) expression in a training set of 416 breast cancer patients and a validation set of 210 patients, and performed functional studies to investigate the functions and underlying mechanisms of GILT on breast cancer prognosis. Our results indicated that high GILT expression in breast cancer cells was associated with improved disease‐free survival (DFS; hazard ratio [HR] = 0.189, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.099‐0.361) and breast cancer‐specific survival (BCSS; HR = 0.187, 95% CI: 0.080‐0.437) of breast cancer patients both in the training set and the external validation set (HR = 0.453, 95% CI: 0.235‐0.873 for DFS, HR = 0.488, 95% CI: 0.245‐0.970 for BCSS). In vitro and in vivo studies showed that GILT overexpression inhibited breast cancer cells proliferation, invasion, migration and tumor formation in nude mice and increased sensitivity of breast cancer cells to standard treatment. Proteomics analysis indicated that GILT inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) and autophagy activation in breast cancer cells, and GILT overexpression‐mediated tumor growth was further enhanced in the presence of autophagy or ROS inhibitors. Our results demonstrate that GILT expression can be effectively used to predict the prognosis and guide treatment strategies of breast cancer patients. What's new? Because of the complexity and heterogeneity of breast tumours, the current prognostic markers have a limited prediction power. This retrospective observational study showed that high expression of the reductase GILT was associated with improved outcomes in a training set of 416 breast cancer patients and an independent validation set of 210 patients. GILT overexpression inhibited breast cancer cell proliferation, motility, and tumour formation in nude mice and increased breast cancer cell sensitivity to treatment by suppressing reactive oxygen species and autophagy. The results identified GILT as a novel prognostic biomarker that can effectively predict the prognosis of breast cancer patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Face recognition is a relatively mature technology, which has some applications in many aspects, and now there are many networks studying it, which has indeed brought a lot of convenience to mankind in all aspects. This paper proposes a new face recognition technology. First, a new GoogLeNet-M network is proposed, which improves network performance on the basis of streamlining the network. Secondly, regularization and migration learning methods are added to improve accuracy. The experimental results show that the GoogLeNet-M network with regularization using migration learning technology has the best performance, with a recall rate of 0.97 and an accuracy of 0.98. Finally, it is concluded that the performance of the GoogLeNet-M network is better than other networks on the dataset, and the migration learning method and regularization help to improve the network performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Previous studies have suggested that reproductive factors are associated with breast cancer risk. Breast cancer subtypes have distinct natural characteristics and may also have unique risk profiles. The purpose of this study was to determine whether reproductive factors affect the risk of breast cancer by estrogen receptor (ER)/progesterone receptor (PR) and HER2 status. Methods A multicenter, case-control study was conducted. There were 1170 breast cancer patients and 1170 age- and hospital-matched females included in the analysis. Self-reported data were collected about lifestyle behaviors, including reproductive factors. Breast cancer cases were categorized subtypes according to ER, PR, and HER2 expression as HR- positive, HER2-enriched, and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). Multivariable logistic regression models were used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results Having ≤1 child increased risk of HR-positive breast cancer (OR 1.882; 95%CI 1.29-2.74), especially in the premenopausal group (OR 2.212; 95%CI 1.23-3.99). Compared with women who first gave birth after age 30 years, earlier age at first birth decreased the risk of HR-positive breast cancer (≤23 years: OR 0.209; 95%CI 0.14-0.30; 24-29 years: OR 0.256; 95%CI 0.18-0.36; P <.001). Compared with those who had an average breastfed/birth period of more than 2 years, those with an average period less than 6 months had an elevated risk of all subtypes (HR positive: OR 2.690; 95%CI 1.71-4.16, P <.001; HER2-enriched: OR 3.779; 95%CI, 1.62-8.79, P =.001; TNBC: OR 2.564; 95%CI 1.11-5.94, P =.022). For postmenopausal patients, shorter period of lifetime menstrual cycles (≤30 years) had an obviously decreased risk in HR-positive cases (OR 0.397; 95%CI 0.22-0.71), while there was no similar appearance in other molecular subtypes. Conclusion The results suggest that reproductive behaviors affect risk of breast cancer differently according to ER/PR and HER2 status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An appropriate proxy could help to better understand dissolved oxygen variations in the past, helping to predict potential outcomes of future environmental changes. In the Changjiang Estuary (China), the foraminifer Cribrononion subincertum (C. subincertum) shows a distinct population maximum in the topmost sediment, an indication of an epifaunal species. Therefore, the geochemical composition of C. subincertum tests could record changes in the region's bottom water chemistry. Our results showed that Mn/Ca ratios in tests of living (Rose‐Bengal stained) C. subincertum analyzed by LA‐ICP‐MS were responsive to variations of bottom water dissolved oxygen concentrations, with average foraminiferal Mn/Ca ratios three times higher during low‐oxygen period than in winter. In the uppermost centimeters of sediment, wider ranges of foraminiferal Mn/Ca occurred in summer compared to winter ranges. Our results imply that this epifaunal benthic foraminiferal species could serve as a useful benthic monitor with the Mn/Ca ratios representing a reliable proxy of hypoxia in the past. Plain Language Summary: We explored how different dissolved oxygen contents impacts the geochemical composition of benthic foraminiferal shells (tests) in a dynamic coastal setting. We collected sediment samples and identified living (Rose Bengal stained) foraminifera from the Changjiang (Yangtze) Estuary, one of the largest seasonally hypoxic (low oxygen) zones in the world. Sampling at 1‐cm intervals revealed Cribrononion subincertum predominantly inhabits the surface sediments in this area. Mn/Ca ratios in living tests of this benthic foraminifer were measured via laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS). As expected, Mn/Ca ratios responded to changing Mn in the bottom waters which itself is correlated to DO levels. Our results imply that this epifaunal benthic foraminiferal species could serve as a useful benthic monitor with the Mn/Ca ratios representing a reliable proxy of hypoxia in the past. Key Points: The microhabitat of Cribrononion subincertum was found to be epifaunal in the Changjiang EstuaryCribrononion subincertum Mn/Ca ratios were responsive to variations of bottom water dissolved oxygenEpifaunal benthic foraminifera can be a robust monitor for coastal hypoxia; more species need to be similarly studied [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]