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Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are secretory proteins belonging to the transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) superfamily. These proteins play important roles in embryogenesis, bone morphogenesis, blood vessel remodeling and the development of various organs. In recent years, as research has progressed, BMPs have been found to be closely related to cardiovascular diseases, especially atherosclerosis, vascular calcification, cardiac remodeling, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). In this review, we summarized the potential roles and related mechanisms of the BMP family in the cardiovascular system and focused on atherosclerosis and PAH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the impact of institutions on regional financial development using a panel data model of 11 East Asian countries during 1996-2017. It divides the institutional factors into six economic factors and six legalpolitical factors. The analysis demonstrates that the legalpolitical institutional factors have a stronger impact on financial development than the economic institutional factors in East Asia. Improvement in institutional quality such as fiscal freedom, business freedom, control of corruption, government effectiveness, regulatory quality and rule of law can promote financial development. Improvements of these institutional factors facilitate the ability of enterprises to allocate resources and improve the strength of business operations, thereby reducing transaction costs and making the financial operating environment fairer and more efficient. With the improvement of institutional factors, financial development will have more opportunities to develop better. Institutional impacts are more pronounced in the financial development in Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines and Myanmar than in the other countries such as China, Japan, Korea and Singapore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]