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The primary role of the parathyroid glands is to maintain calcium homeostasis through the secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH). The limited proliferative capacity and differentiation of parathyroid cells hinder the generation of cell therapy options. In this study, parathyroid organoids are successfully generated from human‐induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). At the end of the 20 days of differentiation, the parathyroid organoids exhibited distinct parathyroid morphology. Stereomicroscope, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis demonstrated the 3D arrangement of the cell layers in which intracellular structures of parathyroid cells resemble human parathyroid cellular morphology. Comprehensive molecular analyses, including RNA sequencing (RNA‐Seq) and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS), confirmed the expression of key parathyroid‐related markers. Protein expression of CasR, CxCr4, Gcm2, and PTH are observed in parathyroid organoids. Parathyroid organoids secrete PTH, demonstrate active intercellular calcium signaling, and induce osteogenic differentiation via their secretome. The tissue integration potential of parathyroid organoids is determined by transplantation into parathyroidectomized rats. The organoid transplanted animals showed significant elevations in PTH‐related markers (CasR, CxCr4, Foxn1, Gcm2, and PTH). PTH secretion is detected in organoid‐transplanted animals. The findings represent a significant advancement in parathyroid organoid culture and may offer a cellular therapy for treating PTH‐related diseases, including hypoparathyroidism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archives of the Turkish Society of Cardiology / Türk Kardiyoloji Derneği Arşivi is the property of KARE Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archives of the Turkish Society of Cardiology / Türk Kardiyoloji Derneği Arşivi is the property of KARE Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Silver is a non‐essential metal used in medical applications as an antimicrobial agent, but it is also toxic for biological systems. To investigate the molecular basis of silver resistance in yeast, we employed evolutionary engineering using successive batch cultures at gradually increased silver stress levels up to 0.25‐mM AgNO3 in 29 populations and obtained highly silver‐resistant and genetically stable Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. Cross‐resistance analysis results indicated that the silver‐resistant mutants also gained resistance against copper and oxidative stress. Growth physiological analysis results revealed that the highly silver‐resistant evolved strain 2E was not significantly inhibited by silver stress, unlike the reference strain. Genomic and transcriptomic analysis results revealed that there were mutations and/or significant changes in the expression levels of the genes involved in cell wall integrity, cellular respiration, oxidative metabolism, copper homeostasis, endocytosis and vesicular transport activities. Particularly the missense mutation in the RLM1 gene encoding a transcription factor involved in the maintenance of cell wall integrity and with 707 potential gene targets might have a key role in the high silver resistance of 2E, along with its improved cell wall integrity, as confirmed by the lyticase sensitivity assay results. In conclusion, the comparative physiological, transcriptomic and genomic analysis results of the silver‐resistant S. cerevisiae strain revealed potential key factors that will help understand the complex molecular mechanisms of silver resistance in yeast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]