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Constructing metal-semiconductor interfaces by loading metal atoms onto two-dimensional material to build atomically dispersed single-atom catalysts (SACs) has emerged as a new frontier for improving atom utilization and designing multifunctional electrocatalysts. Nowadays, studies on black phosphorus nanosheets in electrocatalysis have received much attention and the successful preparation of metal nanoparticle/black phosphorus (BP) hybrid electrocatalysts indicates BP nanosheets can serve as a potential support platform for SACs. Herein, by using large-scale ab initio calculations, we explored a large composition space of SACs with transition metal atoms supported on BP monolayer (M-BP) and built a comprehensive picture of activity trend, stability, and electronic origin towards oxygen reduction and evolution reaction (ORR and OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The results show that the catalytic activity can be widely tuned by reasonable regulation of metal atoms. Ni-, Pd-, and Pt-BP could effectively balance the binding strength of the target intermediates, thus achieving efficient bifunctional activity for OER and ORR. Favorable bifunctional catalytic performance for OER and HER can be realized on Rh-BP. Especially, Pt-BP exhibits promising trifunctional activity towards OER, ORR, and HER. Multiple-level corrections among overpotential, Gibbs free energy, orbital population, and d-band center reveal that the trend and origin of catalytic activity are intrinsically determined by the d-band center of metal sites. The thermodynamic and dynamic stability simulations demonstrate that the active metal centers are firmly anchored on BP substrate with intact M-P bonds. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the rational design of BP-based SACs toward promising multifunctional activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composite solid electrolytes (CSEs) integrate the fast ion conductivity of inorganic electrolytes and the excellent interfacial compatibility of polymer electrolytes. Typically, fluoropolymers and garnets are promising individuals to formulate cutting‐edge CSEs owing to their unique properties. However, the alkaline garnets can induce the dehydrofluorination of fluoropolymers, deteriorating their CSEs performance. Here, for the first time, NH4HCO3 is proposed as a sacrificial inhibitor to effectively prevent the garnet‐induced dehydrofluorination, using Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 (LLZTO) and poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) (PVH) as symbolic garnets and fluoropolymers, respectively. Various findings demonstrate that NH4HCO3 can buffer the alkalinity of LLZTO, thereby inhibiting the dehydrofluorination of PVH. In addition, NH4HCO3 can completely decompose to volatiles upon drying without compromising the properties of LLZTO and PVH. Additionally, a polymer‐in‐salt strategy is further introduced by adding high‐concentration LiTFSI salt to the above system, resulting in the PVH/LiTFSI/LLZTO (PLL) CSEs. Benefiting from the synergetic coupling of the sacrificial inhibitor and polymer‐in‐salt strategies, the PLL exhibits an exceptionally high ionic conductivity of 1.2 mS cm−1 at 25 °C and stable voltage of 5.09 V, outperforming other reported CSEs. Consequently, the PLL delivers impressive high‐rate cyclability in solid‐state lithium‐metal batteries with an outstanding capacity retention of 95.4% after 240 cycles at 1 C (25 °C). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although fault locking state has been widely acquired with space geodetic observations, the mechanisms controlling fault locking are poorly known. Here, we infer the locking state of the Xiaojiang fault with a viscoelastic deformation model and integrated GNSS data, based on which we probe the mechanism that may control the locking pattern of the fault. Our results reveal four highly locked asperities along the Xiaojiang fault, which are separated by weak locking zones. Relying on the inferred locking degree and spring water temperature along the fault, we construct a model to connect the fault hydraulic conductivity with the cooling process of upwelling water. Model results suggest that high spring water temperature correlates with high hydraulic conductivity. Further, we use an experimental law to infer that the obtained high hydraulic conductivity may associate with high pore fluid pressure, which in turn weakens the fault frictional strength and leads to weak locking. Plain Language Summary: Based on space geodetic observations, authors have obtained the locking state of large faults. However, the controlling mechanism that affects the lateral variation of fault locking is still poorly understood. In this study, we use a viscoelastic deformation model and GNSS data to infer the locking state of the Xiaojiang fault in southwestern China. By comparing with the temperature of spring water near the fault, we find a clear anticorrelation between the fault locking ratio and spring water temperature along the fault. To investigate the physical mechanism behind the observation, we construct a conceptual model to connect the hydraulic conductivity of different fault segments with the cooling process of the upwelling water, which suggests that high spring water temperature is linked to high fault permeability. Further, experimental results indicate that high permeability correlates with high pore fluid pressure within the fault zones. The high pore pressure would weaken the frictional strength of fault and lead to a low locking ratio. Key Points: Interseismic locking of the Xiaojiang fault is obtained using a viscoelastic deformation modelClear anticorrelation between fault locking and spring water temperature is observedPore fluid pressure may control the locking pattern of the Xiaojiang fault [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The substitution of ingredients with Salmonidae, particularly Salmo salar, has led to widespread reports of financial losses and health risks globally, emphasizing the urgent need for the development of a rapid and precise method for species identification. The aim of the present study was to develop a novel method for the rapid screening of Salmonidae ingredients and the accurate detection of S. salar simultaneously using multiplex real-time PCR coupled with melting curve analysis. Specifically, primer sets specific for S. salar and Salmonidae were cross-confirmed. Moreover, the reaction system and conditions of a real-time duplex PCR were optimized, and the proposed methodology was verified, proving that the assay has good specificity and sensitivity. Clear and distinguishable melting peaks, with expected Tm values of around 80 °C (S. salar) and 84 °C (Salmonidae), were observed for twelve products, proving the presence of S. salar. However, four products were not derived from S. salar, but they could have belonged to another species within the Salmonidae family due to the presence of only one specific melting peak at a Tm value of about 84 °C. Therefore, the novel assay in the present study allows for the fast and accurate screening of Salmonidae ingredients and the detection of S. salar simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the distribution of species is highly important for optimizing future conservation priorities and strategies at the regional scale. Relatively little attention has been given to multi-taxon aquatic biota in extreme alpine environments. We examined the spatial and temporal patterns of alpha and beta diversity, site-specific contributions to beta diversity and assembly mechanisms of four taxonomic groups (fishes, macroinvertebrates, zooplankton and phytoplankton) from the source to the estuary of the Za'gya Zangbo River above 4500 m AMSL (above mean sea level) on the northern Qinghai-Tibetan (Q–T) Plateau. A total of 4 fish species, 45 macroinvertebrate taxa, 17 zooplankton taxa and 56 phytoplankton taxa were found in the study area. No consistent patterns in taxonomic richness were observed across taxa from upstream to estuary. The fish communities had the lowest dissimilarity between communities, the phytoplankton community had the highest dissimilarity in the dry season, and the macroinvertebrate community had the highest dissimilarity in the wet season. The relative importance of the turnover and nestedness components varied considerably across taxa and along spatial gradients. The diversity patterns of macroinvertebrate, zooplankton and phytoplankton communities were significantly correlated with several environmental factors, whereas only the beta diversity of fish was correlated with altitude. Stochastic processes dominated in shaping the macroinvertebrate communities whereas deterministic processes dominated the assembly of the phytoplankton communities. Weak congruence of diversity patterns across taxonomic groups suggested that biological groups cannot serve as reliable surrogates for one another and that multiple biological groups should be included in the biomonitoring of high-altitude rivers on the Q‒T Plateau. The relatively unique species in the upstream area and estuary of the Za'gya Zangbo River harbor should receive more attention in future conservation and management schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Literature on investor sentiment has predominantly been conducted at the market level. Recent studies employing firm‐level sentiment have increasingly turned to textual analysis; however, the suitability of this type of proxy is still unverified. We utilize the Chinese stock market data from 2015 to 2023, aiming to discern whether the jump component of realized volatility possesses characteristics of investor sentiment. Our analysis reveals a pronounced short‐term persistence in jump volatility, particularly, among stocks that are hard to value and those with minimal institutional ownership. Further, we find that stocks exhibiting high monthly jump volatility consistently exhibit underperformance over extended periods, corroborating the hypothesis of sentiment‐induced temporary mispricing phenomena. Significantly, our findings advocate for the adoption of the jump component of realized volatility as a proxy for firm‐specific investor sentiment, offering a novel perspective in the sentiment analysis literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pine wilt disease, caused by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner & Buhrer, 1934) Nickle 1981, poses a significant threat to the safety of pine forests in the world. Currently, the available nematicides for controlling this disease are limited. Finding new nematicides is crucial for the effective prevention and control of pine wilt disease. In this study, we discovered that tetramycin B3, derived from Streptomyces ahygroscopicus, demonstrated a promising effect on pine wilt disease. The LC50 values of tetramycin B3 at 24, 48, and 72 h were 26.49, 23.37, and 12.79 μg/mL, respectively. Tetramycin B3 significantly inhibited the feeding and growth rate of B. xylophilus at low concentrations while also increasing ROS (reactive oxygen species) production and lipid accumulation. Furthermore, tetramycin B3 markedly inhibited the activity of detoxifying and protective enzymes. Transcriptome and metabolome analyses indicated that tetramycin B3 significantly affected the expression of genes related to lysosomes, autophagy, and lipid metabolism in B. xylophilus. Additionally, tetramycin B3 delayed the onset of pine wilt disease. Transcriptome results showed that tetramycin B3 significantly influenced the expression of genes related to defense responses in pine trees and induced pine trees to produce disease-resistant mechanisms. Future research will focus on further elucidating the mechanism of action of tetramycin B3 against B. xylophilus and verifying the gene functions identified through transcriptome screening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rheology of materials near fault zones controls the deformation of the fault, thus playing an important role in the rupture propagation of large earthquakes. Here, we model the postseismic deformation in the first 4 years following the 2019 Ridgecrest earthquake, and probe the laterally variable lower‐crustal viscosity and fault afterslip, using a combined model incorporating afterslip and viscoelastic relaxation. Modeling results reveal that laterally variable low‐viscosity zones (1017∼1018 Pa·s) beneath the Coso Volcanic Field are required to explain the observations well. These low‐viscosity materials may reduce the width of the brittle part of the fault, thus affecting the northwestward propagation of the 2019 Ridgecrest earthquake rupture and the spatial pattern of nearby seismicity. Numerical simulations reveal that the postseismic viscoelastic relaxation of the event will cause contractional strain in the upper‐crustal magma reservoirs, which may counteract the extensional strain caused by the coseismic rupture. Plain Language Summary: The 2019 Ridgecrest earthquakes ruptured an orthogonal fault in Southern California, which changed the stress state of materials in the source region and caused significant postseismic crustal deformation. Here, we use geodetic observations to measure the postseismic deformation in the first 4.0 years following the event. Then, we construct a combined model incorporating fault afterslip and relaxation of deep ductile layers to explain the observations. Our results reveal that low‐viscosity zones beneath the Coso Volcanic Field are required to explain observations reasonably. These low‐viscosity materials may reduce the width of the brittle part of the fault, and thus arrest the northwestward rupture propagation of the 2019 Ridgecrest earthquake. Forward calculations suggest that the extensional strain due to the coseismic rupture can promote the Coso volcano toward reactivation, but the postseismic viscoelastic relaxation effect may impede the evolution and compensate for the coseismic effect in a few decades after the event. Key Points: Postseismic deformation reveals low‐viscosity zones beneath the Coso Volcanic FieldLow‐viscosity zones affect the rupture propagation of the 2019 Ridgecrest earthquakePostseismic viscoelastic relaxation may restrain the reactivation of the Coso volcano [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a comprehensive dataset of Chinese A-share stocks, we find significant evidence for analysts' anchoring in China. This anchoring behavior exists only when forecasts are lower than the industry median and correlates to a series of analysts' and corporate characteristics. The following market reactions to analyst anchoring are discontinuous: only forecasts without analysts' anchoring achieve higher and positive returns in the next period, while those with anchoring bias have no influence on the following returns. Further analyses based on the earnings response coefficient reveal that analysts' anchoring inhibits earnings information dissemination, and discontinuous stock performance is mainly from professional institutions. Overall, this paper provides evident results about analyst anchoring and its impact, and the findings are beneficial for investors to efficiently use analysts' forecast information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) may begin developing years or even decades prior to the manifestation of its first symptoms. The APOE ε4 genotype is a prominent genetic risk for AD that has been found to be associated with brain changes across the lifespan since early adulthood. Thus, studying brain changes that may occur in young adults with an APOE ε4 status is highly relevant. Objective: Examine potential differences in grey matter (GM) and functional connectivity (FC) in brains of cognitively healthy young APOE ε4 carriers and non-carriers, denoted here as ε4(+) and ε4(−), respectively. Methods: Three Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain scans were acquired from cognitively healthy young participants aged approximately 20 years (n = 151). Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis was employed to identify potential structural differences in GM between ε4(+) and ε4(−). In a subsequent seed-based connectivity (SBC) analysis, brain regions that structurally differed in the VBM analysis were considered as seeds and correlated with all the remaining voxels across the brains to then measure the differences in FC between groups. Results: The VBM analysis suggested that ε4(+) (n = 28) had greater GM densities relative to ε4(−) (n = 123) in the left hippocampus and the left posterior insula (puncorr < 0.001). However, the effect did not survive the correction for multiple comparisons, suggesting minimal structural differences in this age range. In contrast, the SBC analysis indicated that ε4(+) exhibited significantly decreased FC between the left hippocampus and areas of the left middle temporal gyrus (n = 27) compared to ε4(−) (n = 102). These results remained significant after multiple comparisons (pFDR < 0.05). Lastly, no statistically significant differences in FC between groups were observed for the left insular seed (pFDR > 0.05). Discussion: These results suggest early structural and functional brain changes associated with the APOE ε4 genotype on young adults. Yet, they must be cautiously interpreted and contrasted with both older adults with genetic risk for AD and patients diagnosed with AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The seismic hazard of a fault system is controlled by the maximum possible earthquake magnitude it can host. However, existing methods to estimate maximum magnitudes can result in large uncertainties or ignore their temporal evolution. Here, we show how the maximum possible earthquake magnitude of a fault system can be assessed by combining high-resolution fault coupling maps with a physics-based model from three-dimensional dynamic fracture mechanics confirmed by dynamic rupture simulations. We demonstrate the method on the Anninghe-Zemuhe fault system in southwestern China, where dense near-fault geodetic data has been acquired. Our results show that this fault system currently has the potential to generate Mw7.0 earthquakes with maximum magnitudes increasing to Mw7.3 by 2200. These results are supported by the observed rupture extents and recurrence times of historical earthquakes and the b values of current seismicity. Our work provides a practical way to assess the earthquake potential of natural faults. In this study, the authors show how the maximum possible earthquake magnitude of a fault system can be assessed by combining high-resolution fault coupling maps with a physics-based theoretical model. They demonstrate the method on the Anninghe-Zemuhe fault system in southwestern China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From spintronics to data storage technology, two-dimensional (2D) ferromagnetic materials show great promise for various applications. This work reports a series of stable ferromagnetic transition metal boride FenB2+2n (n = 1, 2), where robust long-range ferromagnetic exchange coupling and large perpendicular magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE) allow the ferromagnetic transition temperature (Tc) of the FenB2+2n monolayer to reach above room temperature. The metallic FenB2+2n exhibits n- and p-type Dirac transport in both spin channels with a high Fermi velocity. Furthermore, the application of biaxial compressive strain and electron doping can greatly increase the ferromagnetic coupling and MAE of FeB4 monolayers. On this basis, the FeB2C2 alloy with a high concentration of carbon substitution has been designed, which allows the nonvolatile integration of in-plane compressive strain and electron doping. As expected, this substitution doping resulted in a significant increase in the Tc and MAE of the system. Our findings provide perspectives for the study of 2D magnetic materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study the existence of spread speeds and periodic traveling waves for a class of space–time periodic and degenerate cooperative systems with nonlocal dispersal and delays. In order to characterize the spread speeds, we first establish the principal eigenvalue theory for linear space–time periodic and degenerate systems with nonlocal dispersal and delays and give some sufficient conditions for the existence of the principal eigenvalue. Then, we prove the existence of a single spreading speed and give the computational formulae of it. Finally, we generalize the monotone iteration scheme combined with the method of sub–super-solutions to prove the existence of the space–time periodic traveling waves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changsha City is the political, economic and cultural centre of Hunan Province. In recent years, because of large-scale urban construction and special geological structure, land subsidence has become one of the main geological disasters in Changsha City, which seriously threatens the health of buildings and infrastructure. To solve this problem, this paper monitored the land subsidence in Changsha City from 2015 to 2021 using the Point Target (PT) based Small Baseline Subset InSAR (SBAS-InSAR), revealed the spatial distribution characteristics of land subsidence in the study area, studied the causes of subsidence, and carried out geological disaster risk assessment. The results show that the overall stability of Changsha City is dominated by uneven subsidence. The subsidence areas are mainly distributed in the north of Kaifu District, Moon Island, Malan Mountain Chuangzhi Park and the periphery of the main urban area. The maximum settlement rate is about 87 mm/year, and the cumulative settlement reaches 250 mm. The settlement monitoring results are basically consistent with the actual situation at the same time, which is mainly caused by engineering construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crossing conjugate normal faults (CCNFs) are extensively developed in many hydrocarbon-producing basins, generally existing in the form of incomplete CCNFs. Nevertheless, the effect of the non-conjugate zone of the CCNFs on the conjugate relay zone post late tectonic action has not been previously studied. We use 3D elastic-plastic modeling to investigate the influence of incomplete (i.e., partially intersecting) CCNFs on the pattern of deformation of strata in the intersection region. A series of model simulations were performed to examine the effects of horizontal tectonic extension, fault size, and fault depth on the deformation of conjugate relay zones of incomplete CCNFs. Our analyses yielded the following results. (1) The model of incomplete conjugation predicts a convex-up style of deformation in the conjugate graben region superimposed on overall subsidence under applied horizontal tectonic extension. (2) The degree of convex-up deformation of the conjugate graben depends on the influence of the non-conjugate zone on the conjugate relay zone, which varies with the amount of horizontal tectonic extension, fault size, and fault burial depth. (3) Our results indicate that incomplete CCNFs can form convex-up deformation, similar to that in the Nanpu Sag area and provide a sound understanding of hydrocarbon migration and accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) semiconductor materials exhibit extraordinary electrical properties, holding promise for the realization of next-generation complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) devices at ultimate scaling. However, constrained by effective device doping strategies, the hole mobility and device performance of tungsten diselenide (WSe2) p-type transistors, especially monolayer chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-grown WSe2, have not met expectations. In this paper, an effective performance enhancement of monolayer WSe2 p-type transistor was achieved through a molecular doping strategy. Synthesizing monolayer WSe2 directly on SiO2 back-gated substrates and leveraging energy band alignment design, 4-nitrobenzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate (4-NBD) molecular dopant with a concentration of 10 mM was utilized to modulate the Fermi level position of monolayer WSe2 for hole doping. The devices demonstrated a more than 98% increase in hole mobility, reaching up to 97 cm2 · V−1 · s−1 while maintaining the current on/off ratio of 108. Monolayer p-type WSe2 transistors with 1 µm channel length exhibit a high drive current surpassing 176 µA · µm−1, exceeding previous CVD-WSe2 devices with similar channel length. This straightforward and effective approach to improving the electrical performance of WSe2 transistors paves the way for advanced logic technologies based on transition metal dichalcogenide semiconductors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Motor impairment is the most prevalent consequence following a stroke. Interhemispheric homotopic connectivity, which varies regionally and hierarchically along the axis of the somatomotor-association cortex, plays a critical role in sustaining normal motor functions. However, the impact of strokes occurring in various locations on homotopic connectivity is not fully understood. This study aimed to explore how motor deficits resulting from acute strokes in different locations influence homotopic connectivity. Methods: Eighty-four acute ischemic stroke patients with dyskinesia were recruited and divided into four demographically-matched subgroups based on stroke locations: Group 1 (Gl; frontoparietal, n = 15), Group 2 (G2; radiation coronal, n = 16), Group 3 (G3; basal ganglia, n = 30), and Group 4 (G4; brain stem, n = 23). An additional 37 demographically-matched healthy controls were also recruited in the study. Multimodal MRI data, motor function assessments, and cognitive tests were gathered for analysis. Interhemispheric homotopic functional and structural connectivity were measured using resting-state functional MRI and diffusion tensor imaging, respectively. These measurements were then correlated with motor function scores to investigate the relationships. Results: Voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity (VMHC) analysis showed that strokes in the frontoparietal and basal ganglia regions led to diminished homotopic connectivity in the somatosensory/motor cortex. In contrast, strokes in the radiation coronal and brainstem regions affected subcortical motor circuits. Structural homotopic connectivity analysis using diffusion tensor imaging showed that frontoparietal and basal ganglia strokes predominantly affected association fibers, while radiation coronal and brainstem strokes caused widespread disruption in the integrity of both cortical-cortical and cortical-subcortical white matter fibers. Correlation analyses demonstrated significant associations between the Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA), Modified Barthel Index (MBI), and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores with the VMHC in the inferior temporal gyrus for Gl (Gl; r = 0.838, p < 0.001; r = 0.793, p < 0.001; and r = --0.834, p < 0.001, respectively). No statistically significant associations were observed in Groups 2, 3, and 4. Conclusion: Our results suggest that motor deficits following strokes in various regions involve distinct pathways from cortical to subcortical areas. Alterations in lesion topography and regional functional homotopy provide new insights into the understanding of neural underpinnings of post-stroke dyskinesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to explore the impact of filter-feeding fish on the geochemical cycle of water nutrients, an indoor experiment was conducted to study the filter-feeding efficiency of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) on algae, and to measure the absorption and excretion of phosphorus by silver carp during the filter-feeding process, also we analyzed the influence of excretion on nitrogen and phosphorus in water bodies. The results showed that (1) silver carp reduced the population density of cyanobacteria, green algae, and diatoms through filter feeding, with comparable effectiveness against cyanobacteria as against green algae and diatoms; (2) silver carp filter-feeds on algae by ingesting particulate phosphorus (PP) and excreting soluble phosphorus (SRP) into the water. In the presence of sufficient food supply, the total phosphorus (TP) of the water body remained relatively stable. However, when the food was insufficient, the silver carp consumed its own nutrients, continuing to release SRP into the water, contributing to phosphorus raise; (3) Following food consumption, silver carp reintroduced inorganic nutrients to the water environment, leading to a high nitrogen-to-phosphorus (NiP) ratio. Most nitrogen and a small part of phosphorus from the food were excreted as inorganic nutrients, resulting in significantly higher NiP ratios in the water environment of the filter-feeding group compared to the control group. Furthermore, the NiP ratio in the water environment of the filter-feeding cyanobacteria group was significantly higher than that of the diatom and green algae groups, suggesting that silver carp's filter feeding on algae promotes the shift toward phosphorus limitation in the water body, and in particular, filter feeding cyanobacteria may strengthen this trend. In conclusion, silver carp might not only reduce the density of algae through feeding pressure but also affect the growth of algae with high NiP excretion and redistribution of nutrients. The role of silver carp in the nutrient cycle of water body deserves more attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mobilization of internal phosphorus (P) plays a crucial role in transitioning nutrient limitations within lake ecosystems. While previous research has extensively examined P release in littoral zones influenced by fluctuating water levels, there is a paucity of studies addressing the implications of sustained water level rise in this context, particularly as it pertains to nutrient limitations in benthic algae. To address this gap, we conducted an integrated study in Qinghai Lake. In the field sampling and microcosm experiment, we found that P concentrations are elevated in areas subjected to short-term inundation compared to those enduring prolonged inundation, primarily due to the dissolution of sedimentary P fractions. The results of nutrient diffusing substrata (NDS) bioassays indicated that benthic algae in Qinghai Lake displayed either P limitation or NP co-limitation. The transition from P limitation to NP co-limitation suggested that internal P release may serve to ameliorate nutrient limitations in benthic algae. This phenomenon could potentially contribute to the proliferation of Cladophora in the littoral zones of Qinghai Lake, thereby posing long-term implications for the lake's aquatic ecosystem, particularly under conditions of sustained water level rise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the important biodiversity conservation areas in China, the ecosystem in the lower reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River is fragile, and is particularly sensitive to global changes. To reveal the diversity pattern of phytoplankton, the metabarcode sequencing was employed in the Medog section of the lower reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River during autumn 2019 in present study. The phytoplankton assemblies can be significantly divided into the main stem and the tributaries; there are significant differences in the phytoplankton biomass, alpha and beta diversity between the main stem and the tributaries. While both the main stem and the tributaries are affected by dispersal limitation, the phytoplankton assemblages in the entire lower reaches are primarily influenced by heterogeneous selection. Community dissimilarity and assembly process were significantly correlated with turbidity, electrical conductivity, and nitrogen nutrition. The tributaries were the main source of the increase in phytoplankton diversity in the lower reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River. Such diversity pattern of phytoplankton in the lower reach may be caused by the special habitat in Medog, that is, the excessive flow velocity, and the significant spatial heterogeneity in physical and chemical factors between stem and tributaries. Based on the results and conclusions obtained in present study, continuous long-term monitoring is essential to assess and quantify the impact of global changes on phytoplankton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A major earthquake shook the Chinese county of Maduo, located in the Songpan-Ganzi terrane on the Tibetan Plateau, on 21 May 2021. Here, we investigate the post-seismic deformation process of this event, with the aim to understand the fault geometry, friction behaviour and regional rheology. To keep the self-consistency between co- and post-seismic deformation models, we first constrain the fault geometry and coseismic slip model of this event, which are directly used in modelling the post-seismic deformation. The coseimsic slip model reveals that the majority of coseismic slip is confined at the middle (3–15 km) of the brittle layer, leading to significant shallow slip deficit. Secondly, we obtain the post-seismic deformation in the first 450 d following the 2021 Maduo earthquake using the GPS and InSAR displacement time-series data. Thirdly, a combined model incorporating afterslip and viscoelastic relaxation is built to explain the observed post-seismic deformation. Our results suggest that the viscoelastic relaxation effect should be considered in the observation period, in order to avoid the unphysical deep afterslip in the ductile lower crustal layer. Combined analysis on viscosities inferred from this study and previous studies suggests a weak lower crust with steady-state viscosity of 1018–1019 Pa s beneath the Songpan-Ganzi terrane, which may give rise to the distributed shear deformation and the development of subparallel secondary faults within the terrane. Besides, the inferred afterslip on uppermost patches of the middle fault segment suggests a rate-strengthening frictional behaviour that may be related to the coseismic slip deficit and rupture arrest of the Maduo earthquake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-dimensional (2D) ferromagnetic materials with Curie temperature (Tc) above room temperature have great potential ranging from spintronics to information processing and storage. Here, we computationally design a series of 1T′α-VXY (X = S, Se, Te; Y = Cl, Br, I) monolayers with the X and Y atoms arranged alternately in the 2D plane. VXY monolayers are ferromagnetic semiconductors with Tc much higher than room temperature. Furthermore, the symmetry breaking of VXY bilayers leads to sliding ferroelectricity with large reversible out-of-plane electric polarization and moderate interlayer sliding barriers. We further show that half-metal-to-semiconductor nonvolatile field-effect switching can be achieved in multiferroic van der Waals heterostructures composed of VXY and In2S3 ferroelectric substrates due to the synergistic effect between the polarization field-induced band edge shifting and the selective charge transfer at the interface. These findings reveal a promising role of 2D Janus 1T′α-VXY in spintronics, ferroelectric, and multiferroic device applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Cod'-related species are among the most appreciated marine fish resources around the world, but are also prone to species mislabelling. In the present study, a total of 76 frozen, dried, and surimi-based fish products, sold as 'Cod' (59 products), 'Atlantic authentic Cod' (11 products), and 'Authentic Cod' (6 products), were collected in China. A species-specific LAMP (loop-mediated isothermal amplification) method was used to screen for the presence of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), Pacific cod (G. macrocephalus), Alaska pollock (G. chalcogrammus), Southern hake (Merluccius australis), which was cross-confirmed using real-time PCR and DNA sequencing methods. The results highlighted the greatest species diversity for 'Cod' products, and the identified species were from nine different families. It appears that the practice of assigning a specific type or category of species to the common name 'Cod' has not been widely advocated, and the misuse of this ambiguous common name has been a common practice for species adulteration, negatively impacting consumers' rights and marine conservation. To rebuild consumers' confidence, retail fish suppliers have differentiated their products by adding specific qualifiers in front of the common name 'Cod' on the label, such as 'Authentic cod' and 'Atlantic authentic cod'. The endeavour is highly meaningful, since Gadus morhua was identified as the species for a significant majority of 'Atlantic authentic cod' and 'Authentic cod' products (64.7%, 11/17), with the remaining six products identified as Alaskan pollock (G. chalcogrammus), Pacific cod (G. macrocephalus) and North Pacific hake (Merluccius productus). Despite the positive effort to reverse species mislabelling from retail on-line fish suppliers, a standardized fish nomenclature stipulated by the responsible authorities remains crucial for enhancing transparency and continuing to reduce species mislabelling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the problem of low accuracy rate of current sentiment analysis methods for book review texts, a book review sentiment analysis method based on BERT-ABiLSTM hybrid model is proposed. First, the overall framework of sentiment analysis is constructed by integrating sentiment vocabulary and deep learning methods, and the fine-grained sentiment analysis is divided into three stages: topic identification, sentiment identification and thematic sentiment identification. Then, a dynamic character-level word vector containing contextual information is generated using a bidirectional encoder representation from transformers (BERT) pre-trained language model. Then, the contextual information in the text data is fully learned by introducing the bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) model. Finally, the accurate analysis of book review sentiment is achieved by using Attention mechanism to highlight important features and improve the efficiency of resource utilization. Through an experimental comparison with existing advanced algorithms, the proposed method in this study has improved at least 4.2%, 3.9% and 3.79% in precision, recall and F1 values, respectively. The experimental results show that the proposed BERT-ABiLSTM is higher than the existing models under different metrics, indicating that the proposed model has a good application prospect in the fields of book review analysis and book recommendation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interseismic locking state of tectonic faults is essential for regional seismic hazard assessments. However, it is challenging to obtain this parameter reliably due to the weak deformation and complex model configurations. To better probe the fault locking state, more reliable physical models and well-covered observations are required. Here we investigate the locking state of the Xianshuihe fault based on a new-developed viscoelastic deformation model. Meanwhile, we combine GPS velocities from 13 new near-field stations and existing stations in this region to improve the spatial resolution. Similar to the theoretical predictions, our results indicate that the elastic model will clearly overestimate the fault locking depth and seismic moment accumulation rate, and the fault slip rate inferred from the elastic model is slightly lower than that from the viscoelastic model. Relying on the locking distribution inferred from the viscoelastic model, we identify four potential asperities on the Xianshuihe fault. More importantly, we find a clear spatial correlation between the fault locking distribution and the rupture extent of historical earthquakes, which indicates that the fault locking state may control the rupture extent and thus the magnitude of earthquakes. In addition, our results show that the 2022 M6.8 Luding earthquake only ruptured the south part of a potential asperity, and the accumulated energy in the northern unruptured area is equivalent to an Mw6.9 earthquake, where the seismic hazard deserves special attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foreign object debris (FOD) intrusion is a common problem along high-speed railway lines, usually caused by the entry of foreign objects into the railway infrastructure during high winds. Although the capability to address FOD incidents has improved significantly, it is still necessary to predict environmental conditions along the railway lines beforehand to prevent FOD incidents. In this paper, we propose a novel dual-branch feature extraction network that takes into account the frequently occurring landforms of lakes and forests along the railway lines to improve the recognition rate of these regions and provide theoretical support for FOD prevention. The network adopts a dual-branch structure, introducing multi-branch residual weighted module, context feature refinement module (CFR), and high-low feature fusion module (HLFF) to enhance feature extraction, refine contextual information, and boundary information, thus improving the model's segmentation performance. Experiments are conducted on our self-built forest-lake dataset, a railway dataset, and a publicly available Aerial Imagery Dataset. The results show that the proposed method achieves MIOU scores of 84.77%, 86.73% and 94.09% on these three datasets, respectively, indicating strong segmentation performance for forests and lakes and good generalization performance on other datasets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Filamentous algae blooms (FABs) have been increasing globally in recent years, and their presence can have both harmful and beneficial effects on aquatic ecosystems. As one of the most common FABs, Cladophora blooms have been reported in the lakes of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during the past few years. However, there have been few studies focused on how FABs impact other aquatic organisms, especially in alpine lakes since these are at the forefront of responding to global climate change. In this study, the phytoplankton communities in different regions of Qinghai Lake were profiled in different seasons using meta-barcode sequencing. The phytoplankton assemblages in areas with Cladophora blooms were compared to those without Cladophora. The phytoplankton community structure correlated with physicochemical properties including water temperature, electrical conductivity, nitrate, and the presence or absence of Cladophora blooms. The relative abundance of Bacillariophytes was found to be higher in zones with Cladophora blooms than in other regions. Significant seasonal changes in phytoplankton biomass and β diversity were observed in zones with Cladophora blooms. Growth and microbial degradation of Cladophora can change the pH, dissolved oxygen, secchi depth, and nitrate. Together with seasonal temperature and electrical conductivity changes, Cladophora growth can significantly impact the phytoplankton biomass, community dissimilarity and assembly process. These results showed that Cladophora plays a key role in littoral aquatic ecosystem ecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Inspired by natural bones, many organic components were added to Calcium Phosphate Cements (CPCs) to improve their mechanical strength. However, the strength of these composite CPCs is limited by the low strength of organic components itself and the weak interaction between organic components and CPCs. OBJECTIVE: Firstly, a composite CPC containing mussel-inspired adhesive, Poly-(Dopamine Methacrylamide-co-2-methoxy Ethylacrylate) (pDM) was developed. Secondly, the interactions between pDM and CPC and their effect on mechanical properties were investigated. METHODS: The interactions between pDM and CPC were performed by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Laser Raman, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy and X-ray Diffraction Analysis. RESULTS: The toughness and compressive strength of pDM-CPC scaffold were both significantly enhanced, because of the enhanced interface binding strength among CPC and pDM due to their interaction and the improved mechanical strength of pDM owing to its self-oxidation cross-linking. The toughness of pDM-CPC scaffolds increased with the increased contents of pDM, while pDM-CPC scaffold containing 35 wt.% pDM had the highest compressive strength of all, which the latter was more than five times compared to that of CPC. CONCLUSION: The mechanically strong pDM-CPC scaffolds has potential application in bone regeneration as well as in craniofacial and orthopedic repair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytoplankton are the main primary producers in aquatic ecosystems and play an important role in food web and geochemical cycles. Its diversity, community structure, and assembly process are influenced by several factors. Alpine lake ecosystems are relatively weak and extremely sensitive to global climate change. However, the impact of climate change on phytoplankton in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau lakes and their responses are still unclear. In this study, we analyzed the diversity, environmental drivers, and assembly process of phytoplankton community in the central QTP lakes. The phytoplankton of these lakes can be primarily distinguished into freshwater and brackish types, with significant differences in species diversity and community dissimilarity. Both shared nearly same key environmental factors that significantly affecting phytoplankton such as EC, and brackish lakes were also positively correlative with TN. Stochastic process was predominant in phytoplankton assembly. Additionally, freshwater and brackish lakes were dominated by dispersal limitation and heterogeneous selection respectively. Alpine lakes had significant EC thresholds, and their diversity and assembly processes changed significantly around the thresholds. The present findings have important implications for understanding and predicting the response of lake phytoplankton communities to climate change and for making decisions to protect the ecological resources of alpine lakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-dimensional transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have been pursued for high-performance logic electronic devices, and compatibility with silicon complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology is essential. Thus, high-quality material synthesis at reduced temperature is a key challenge for TMDC integration with the back-end-of-line silicon CMOS. In this work, TMDCs have been synthesized at temperatures down to 450 °C on SiO2/Si substrates via chemical vapor deposition. This work highlights the necessity of improving metal precursor mass flux during the low-temperature synthesis of TMDC films. Improved electrical characteristics of the back-gated p-type field-effect transistors based on monolayer WSe2 exhibit an on-current of 14 μA/μm and subthreshold swing of 200 mV/dec. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to fabricate zein-based colloidal nanoparticles, which were used to stabilize Pickering emulsions, by conjugation with soybean polysaccharide (SSPS) through the Maillard reaction. The physicochemical properties of the conjugated particles as well as the physical and oxidative stability of the fabricated Pickering emulsion that utilized conjugated colloidal particles with the volumetric ratio of water and oil at 50:50 were investigated. The grafting degree of zein and SSPS was verified through examination of FT-IR and fluorescence. Moreover, the conjugated Zein/SSPS nanoparticles (ZSP) that were prepared after dry heating for 48–72 h exhibit excellent colloidal stability across a range of pH values (4.0–10.0). Further, the wettability of ZSP decreased based on a contact angle analysis of θ~87°. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) images indicated that ZSP particles were located around the oil droplets. Additionally, the ZSP effectively improved the oxidative stability of the Pickering emulsions, as demonstrated by a significant decrease in both peroxide value (PV) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). The results of this study demonstrate that ZSP represents a promising food-grade Pickering emulsifier, capable of not only stabilizing emulsions but also inhibiting their oil oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financial literacy has become increasingly crucial in today's complex financial markets. This paper explores the impact of financial literacy on the stock market by establishing an artificial financial market that aligns with the characteristics of the Chinese A-share market using agent-based modeling. The study incorporates financial literacy into investors' mixed beliefs and simulates their behavior in the market. The results show that improving individual investors' financial literacy can improve market quality and investor performance, as well as reduce the unequal distribution of wealth to some extent. However, the phenomenon of speculative trading and irrational behavior in the market can pose potential risks that require regulatory measures. Thus, policy recommendations to improve individual investors' financial literacy and establish corresponding regulatory measures are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thriving field of atomic defect engineering towards advanced electrocatalysis relies on the critical role of electric field polarization at the atomic scale. While this is proposed theoretically, the spatial configuration, orientation, and correlation with specific catalytic properties of materials are yet to be understood. Here, by targeting monolayer MoS2 rich in atomic defects, we pioneer the direct visualization of electric field polarization of such atomic defects by combining advanced electron microscopy with differential phase contrast technology. It is revealed that the asymmetric charge distribution caused by the polarization facilitates the adsorption of H*, which originally activates the atomic defect sites for catalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Then, it has been experimentally proven that atomic-level polarization in electric fields can enhance catalytic HER activity. This work bridges the long-existing gap between the atomic defects and advanced electrocatalysis by directly revealing the angstrom-scale electric field polarization and correlating it with the as-tuned catalytic properties of materials; the methodology proposed here could also inspire future studies focusing on catalytic mechanism understanding and structure-property-performance relationship. The visible evidence bridging atomic defects with catalytic properties has been scarcely explored. Using differential phase contrast technology, this work discloses the existence of a polarized electric field surrounding the antisite defects of a monolayer MoS2 material and its correlation to its electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seeds establish dormancy to delay germination until the arrival of a favorable growing season. In this study, we identify a fate switch comprised of the MKK3–MPK7 kinase cascade and the ethylene response factor ERF4 that is responsible for the seed state transition from dormancy to germination. We show that dormancy-breaking factors activate the MKK3–MPK7 module, which affects the expression of some α-EXPANSIN (EXPA) genes to control seed dormancy. Furthermore, we identify a direct downstream substrate of this module, ERF4, which suppresses the expression of these EXPA s by directly binding to the GCC boxes in their exon regions. The activated MKK3–MPK7 module phosphorylates ERF4, leading to its rapid degradation and thereby releasing its inhibitory effect on the expression of these EXPA s. Collectively, our work identifies a signaling chain consisting of protein phosphorylation, degradation, and gene transcription , by which the germination promoters within the embryo sense and are activated by germination signals from ambient conditions. This study shows that the MKK3–MPK7 cascade positively regulates dormancy breaking by promoting the expression of some EXPA s, whereas ERF4 binds directly to the GCC boxes in the exons of EXPA s and suppresses their expression. During the dormancy-breaking process, the activated MKK3–MPK7 cascade phosphorylates ERF4 and promotes its rapid degradation, leading to release of its inhibitory effect on EXPA expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two major earthquakes (MW 7.8 and MW 7.7) ruptured left-lateral strike-slip faults of the East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ) on February 6, 2023, causing >59,000 fatalities and ~$119B in damage in southeastern Türkiye and northwestern Syria. Here we derived kinematic rupture models for the two events by inverting extensive seismic and geodetic observations using complex 5-6 segment fault models constrained by satellite observations and relocated aftershocks. The larger event nucleated on a splay fault, and then propagated bilaterally ~350 km along the main EAFZ strand. The rupture speed varied from 2.5-4.5 km/s, and peak slip was ~8.1 m. 9-h later, the second event ruptured ~160 km along the curved northern EAFZ strand, with early bilateral supershear rupture velocity (>4 km/s) followed by a slower rupture speed (~3 km/s). Coulomb Failure stress increase imparted by the first event indicates plausible triggering of the doublet aftershock, along with loading of neighboring faults. Kinematic models for the two major earthquakes on February 6, 2023 along the East Anatolian Fault Zone reveal complex multi-fault rupture and the plausible triggering of the doublet aftershock by the first event. (*couldn't find author-written summary) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the 2008 financial crisis, multiple studies have contributed to the research on stock price crashes. However, most of the studies on stock price crashes are from the corporate management perspective, focusing on factors such as the board's character, the CEO's power, the brand's capital, and ESG performance. Few studies have taken external information, such as media coverage, into consideration. Meanwhile, in the era of 5G, internet media has witnessed exponential growth, heavily enhancing the speed of information transmission; this could possibly impact the future risk associated with stock price crashes. From this perspective, our study extends the coverage by investigating the relationship between internet media coverage and the potential risk of stock price crashes. Using a comprehensive dataset of the Chinese stock market from 2008 to 2021, we found that the optimistic (pessimistic) tones of internet media were positively (negatively) correlated with the future risk of crashes. These findings remained firm after accounting for winsorization, corporate governance control, firm fixed effects, and instrumental variable analysis. Further analyses showed that media tone impacts were more pronounced for firms with higher analyst coverage. Our study indicates that investors, especially retail investors, who are more easily influenced by internet media, should be more cautious about the increasingly favorable internet coverage of listed companies, which could result in a heightened future risk of stock price crashes. Moreover, regulators should inform investors when listed companies are experiencing more favorable internet coverage to minimize potential stock market fluctuations and investment losses for investors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Species adulteration has been widely revealed around the world, and the possible reasons include declining stocks in most source areas of the world, poor transparency in the global supply chain, and difficulty in distinguishing the features of processed products. The present work selected Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) as a case study, and developed a novel loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for Atlantic cod authentication, where a self‐quenched primer and a newly designed reaction vessel were used to realize the endpoint visual detection of the target‐specific products. RESULTS: A novel LAMP primer set was designed for Atlantic cod, and the inner primer BIP was selected to label the self‐quenched fluorogenic element. The fluorophore's dequenching only occurred along with LAMP elongation for the target species. No fluorescence could be observed with both single‐stranded DNA and partially complementary dsDNA of the non‐target species. With the novel reaction vessel, both amplification as well as detection were operated in an enclosed device, and visual differentiation of Atlantic cod, negative control, and false positive generated from primer dimers was achieved. The novel assay has proved its specificity and applicability, and could detect as little as 1 pg of Atlantic cod DNA. Moreover, Atlantic cod adulteration as low as 10% could be detected in haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), and no cross‐reactivity was observed. CONCLUSION: The established assay could be a useful tool to detect mislabeling incidents involving Atlantic cod considering the advantages of speed, simplicity and accuracy. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

General partners (GPs) of private equity (PE) are facing increasing pressure from limited partners (LPs) to make investments that meet environmental, social, and governance (ESG) targets. We develop a tractable model to analyze an LP's valuation of participating in PE investment when the ESG factors are objectives. Integrating the ESG factors makes the LP commit to investing capital in ESG demand spending and choosing sustainable PE, which has an inverted U‐shaped effect on the LP's certainty‐equivalent wealth. At the optimal ESG demand spending, the LP tends to choose more consumption but less public equity investment due to his or her positive expectation about higher certainty‐equivalent wealth from PE investment. However, an endogenous risk‐aversion attitude and exogenous idiosyncratic risk will have an adverse effect and make the LP less eager to integrate the ESG factors for sustainable development. Thus, the optimal ESG demand decreases, and the LP requires a higher break‐even excess return. Our analysis provides new theoretical insights for both PE partners and regulators when integrating ESG factors and sustainable concepts into PE valuation and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inspired by the excellent wear resistance and lubrication of articular joints, a novel bionic interfacial system was proposed by combining thixotropic hydrogel with surface porous Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE). Thixotropic hydrogel, synthesised by gelatin, alginate sodium, tannic acid and weak crosslinking by Ca2+ (Gel‐TA‐Alg@Ca2+), was used as a lubricant due to its shear‐thinning when loaded, then the recovery viscosity to be benefitted for reserving in surface pores on UHMWPE when unloaded. Surface porous UHMWPE was fabricated by using hydroxyapatite particles as porogen to control its porosity, pore size, surface roughness and surface energy (PE‐HA). Gel‐TA‐Alg@Ca2+ significantly reduced average coefficients of friction and wear factors compared to those under normal saline and calf serum solution lubricating after reciprocating tribological testing. Notably, Gel‐TA‐Alg@Ca2+ still maintained thixotropy and was stored in surface pores of UHMWPE even after tribological testing for 7200 min. Thus, durable lubrication could be realised due to the synergistic effect of surface porous structure and thixotropy. Stribeck curves showed the characterisations of mixed, elastohydrodynamic and hydrodynamic, but without boundary lubrications for PE‐30HA under three lubricants. The present results might provide the potential application to construct the durable lubrication bionic articular joint interfacial system for artificial joints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the behavior of H2–He binary mixtures at high pressure is of great importance. Two more recent experiments [J. Lim and C. S. Yoo, Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 165301 (2018) and R. Turnbull et al., ibid. 121, 195702 (2018)] are in conflict, regarding the miscibility between H2 and He in solids at high pressure. On the basis of first-principles calculations combined with the structure prediction method, we investigate the miscibility for solid H2–He mixtures at pressures from 0 GPa to 200 GPa. It is found that there is no sign of miscibility and chemical reactivity in H2–He mixtures with any H:He ratio. Moreover, instead of H2–He mixtures, the calculated Raman modes of the N–H mixtures can better explain the characteristic peaks observed experimentally, which were claimed to be the H–He vibrational modes. These calculation results are more in line with the experimental findings by Turnbull et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 195702 (2018)]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is a promising semiconductor channel material for future electronics due to its atomic thickness and high mobility. However, conventional back-gate MoS2 transistors suffer from substantial scattering caused by substrate and surface adsorbates, which impair carrier mobility and device reliability. In this work, we demonstrate an exemplary dielectric engineering approach that uses atomic-layer-deposited hafnium oxide (HfO2) as the gate dielectric and channel passivation layer to improve device performance and positive bias instability. The large-single-crystal monolayer MoS2 film was directly synthesized on SiO2/Si substrates by a low-pressure chemical vapor deposition method. MoS2 transistors with various dielectrics were fabricated and characterized for a fair comparison. The mobility increased from 4.2 to 19.9 cm2/V·s by suppressing charged impurities and phonon scattering when transferring the MoS2 channel from 100 nm SiO2 substrates to 20 nm HfO2 substrates. Passivation of another 10 nm HfO2 on the back-gate transistors further increased the mobility to 36.4 cm2/V·s with a high drive current of 107 μA/μm. Moreover, the threshold voltage shift of the passivated transistor was reduced by about 58% from 1.9 to 0.8 V under positive bias stress. This is due to the fact that channel passivation with HfO2 effectively eliminated charge trapping of adsorbed substances. These results reveal that HfO2 gate dielectric and passivation by atomic-layer deposition are effective methods to improve the performance and stability of MoS2 devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classical linear discriminant analysis (LDA) is based on squared Frobenious norm and hence is sensitive to outliers and noise. To improve the robustness of LDA, this paper introduces a capped l2,1-norm of a matrix, which employs non-squared l2-norm and "capped" operation, and further proposes a novel capped l2,1-norm linear discriminant analysis, called CLDA. Due to the use of capped l2,1-norm, CLDA can effectively remove extreme outliers and suppress the effect of noise data. In fact, CLDA can also be viewed as a weighted LDA and is solved through a series of generalized eigenvalue problems. The experimental results on an artificial data set, some UCI data sets and two image data sets demonstrate the effectiveness of CLDA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]