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Clinically mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with a reversible splenial lesion is a clinicoradiological syndrome characterized by transient neuropsychiatric symptoms and hyperintensity of the splenium of the corpus callosum on diffusion-weighted MRI. Although intramyelinic edema and inflammatory cell infiltration can be predicted by MRI, the pathology of the splenium of the corpus callosum remains unknown. We encountered a case of clinically mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with a reversible splenial lesion and hypoglycemia in a patient who died of sepsis, and an autopsy was performed. The postmortem pathological findings included intramyelinic edema, myelin pallor, loss of fibrous astrocytes, microglial reactions, and minimal lymphocytic infiltration in the parenchyma. Based on these findings, transient demyelination following cytotoxic edema in the splenium of corpus callosum was strongly considered a pathogenesis of "clinically mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with a reversible splenial lesion" associated with hypoglycemia, and it could be generalized for the disease associated with the other causes. As cytotoxic edema could be the central pathology of the disease, the recently proposed term cytotoxic lesions of the corpus callosum may be applicable to this syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Few studies have examined motor function in determining the suitability of patients with stroke to resume driving a car. Patients with hemiplegia usually control car pedals with the unaffected lower limb. However, motor control on the unaffected side is also impaired in patients with stroke. This study aimed to clarify the neurophysiological characteristics of pedal switching control during emergency braking in patients with hemiplegia. Methods: The study participants consisted of 10 drivers with left hemiplegia and 10 age-matched healthy drivers. An experimental pedal was used to measure muscle activity and kinematic data during braking, triggered by the light from a light-emitting diode placed in front of the drivers. Results: The patient group took the same reaction time as the healthy group. However, from the visual stimulus to the release of the accelerator pedal, the patient group had higher muscle activity in the tibialis anterior and rectus femoris and had faster angular velocities of hip and knee flexion than the healthy group. In addition, the patient group had higher co-contraction activities between flexors and extensors. From the accelerator pedal release to brake contact, the patient group had slower angular velocities of hip adduction, internal rotation, ankle dorsiflexion, internal return, and internal rotation than the healthy group. Conclusions: Patients with hemiplegia exhibited poor control of pedal switching using their unaffected side throughout the pedal-switching task. These results indicate that the safety related to car-pedal control should be carefully evaluated while deciding whether a patient can resume driving a car after a stroke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 67-year-old woman was hospitalized for rehabilitation from the after effects of a traumatic brain injury. In addition to memory impairment, attention disorder, and executive dysfunction, she experienced musical hallucinations. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed cerebral contusion in the bilateral temporal lobes and the left frontal lobe. Case reports of musical hallucinations caused by traumatic brain injury are extremely rare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]