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Designing a novel and highly selective photocatalyst for CO2 photoreduction is of great significance but remains challenging due to problems such as the high recombination rate of photogenerated carriers and the weak reactivity of photocatalyst surfaces. Herein, a dual-defective S-scheme heterostructure of BiOCl with oxygen vacancies and CdS with sulfur vacancies (OV-B/SV-C) was constructed by a two-step solvothermal method. The as-prepared dual-defective composite not only exhibits the maximum CO evolution rate of 272 μL g−1 h−1 without any hole-sacrificing agents and high selectivity for CO evolution (97%), but also shows an excellent Cr(VI) photoreduction performance within 60 s. Experimental characterization and DFT results indicate that dual-defective introduction can not only stabilize *COOH intermediates but also decrease the energy barrier of intermediates during the CO2 photoreduction process. In the meantime, forming an S-scheme greatly accelerates the charge transfer between OV-B and SV-C and maintains strong redox capacities for the CO2 photoreduction reaction. The high selectivity and activity of the dual-defective OV-B/SV-C sample mainly originate from the introduction of oxygen and sulfur vacancies in the CdS/BiOCl and construction of the S-scheme heterostructure. This work paves a promising way for tuning photocatalytic activities and selectivities by constructing a dual-defective S-scheme heterostructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both copper (Cu2+/+) and iodine (I−) are essential elements in all living organisms. Increasing the intracellular concentrations of Cu or I ions may efficiently inhibit tumor growth. However, efficient delivery of Cu and I ions into tumor cells is still a challenge, as Cu chelation and iodide salts are highly water-soluble and can release in untargeted tissue. Here we report mitochondria-targeted Cu-I cluster nanoparticles using the reaction of Cu+ and I− to form stable bovine serum albumin (BSA) radiation-induced phosphors (Cu-I@BSA). These solve the stability issues of Cu+ and I− ions. Cu-I@BSA exhibit bright radioluminescence, and easily conjugate with the emission-matched photosensitizer and targeting molecule using functional groups on the surface of BSA. Investigations in vitro and in vivo demonstrate that radioluminescence under low-dose X-ray irradiation excites the conjugated photosensitizer to generate singlet oxygen, and combines with the radiosensitization mechanism of the heavy atom of iodine, resulting in efficient tumor inhibition in female mice. Furthermore, our study reveals that BSA protection causes the biodegradable Cu-I clusters to release free Cu and I ions and induce cell death by modulating mitochondrial function, damaging DNA, disrupting the tricarboxylic acid cycle, decreasing ATP generation, amplifying oxidative stress, and boosting the Bcl-2 pathway. Efficient delivery of copper and iodine ions into tumor cells is promising for boosting the antitumor effect but elusive. Here the authors report a mitochondrial-targeted copper-iodide nanoparticles for the cancer treatment in which copper and iodide ions induce cell death by modulating mitochondrial functions under low-dose Xray irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Breast and cervical cancer are the most common cancers in women, and are associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Cancer screening can facilitate early diagnosis, reduce mortality, and ease the burden of cancer. Social support and self-efficacy are strongly associated with cancer screening behavior. The present study aimed to explore the mediating effect of self-efficacy on social support and cancer screening behavior. Methods: In this cross-sectional survey study conducted from June to October 2023, 312 women aged 35–65 years were recruited from the East Coast area of China. A general information questionnaire, cancer screening behavior questionnaire, social support scale and self-efficacy scale were used to collect data. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the general characteristics of participants; one-way analysis of variance was used to test for differences in the measured variables; and Pearson's correlation analyses were used to describe the relationship among social support, self-efficacy, and cancer screening behavior. A mediation model was constructed and analyzed using the PROCESS macro for SPSS. Results: The mean (standard deviation) screening behavior score for breast cancer and cervical cancer was 3.98 (2.79), representing an intermediate level. Self-efficacy was closely related to social support and cancer screening behavior. Social support showed a significant positive correlation with self-efficacy (r = 0.37, p < 0.01) and cancer screening behavior (r = 0.18, p < 0.01). Self-efficacy was also significantly positively correlated with cancer screening behavior (r = 0.19, p < 0.05). Self-efficacy showed a full mediating effect between social support and cancer screening behavior, with an explanatory power of 32%. Conclusions: The findings emphasize the need to increase women's level of social support and self-efficacy, which in turn can increase women's participation in breast and cervical cancer screening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Accelerating wound healing is a main consideration in surgery. The three stages of wound healing are inflammatory response, tissue repair and cell proliferation. Much research has focused on epidermal cell proliferation and migration because this is an essential step in wound healing. Methods and Results: The current study discovered that exosomes from Adipose-derived stem cell (ADSC) following hypoxic preconditioning (HExo) have a greater promotional effect on vaginal wound healing. Protein kinase B (AKT)/hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) play an important role in HExo-mediated HaCaT cell migration and proliferation. The promotional effect of HExo on rat wound healing was reversed by both, HIF‑1α and AKT inhibition. Phosphorylation of AKT (p-AKT) or HIF‑1α suppression reversed the protective effect of HExo on vaginal wound healing. Conclusion: Taken together, our study found that hypoxic preconditioning of adipose MSC exosomes enhances vaginal wound healing via accelerated keratinocyte proliferation and migration through AKT/HIF‑1α axis activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Disturbance Storm Time (Dst) Index stands as a crucial geomagnetic metric, serving to quantify the intensity of geomagnetic disturbances. The accurate prediction of the Dst index plays a pivotal role in mitigating the detrimental effects caused by severe space-weather events. Therefore, Dst prediction has been a long-standing focal point within the realms of space physics and space-weather forecasting. In this study, a Temporal Convolutional Network (TCN) is deployed in tandem with the Integrated Gradient (IG) algorithm to predict the Dst index and scrutinize its associated physical processes. With these two components, our model can give the contribution of each input parameter to the outcome along with the forecast. The TCN component of our model utilizes interplanetary observational data, encompassing the vector magnetic field, solar-wind velocity, proton temperature, proton density, interplanetary electric field, and other relevant parameters for forecasting Dst indices. Despite the disparity in test sets, our model's forecast accuracy approximates the error levels of the prior models. Remarkably, the prediction error of these machine-learning models has become comparable to the inherent error between the Dst index itself and the actual ring-current strength. To understand the physical process behind the forecasting model, the IG algorithm was applied in our prediction model, in an attempt to analyze the underlying physical process of the machine-learning black box. In the temporal dimension, it is evident that the more recent the time, the more substantial the influence on the final prediction. Regarding the physical parameters, besides the historical Dst index itself, the flow pressure, the z -component of the magnetic field, and the proton density all significantly contribute to the final prediction. Additionally, IG attributions were analyzed for subsets of data, including different Dst-index ranges, different observation times, and different interplanetary structures. Most of the subsets exhibit an IG matrix with deviations from the mean distribution, which indicates a complex nonlinear system and sensitivity of the prediction to input values. These analyses align with physical reasoning and are in good agreement with previous research. The results affirm that the TCN+IG technique not only enhances space-weather forecast accuracy but also advances our comprehension of the underlying physical processes in space weather. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The ratio of non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-c) to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) (NHHR) is a novel comprehensive lipid index. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the NHHR and the prevalence of hyperuricaemia (HUA) in the adult population of the U.S. Methods: This cross-sectional study collected data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (2007–2018). HUA was defined as a serum uric acid (SUA) concentration ≥ 7 mg/dL in men and ≥ 6 mg/dL in women. Multivariate logistic regression models and the restricted cubic spline (RCS) method were applied to examine the relationship between the NHHR and the risk of developing HUA. Subgroup analyses and interaction tests were also performed. Results: The prevalence of HUA increased with increasing NHHR values (9.01% vs. 13.38% vs. 17.31% vs. 25.79%, P < 0.001). The NHHR was independently correlated with the risk of developing HUA (OR = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.05–1.16; P < 0.001). Furthermore, the risk of developing HUA was significantly greater among individuals with the highest NHHR quartile than among those with the lowest NHHR quartile (OR = 1.94, 95% CI: 1.62–2.33; P < 0.001). This relationship was consistent across subgroups. According to the RCS analysis, an inverted U-shaped relationship existed between the NHHR and the risk of developing HUA. Conclusions: The NHHR was closely associated with an increased risk of developing HUA. Further studies on the NHHR could be beneficial for preventing and treating HUA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Capacitive deionization (CDI) is an emerging technique of seawater desalination technology with high efficiency and low energy consumption. Prussian blue (PB) is considered to be an excellent candidate for CDI intercalation electrode materials due to its spacious three-dimensional ion diffusion channels and available low-cost raw materials. However, the agglomerate tendency and inferior electronic conductivity of PB are the main factors which lead to lower capacity and poor cycling stability. Herein, a Prussian blue nanoparticle/carbon nanofiber (PB/CNF) composite material was synthesized by electrospinning and coprecipitation for capacitive deionization. The conductive CNFs bridged the PB nanoparticles with a size of ca. 50 nm to form a 3D conductive network structure, which can boost the diffusion kinetics of salt ions and electrons simultaneously in the PB/CNF electrode. The ion storage process by the combination of capacitance-controlled and diffusion-controlled behaviors allows the PB/CNF-5 composite to achieve a salt adsorption capacity (SAC) of 51.81 mg g–1 in a 500 mg L–1 NaCl solution at 1.4 V, and it has excellent cycle stability for 80 cycles. Remarkably, it also shows an excellent salt adsorption performance of 97.35 mg g–1 in a 3000 mg L–1 NaCl solution. Overall, the strategy of antiaggregation and enhanced electronic conductivity not only improved the desalination performance of PB nanoparticles but also provided a technical guideline for nanometer-sized materials and helped to facilitate better CDI electrode design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gamma delta (γδ) T cells, a unique T cell subgroup, are crucial in various immune responses and immunopathology1–3. The γδ T cell receptor (TCR), which is generated by γδ T cells, recognizes a diverse range of antigens independently of the major histocompatibility complex2. The γδ TCR associates with CD3 subunits, initiating T cell activation and holding great potential in immunotherapy4. Here we report the structures of two prototypical human Vγ9Vδ2 and Vγ5Vδ1 TCR–CD3 complexes5,6, revealing two distinct assembly mechanisms that depend on Vγ usage. The Vγ9Vδ2 TCR–CD3 complex is monomeric, with considerable conformational flexibility in the TCRγ–TCRδ extracellular domain and connecting peptides. The length of the connecting peptides regulates the ligand association and T cell activation. A cholesterol-like molecule wedges into the transmembrane region, exerting an inhibitory role in TCR signalling. The Vγ5Vδ1 TCR–CD3 complex displays a dimeric architecture, whereby two protomers nestle back to back through the Vγ5 domains of the TCR extracellular domains. Our biochemical and biophysical assays further corroborate the dimeric structure. Importantly, the dimeric form of the Vγ5Vδ1 TCR is essential for T cell activation. These findings reveal organizing principles of the γδ TCR–CD3 complex, providing insights into the unique properties of γδ TCR and facilitating immunotherapeutic interventions.The assembly of the γδ TCR depends on Vγ usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficient and environmentally friendly removal of halogen substituents from organic substances is crucial for reducing the ecological and health hazards posed by persistent halogenated compounds. In this regard, we introduce CoN3P1@NP-PC, a novel asymmetric CoN3P1 single-atom catalyst, which demonstrates outstanding efficiency in transfer hydrodehalogenation (HDH) using just two equivalents of HCOONH4 as a benign and effective reducing agent. This catalyst was synthesized through a simple post-implantation method, capitalizing on the high porosity and large surface area of ZIF-8 precursors. Extensive characterization via a range of spectroscopic and microscopic techniques confirmed CoN3P1@NP-PC's superior atomic dispersion and asymmetric structural integrity, which was more favourable for HCOONH4 activation allowing facile generation of hydrogen radicals along with electron transfer. In our comprehensive evaluation, CoN3P1@NP-PC displayed outstanding versatility for the transformation of a diverse array of halogenated substrates, efficiently processing compounds with varied functional groups and complex molecular structures. Notably, CoN3P1@NP-PC proved particularly effective in breaking down brominated flame retardants such as 2,4,6-tribromophenol and tetrabromobisphenol A, reinforcing its potential as a powerful tool for ecological restoration and pollution control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To update trends of HIV-1 prevalence and incidence and to visualize hot-spots of ongoing transmission in Sichuan province during surveillance period among MSM between 2018 and 2022. Methods: Limiting Antigen Avidity assay was performed to detect recent infection within new HIV-1 diagnoses founded during surveillance period among MSM. The HIV-1 prevalence and incidence were calculated according to an extrapolation method proposed by publications and guidelines. Trend tests were performed using χ2 tests with linear-by-linear association. The spatial analysis was conducted with ArcGIS 10.7 to figure hot-spots of HIV-1 recent infections among MSM. Results: Between 2018 and 2022, 16,697 individuals participated in HIV-1 MSM sentinel surveillance program, of which 449 samples (98.25%) were tested with LAg-Avidity EIA, and 230 samples were classified as recent infection. Respectively, the overall prevalence and incidence were 2.74% and 3.69% (95% CI: 3.21, 4.16) and both had significant declining trends (p < 0.001). Luzhou city had a highest HIV-1 incidence (10.74%, 95% CI: 8.39, 13.10) over the study period and was recognized as a hot-spot for recent HIV-1 infection among MSM. Conclusion: During the surveillance period, both HIV-1 prevalence and incidence were declining. However, Luzhou city had an unusually high HIV-1 incidence and became an emerging hot-spot of recent HIV-1 infection among MSM. This finding suggested focused attention, cross-regional intervention strategies, and prevention programs are urgently required to curb the spread of ongoing transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A two‐enzyme cascade system containing ω‐transaminase (ω‐TA) and L‐threonine aldolase (L‐ThA) was reported for the synthesis of 3‐Phenylserine starting from benzylamine, and PLP was utilized as the only cofactor in these both two enzymes reaction system. Based on the transamination results, benzylamine was optimized as an advantageous amino donor as confirmed by MD simulation results. This cascade reaction system could not only facilitate the in situ removal of the co‐product benzaldehyde, enhancing the economic viability of the reaction, but also establish a novel pathway for synthesizing high‐value phenyl‐serine derivatives. In our study, nearly 95 % of benzylamine was converted, yielding over 54 % of 3‐Phenylserine under the optimized conditions cascade reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High‐precision measurements of the magnetic field are critical to explore the near‐Mars environment. The Mars Orbiter MAGnetometer (MOMAG) is one of seven payloads on board the Tianwen‐1 orbiter. Its zero offset needs regular calibration, and the Wang‐Pan method I is applied to the MOMAG when the Tianwen‐1 orbiter is in the solar wind. The orbiter will remain out of the solar wind over tens of days each year, a method is necessary to ensure the accuracy of the zero offset during this period. Recently, a new method was proposed by Wang (2022b), https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac822c, which is referred to as the Wang method II for ease of description. Here, we test the performance of this method using the MOMAG data measured in the Martian magnetosheath. We find that the zero offset Ow determined by the Wang method II varies around the zero offset Owp calculated by the Wang‐Pan method I using the potential Alfvénic fluctuations in the solar wind. After smoothing with a temporal window of 27 days, Ow is able to achieve an accuracy close to Owp. If the data segment has no gaps and its duration is < 27 days, the smoothed Ow might have an error >2 nT, but the error tends to be smaller if the segment's duration is longer. Our tests suggest that the Wang method II is suitable for the in‐flight calibration of the MOMAG when the Tianwen‐1 orbiter remains out of the solar wind. Key Points: We test the performance of the Wang method II in the Martian magnetosheath using the magnetic field data from the Tianwen‐1 orbiterThe zero offset determined by the Wang method II is close to that calculated by using the potential Alfvénic fluctuation in the solar windThe test results show that this method is suitable for determining the zero offset of the Tianwen‐1 orbiter in the Martian magnetosheath [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constructing defective BiOCl with exposed, specific facet junctions is essential for improving photocatalytic performance. Herein, the oxygen-vacancy (OV) BiOCl nanosheets with exposed (001)/(110) facet junctions have been prepared by solvothermal reaction. Integrating active (001)/(110) facets with OVs in BiOCl thin nanosheets achieved an excellent photocatalytic performance in the degradation of rhodamine B (RhB), tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH), ciprofloxacin (CIP) pollutants and in the H2 production under visible light. Particularly, the BOC-120 sample can degrade 98% RhB pollution within 10 min under natural light. The results prove that the efficient separation of photogenerated charge carriers depends on the thin structure with OVs and the active (001)/(110) facet junction. The photocatalytic degradation pathways of RhB molecules over BOC-120 were further studied by liquid chromatography analysis with mass spectrometry, which was consistent with the results of total organic carbon testing. This innovation provides guidance for research on the practical applications of photocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand the weaker geomagnetic activity in Solar Cycle 24, we present comparisons of interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) fittings and in situ observation parameters in Solar Cycles 23 and 24. According to their in situ features, ICMEs are separated into two categories: isolated ICMEs (I-ICMEs) and multiple ICMEs (M-ICMEs). The number of I-ICMEs in Solar Cycles 23 and 24 does not show a strong difference, while the number of M-ICMEs, which have a high probability of causing intense geomagnetic storms, declines proportionally to the sunspot number in Solar Cycle 24. Despite no obvious variation in their distribution, the geoeffective ICMEs in Solar Cycle 23 have a larger average total magnetic field strength and a larger southern magnetic field than those of Solar Cycle 24. Since the average solar wind velocities of the two solar cycles differ, the geoeffective ICMEs in Solar Cycle 23 have a higher velocity and distinct speed distributions from those in Solar Cycle 24. The total magnetic flux and radius of I-ICMEs in Solar Cycle 23 are larger than those in Solar Cycle 24, while the axial magnetic field intensity is basically the same. We propose that geomagnetic activity in Solar Cycle 24 is lower than that of Solar Cycle 23, due to the smaller M-ICME number, the slower ICME speed, and absence of ICME events with significant southward magnetic field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both hydrogen (H2) and copper ions (Cu+) can be used as anti‐cancer treatments. However, the continuous generation of H2 molecules and Cu+ in specific sites of tumors is challenging. Here we anchored Cu2+ on carbon photocatalyst (Cu@CDCN) to allow the continuous generation of H2 and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in tumors using the two‐electron process of visible water splitting. The photocatalytic process also generated redox‐active Cu‐carbon centers. Meanwhile, the Cu2+ residues reacted with H2O2 (the obstacle to the photocatalytic process) to accelerate the two‐electron process of water splitting and cuprous ion (Cu+) generation, in which the Cu2+ residue promoted a pro‐oxidant effect with glutathione through metal‐reducing actions. Both H2 and Cu+ induced mitochondrial dysfunction and intracellular redox homeostasis destruction, which enabled hydrogen therapy and cuproptosis to inhibit cancer cell growth and suppress tumor growth. Our research is the first attempt to integrate hydrogen therapy and cuproptosis using metal‐enhanced visible solar water splitting in nanomedicine, which may provide a safe and effective cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both hydrogen (H2) and copper ions (Cu+) can be used as anti‐cancer treatments. However, the continuous generation of H2 molecules and Cu+ in specific sites of tumors is challenging. Here we anchored Cu2+ on carbon photocatalyst (Cu@CDCN) to allow the continuous generation of H2 and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in tumors using the two‐electron process of visible water splitting. The photocatalytic process also generated redox‐active Cu‐carbon centers. Meanwhile, the Cu2+ residues reacted with H2O2 (the obstacle to the photocatalytic process) to accelerate the two‐electron process of water splitting and cuprous ion (Cu+) generation, in which the Cu2+ residue promoted a pro‐oxidant effect with glutathione through metal‐reducing actions. Both H2 and Cu+ induced mitochondrial dysfunction and intracellular redox homeostasis destruction, which enabled hydrogen therapy and cuproptosis to inhibit cancer cell growth and suppress tumor growth. Our research is the first attempt to integrate hydrogen therapy and cuproptosis using metal‐enhanced visible solar water splitting in nanomedicine, which may provide a safe and effective cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this study was to assess the HIV-1 prevalence and incidence and to visualize the distributions of hot-spot areas of current transmission among four subgroups (people who inject drugs, male STD clinic attendees, female sex workers and men who had sex with men) during the surveillance period in Sichuan province between 2016 and 2022.Results: Of the 267,617 individuals, 2158 HIV-positive samples were tested with Lag-Avidity EIA, among which 493 samples were identified as recent infections. Among people who inject drugs (PWID), both HIV-1 prevalence (from 1.41% to 0.34%) and incidence (from 0.03% to 0.140%) showed a significant decreasing trend. Among men who had sex with men (MSM), female sex workers (FSWs), and male STD clinic attendees, HIV-1 prevalence indicated significant decreasing trends, whereas HIV-1 incidence showed no significant changes. Spatial analysis demonstrated the formation of hot-spots and clusters of current transmissions sharing regional differences, mainly concentrated in the southeast, and most of these were consecutive hot-spots.Conclusion: The prevention and control were efficacious and persistent. However, among the other three subgroups, there is a need for a regional cooperative in prevention and control approaches and collaborative research in many aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mars orbiter magnetometer (MOMAG) is one of seven science payloads onboard Tianwen-1's orbiter. Unlike most of the satellites, Tianwen-1's orbiter is not magnetically cleaned, and the boom where placed the magnetometer's sensors is not long enough. These pose many challenges to the magnetic field data processing. In this study, we introduce the in-flight calibration process of the Tianwen-1/MOMAG. The magnetic interference including spacecraft generated dynamic field and the slowly-changing zero offsets are cleaned in sequence. Then the calibrated magnetic field data are compared with the data from the Mars atmosphere and volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN). We find that some physical structures in the solar wind are consistent between the two data sets, and the distributions of the magnetic field strength in the solar wind are very similar. These results suggest that the in-flight calibration of the MOMAG is successful and the MOMAG provides reliable data for scientific research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although large amount of effort has been invested in combating thermal quenching that severely degrades the performance of luminescent materials particularly at high temperatures, not much affirmative progress has been realized. Herein, we demonstrate that the Frenkel defect formed via controlled annealing of Sc2(WO4)3:Ln (Ln=Yb, Er, Eu, Tb, Sm), can work as energy reservoir and back‐transfer the stored excitation energy to Ln3+ upon heating. Therefore, except routine anti‐thermal quenching, thermally enhanced 415‐fold downshifting and 405‐fold upconversion luminescence are even obtained in Sc2(WO4)3:Yb/Er, which has set a record of both the Yb3+‐Er3+ energy transfer efficiency (>85 %) and the working temperature at 500 and 1073 K, respectively. Moreover, this design strategy is extendable to other hosts possessing Frenkel defect, and modulation of which directly determines whether enhanced or decreased luminescence can be obtained. This discovery has paved new avenues to reliable generation of high‐temperature luminescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although large amount of effort has been invested in combating thermal quenching that severely degrades the performance of luminescent materials particularly at high temperatures, not much affirmative progress has been realized. Herein, we demonstrate that the Frenkel defect formed via controlled annealing of Sc2(WO4)3:Ln (Ln=Yb, Er, Eu, Tb, Sm), can work as energy reservoir and back‐transfer the stored excitation energy to Ln3+ upon heating. Therefore, except routine anti‐thermal quenching, thermally enhanced 415‐fold downshifting and 405‐fold upconversion luminescence are even obtained in Sc2(WO4)3:Yb/Er, which has set a record of both the Yb3+‐Er3+ energy transfer efficiency (>85 %) and the working temperature at 500 and 1073 K, respectively. Moreover, this design strategy is extendable to other hosts possessing Frenkel defect, and modulation of which directly determines whether enhanced or decreased luminescence can be obtained. This discovery has paved new avenues to reliable generation of high‐temperature luminescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To reduce the issue of tri-primary color reabsorption, a new approach for single-phase phosphors as light-emitting diodes (LEDs) has been recommended. The structures, morphology, photoluminescence, thermal stability, and luminescence mechanism of a variety of Ca3Bi (PO4)3 (CBPO): Ce3+/Dy3+ phosphors were investigated. XRD characterization showed that all CBPO samples were eulytite structures. Furthermore, the energy transfer process from Ce3+ to Dy3+ in CBPO is systematically investigated in this work, and the color of light can be adjusted by changing the ratio of doped ions. Under UV light, energy is transferred from Ce3+-Dy3+ mainly through quadrupole-quadrupole interactions in the CBPO host, and doping with different Dy3+ concentrations tunes the emission color from blue to white. The thermal stability of the CBPO: 0.04Ce3+, 0.08Dy3+ samples is outstanding, and the CIE coordinates of the samples after emission have little effect with temperature, while their emission intensity at 423 K is as strong as that at room temperature, reaching 90%. The above results indicate that this CBPO material has great potential as a white light phosphor under near-UV excitation at the optimized concentration of Ce3+ and Dy3+. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have a greater potential to be widely used in UAV-assisted IoT applications. UAV formation, as an effective way to improve surveillance and security, has been extensively of concern. The leader–follower approach is efficient for UAV formation, as the whole formation system needs to find only the leader's trajectory. This paper studies the leader–follower surveillance system. Owing to different scenarios and assignments, the leading velocity is dynamic. The inevitable communication time delays resulting from information sending, communicating and receiving process bring challenges in the design of real-time UAV formation control. In this paper, the design of UAV formation tracking based on deep reinforcement learning (DRL) is investigated for high mobility scenarios in the presence of communication delay. To be more specific, the optimization UAV formation problem is firstly formulated to be a state error minimization problem by using the quadratic cost function when the communication delay is considered. Then, the delay-informed Markov decision process (DIMDP) is developed by including the previous actions in order to compensate the performance degradation induced by the time delay. Subsequently, an extended-delay informed deep deterministic policy gradient (DIDDPG) algorithm is proposed. Finally, some issues, such as computational complexity analysis and the effect of the time delay are discussed, and then the proposed intelligent algorithm is further extended to the arbitrary communication delay case. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the proposed DIDDPG algorithm can significantly alleviate the performance degradation caused by time delays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The surface properties and the hierarchical pore structure of carbon materials are important for their actual application in supercapacitors. It is important to pursue an integrated approach that is both easy and cost-effective but also challenging. Herein, coal-based hierarchical porous carbon with nitrogen doping was prepared by a simple dual template strategy using coal as the carbon precursor. The hierarchical pores were controlled by incorporating different target templates. Thanks to high conductivity, large electrochemically active surface area (483 m2 g−1), hierarchical porousness with appropriate micro-/mesoporous channels, and high surface nitrogen content (5.34%), the resulting porous carbon exhibits a high specific capacitance in a three-electrode system using KOH electrolytes, reaching 302 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 and 230 F g−1 at 50 A g−1 with a retention rate of 76%. At 250 W kg−1, the symmetrical supercapacitor assembled at 6 M KOH shows a high energy density of 8.3 Wh kg−1, and the stability of the cycling is smooth. The energy density of the symmetric supercapacitor assembled under ionic liquids was further increased to 48.3 Wh kg−1 with a power output of 750 W kg−1 when the operating voltage was increased to 3 V. This work expands the application of coal-based carbon materials in capacitive energy storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different from organic dye/quantum dot possessing one luminescent center, upconversion luminescence (UCL) is actually a statistic of temporal behaviors of countless individual activators. Our experimental results have shown that the rise and decay dynamics of UCL is directly associated with the relative contribution of sensitizer‐to‐activator energy transfer and energy migration among sensitizers, which can be physically modulated by simply tuning the excitation laser. Therefore, dynamic UCL with record‐wide 20‐fold lifetime, ≈70‐fold red‐to‐green intensity ratio, and reversibly definable emission color is easily realized by just modulating the excitation laser. Moreover, this generally applicable strategy only requires a simplest‐possible UCL system whereas prevalent material engineering such as complicated composition design, sophisticated core–shell construction, or tedious chemical synthesis, is no longer needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different from organic dye/quantum dot possessing one luminescent center, upconversion luminescence (UCL) is actually a statistic of temporal behaviors of countless individual activators. Our experimental results have shown that the rise and decay dynamics of UCL is directly associated with the relative contribution of sensitizer‐to‐activator energy transfer and energy migration among sensitizers, which can be physically modulated by simply tuning the excitation laser. Therefore, dynamic UCL with record‐wide 20‐fold lifetime, ≈70‐fold red‐to‐green intensity ratio, and reversibly definable emission color is easily realized by just modulating the excitation laser. Moreover, this generally applicable strategy only requires a simplest‐possible UCL system whereas prevalent material engineering such as complicated composition design, sophisticated core–shell construction, or tedious chemical synthesis, is no longer needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary liver cancer has become the second most fatal cancer in the world, and its five-year survival rate is only 10%. Most patients are in the middle and advanced stages at the time of diagnosis, losing the opportunity for radical treatment. Liver cancer is not sensitive to chemotherapy or radiotherapy. At present, conventional molecularly targeted drugs for liver cancer show some problems, such as short residence time, poor drug enrichment, and drug resistance. Therefore, developing new diagnosis and treatment methods to effectively improve the diagnosis, treatment, and long-term prognosis of liver cancer is urgent. As an emerging discipline, nanobiotechnology, based on safe, stable, and efficient nanomaterials, constructs highly targeted nanocarriers according to the unique characteristics of tumors and further derives a variety of efficient diagnosis and treatment methods based on this transport system, providing a new method for the accurate diagnosis and treatment of liver cancer. This paper aims to summarize the latest progress in this field according to existing research and the latest clinical diagnosis and treatment guidelines in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), as well as clarify the role, application limitations, and prospects of research on nanomaterials and the development and application of nanotechnology in the diagnosis and treatment of HCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Many studies have shown that chitinase-3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1), also known as YKL-40, is associated with asthma. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the role of serum YKL-40 in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of asthma, severity grading, and determination of disease state. Methods: The PubMed, Ovid, and Cochrane databases were searched. A total of 17 articles involving 5696 subjects were included in this meta-analysis. Results: The results showed that the level of YKL-40 was significantly higher in asthmatic patients than in the normal group regardless of age and residential location, and increased with severity and acute exacerbation (p < 0.05). YKL-40 levels were significantly different between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma, and also between asthma-COPD overlap syndrome (ACO) and asthma (p < 0.05). Conclusion: YKL-40 may act as a potential serological marker for the diagnosis of asthma, assessment of severity, indicator of the disease state, and differential diagnosis of COPD, ACO, and asthma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar wind stream interaction regions (SIRs) and corotating interaction regions (CIRs) can cause geomagnetic storms and change energetic particle environment, ionospheric composition on Earth. Therefore advanced warning of SIRs/CIRs is vital for mitigating the effect of space weather on critical infrastructures in modern society. Recently, several solar missions, for example, Vigil mission (Luntama et al., 2020) and Solar Ring mission (Wang et al., 2020), that can be served as a space weather monitor, have been proposed. To evaluate the capabilities of these future missions of predicting SIRs/CIRs, the Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO‐B) spacecraft is used to investigate the correlation between SIRs/CIRs detected by STEREO‐B and Wind spacecraft. The correlation coefficients of solar wind velocity in SIRs/CIRs are significantly higher than that of magnetic field intensity or plasma density. It indicates that the velocity structure of solar wind is more persistent than magnetic field and ion density. By assuming the SIR/CIR structures are stable and ideal corotation, 58.9% of SIRs/CIRs in the STEREO‐B CIR catalog can be used to predict CIR arrival time in near‐Earth space. With increasing longitudinal and latitudinal separations between STEREO‐B and Wind, the percentage of accurately predicted CIRs decreases gradually from 100% to 20%. If the separation angle between STEREO‐B and Wind is within 30° in longitude and approximately ±5° in latitude, more than 93.2% of SIRs/CIRs can be accurately predicted several days in advance. This demonstrates that a spacecraft situated 30° trailing Earth in its orbit, can optimize our space weather‐predicting capabilities for the Earth and lessen the risk of missing or "false alarms" CIRs. Plain Language Summary: Stream interaction regions (SIRs) are formed by the interactions between the fast solar wind streams originating from coronal holes and slow solar wind streams. SIRs can corotate with the sun and they can also be called as Corotating Interaction Regions (CIRs), if those structures recur on successive solar rotations. When SIRs/CIRs reach the Earth, they may cause recurrent geomagnetic storms, alter the energetic particle environment around the Earth, and other meteorological processes in Earth's lower atmosphere, posing a threat to satellite systems, radio communications, electrical transmission, and technological critical infrastructure. As a result, the analysis and forecast of when SIRs/CIRs will hit the Earth is a critical issue in the space weather community. This study investigates the prediction ability of SIRs/CIRs with varied longitudinal and latitudinal spacecraft separations using in‐situ measurements from the Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO‐B) and Wind spacecraft. The statistical results reveal that the spacecraft longitudinal and latitudinal separation can have a significant impact on the accuracy of the SIRs/CIRs forecast. According to STEREO‐B in‐situ data, when the latitudinal separation is less than ±5° and the longitudinal separation is less than 30°, more than 93.2% CIR events can be well predicted in advance. Key Points: Spacecraft longitudinal and latitudinal separation can significantly affect the accurate forecast of Corotating Interaction Regions (CIRs)More than 93.2% of CIRs can be reliably predicted in advance with separations of less than 30° longitude and ±5° latitudeMost of CIRs arrived at Earth earlier than predicted, when Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory‐B was located to the south of the Earth in the Heliocentric Earth Equatorial coordinate [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon monoxide (CO) oxidation performance heavily depends on the surface-active species and the oxygen vacancies of nanocomposites. Herein, the CuOx/Cu1.5Mn1.5O4 were fabricated via solid-state strategy. It is manifested that the construction of CuOx/Cu1.5Mn1.5O4 nanocomposite can produce abundant surface CuOx species and a number of oxygen vacancies, resulting in substantially enhanced CO oxidation activity. The CO is completely converted to carbon dioxide (CO2) at 75 °C when CuOx/Cu1.5Mn1.5O4 nanocomposites were involved, which is higher than individual CuOx, MnOx, and Cu1.5Mn1.5O4. Density function theory (DFT) calculations suggest that CO and O2 are adsorbed on CuOx/Cu1.5Mn1.5O4 surface with relatively optimal adsorption energy, which is more beneficial for CO oxidation activity. This work presents an effective way to prepare heterogeneous metal oxides with promising application in catalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several hepatitis B virus (HBV) serum markers have been identified as risk factors for liver fibrosis in patients with chronic HBV infection, and several noninvasive fibrosis tests based on serum indexes are now used to identify the severity of liver fibrosis. We aimed to identify the relationship between hepatitis B core‐related antigen (HBcrAg) serum levels and liver fibrosis in treatment‐naive chronic HBV infection patients. A total of 246 treatment‐naive chronic HBV infection patients were enrolled in this study. All of the patients underwent liver biopsies at baseline. Using the METAVIR fibrosis stages, there were 15, 140, 50, 26 and 15 patients in the F0, F1, F2, F3 and F4 stages (METAVIR scoring system), respectively. The biochemical, serological and virological parameters were measured using standard laboratory procedures. The HBcrAg serum levels of the patients were examined via ELISA. HBcrAg serum levels of F2, F3 and F4 stage patients were significantly higher than those of nonsignificant liver fibrosis patients (METAVIR F0‐F1), but there were no significant differences among F2, F3 and F4 stage patients. Serum HBcrAg (OR, 2.18; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.51–3.16), albumin (ALB) (OR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.41–0.87), prothrombin activity (PTA) (OR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.40–0.83) and platelet (PLT) counts (OR, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.25–0.57) were associated with significant liver fibrosis (METAVIR F2‐F4). The serum HBcrAg value enabled the correct identification of patients with significant fibrosis, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.81 (95% CI, 0.75–0.88). The APRI, FIB‐4 index and ALBI score can identify significant liver fibrosis with an area under the ROC curve of 0.74 (95% CI, 0.66–0.81), 0.73 (95% CI, 0.65–0.80) and 0.63 (95% CI, 0.55–0.72), respectively. Compared with these three indexes, the accuracy rate of diagnosis of significant fibrosis based on HBcrAg was higher than that of the FIB‐4 index (p = 0.0479) and ALBI score (p = 0.0030). HBcrAg, ALB, PTA serum levels and PLT counts were associated with significant liver fibrosis in treatment‐naive chronic HBV infection patients. HBcrAg serum levels enabled the correct identification of patients with significant fibrosis (METAVIR F2–F4), and HBcrAg was more effective than the FIB‐4 index and ALBI score. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inspired by biocatalytic retrosynthesis, a multienzyme cascade system containing alcohol dehydrogenase, flavin-dependent halogenase and flavin reductase was developed for the synthesis of several halogenated indoles starting from amino alcohol. This redox-neutral system not only omitted co-substrate for nicotinamide cofactor (NADH) regeneration but also showed relatively higher conversion and chemoselectivity compared with individual biotransformation. Artificial nicotinamide cofactor (BNAH) was employed to replace NADH and flavin reductase for simplifying this system, providing a more convenient strategy for halogenated indoles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The microporous carbon with large surface area is widely used in supercapacitors. However, the sluggish ion transport kinetics drastically hampers the practical application. Herein, an efficient in‐situ expansion strategy for the preparation of hierarchically structured mesoporous carbon is developed by the pyrolysis of sodium lignosulfonate with HCOOK. Various techniques including in‐situ methods are employed and the formation mechanism of the hierarchical mesoporous structure is thus clarified. The grain refinement, crystal rearrangement and in‐situ expansion enable the formation of the unique porous carbon with a high mesoporous volume, an interconnected and hierarchical porous structure and a large ion‐accessible specific surface area. The specific capacitance and capacitance retention of the obtained sample reach 436 F g−1 (1 A g−1) and 64% at 100 A g−1 in the aqueous electrolyte in a three‐electrode system. Moreover, the obtained sample also shows a high energy density of 41.2 Wh kg−1 in a two‐electrode system using ionic liquid as electrolyte. The novel in‐situ route can be extended to the synthesis of other biomass‐based carbon materials for electrochemical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ene reductases (ERs) are attractive biocatalysts in terms of their high enantioselectivity and expanded substrate scope. Recent works have proved that synthetic nicotinamide coenzyme biomimetics (NCBs) can be used as easily accessible alternatives to natural cofactors in ER‐catalyzed reactions. However, the structure‐reactivity relationships between NCBs and ERs and influence factors are still poorly understood. In this study, a series of C‐5 methyl modified NCBs were synthesized and tested in the PETNR‐catalyzed asymmetric reductions. The physicochemical properties of these NCBs including electrochemical properties, stability, and kinetic behavior were studied in detail. The results showed that hydrophobic interaction caused by the introduced methyl group contributed to the stabilization of binding conformation in enzyme active site, resulting in comparable catalytic activity with that of NADPH. Molecular dynamics and steered molecular dynamics simulations were further performed to explain the binding mechanism between PETNR and NCBs, which revealed that stable catalytic conformation, appropriate donor‐acceptor distance and angle, as well as free dissociation energy are important factors affecting the activity of NCBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilizing hydrogen energy produced by water electrolysis is conducive to carbon neutrality from a technological point of view. However, this perspective is restrained by the high electricity cost in commercial development. Powering electrochemical reactions by renewable electricity converted from distributed mechanical energy can lead to commercial electric energy saving and cost reduction. In this work, a self‐powered electrochemical system (SPECS) is proposed for the conversion from blue energy of ocean waves to green energy via hydrogen fuel. This system consists of triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) devices and an electrolyzer, where the TENG devices serve as ocean wave energy harvesters for electricity generation, while the seawater‐containing electrolyzer is employed for hydrogen generation. After power management on the output of the TENGs and electrochemical reaction optimization, the system can generate hydrogen at a rate of 814.8 µL m‐2 d‐1 and a Faraday efficiency of 69.1% under ideal operation conditions, demonstrating the practical potential of the constructed system toward carbon neutralization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metagenomics is a new approach to study microorganisms obtained from a specific environment by functional gene screening or sequencing analysis. Metagenomics studies focus on microbial diversity, community constitute, genetic and evolutionary relationships, functional activities, and interactions and relationships with the environment. Sequencing technologies have evolved from shotgun sequencing to high-throughput, next-generation sequencing (NGS), and third-generation sequencing (TGS). NGS and TGS have shown the advantage of rapid detection of pathogenic microorganisms. With the help of new algorithms, we can better perform the taxonomic profiling and gene prediction of microbial species. Functional metagenomics is helpful to screen new bioactive substances and new functional genes from microorganisms and microbial metabolites. In this article, basic steps, classification, and applications of metagenomics are reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various diseases caused by food-borne or environmental pathogenic microorganisms have been a persistent threat to public health and global economies. It is necessary to regularly detect microorganisms in food and environment to prevent infection of pathogenic microorganisms. However, most traditional detection methods are expensive, time-consuming, and unfeasible in practice in the absence of sophisticated instruments and trained operators. Point-of-care testing (POCT) can be used to detect microorganisms rapidly on site and greatly improve the efficiency of microbial detection. Lab-on-chip (LOC) is an emerging POCT technology with great potential by integrating most of the experimental steps carried out in the laboratory into a single monolithic device. This review will primarily focus on principles and techniques of LOC for detection of microbial nucleic acid in food and environment, including sample preparation, nucleic acid amplification and sample detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lactones are important compounds in the field of medicine, material and chemical industry. One of the promising accesses to these flexible scaffolds is NAD(P)+-dependent alcohol dehydrogenases-catalyzed oxidative lactonization of diols, which relies on the construction of an efficient NAD(P)+ regeneration system. Results: In this study, a novel system combining horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase (HLADH) with the synthetic bridged flavin cofactor was established for biosynthesis of lactones. The reaction conditions of this system were optimized and a variety of lactones including chiral lactones were efficiently obtained from various diols. Compared to the previously reported NAD(P)+-regeneration systems, this system showed better regeneration efficiency and product yield. A two-phase system was further applied to solve the problem of product inhibition, and 80% yield was obtained at the condition of 300 mM substrate. Conclusions: This study provides an efficient method to synthesis of lactones from diols under mild conditions. We believe this system will be a promising alternative to promote the synthesis of other valuable compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD) is a rare tumor of histiocytic origin, characterized by foamy or lipid-laden histiocytes mixed or surrounded by fibrosis that infiltrate multiple organs. Misdiagnosis is common due to the diversity of clinical presentations. The present study reported a case of ECD with the involvements of bone, cardiac, aorta and retroperitoneum. The patient had no obvious clinical symptoms and no noteworthy foamy histiocytes or Touton giant cells were found on pathological examination, delaying the diagnosis. The patient was a young male found to have pericardial effusion on physical examination, and computed tomography (CT) revealed soft tissue infiltrates in the retroperitoneum and around the aorta. A mediastinal biopsy revealed fibrous connective tissue with small-vessel hyperplasia and acute-chronic inflammatory cell infiltration. The initial diagnosis was retroperitoneal fibrosis (RPF), and hormonal and tamoxifen treatments were administered. The patient presented with oliguria, eyelid edema and fever four years later. A repeat CT revealed an increase in the extent of tissue infiltration and pericardial effusion compared with the previous CT. Subsequent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging revealed massive thickening in the form of fibrotic tissue infiltrating the heart and surrounding thoracic and abdominal aorta. Single photon emission CT revealed multiple areas of increased bone metabolism, particularly symmetrical involvement of the long bones of both lower extremities. A biopsy of the perirenal tissue revealed fibrous tissue and a small number of lymphocytes and macrophages [typical foamy histiocytes observed via x200 magnification and hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, no presence of xanthogranuloma or Touton giant cells]. After a comprehensive evaluation and ruling out other diseases, the diagnosis of ECD was determined. The prognosis of this disease is poor; early diagnosis is critical and requires accurate judgment by clinicians. Biopsies of all involved sites and refinement of genetic tests to guide treatment, if possible, are both necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The measurements from the Venus Express spacecraft are analyzed for the basic properties of fast forward interplanetary shocks at Venus's orbit (∼0.72 au). A total of 143 fast forward interplanetary shock candidates during 2006–2014 are identified. The shock angle ΘBn, defined as the angle between the shock normal and the upstream magnetic field, and the magnetic compression ratio rB, defined as the ratio of the magnetic field strength downstream to that upstream, of these shocks are determined based on the magnetic coplanarity method. The shock occurrence at Venus shows a correlated variation with the solar activity level measured by the number of sunspots, while the shock angle and magnetic compression ratio do not show such a correspondence. The shock angle spreads almost uniformly between 10° and 80° with its mean value at about 45°, and the magnetic compression ratio shows a unimodal distribution between 1.0 and 4.5 with a mean value of 2.1. In addition, we also analyze the properties of fast forward shocks driven by interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs). We found that interplanetary shocks with and without detected ICMEs showed no significant differences in terms of the shock strength and the shock angle. Further comparison with previous observational results at 1 au shows that fast forward shocks at 1 au are generally weaker than those at 0.72 au, and the shock angle ΘBn is more perpendicular at 1 au. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]