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In this research, we will examine theories for developing value judgment and decision-making skills in Japan and clarify their characteristics and inherent challenges. In addition, we will address controversial issues that have arisen across the globe and, through the development of specific learning modules, propose some principles for composing classes to encourage decision-making aimed at solutions to these issues. Specifically, we will address the issue of carbon neutrality. At the end of the 20th century, the theory of fostering value judgment and decision-making skills became a hot topic in social studies education research in Japan. In the 21st century, the position of theories for developing value judgment and decision-making skills in civic education has been much discussed. Based on the above developments in social studies education research, this paper describes what kind of value judgment and decision-making skills are needed in social studies lessons in a post-COVID society. Additionally, it proposes a type of decision-making study that deals with controversial issues that have arisen globally--in the form of the subject of carbon neutrality--by developing learning modules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic efficiency of coronal ultrasonic characteristics by automated breast volume scanning (ABVS) in differentiating benign from malignant breast lesions, and further compare the differential diagnostic values of handheld ultrasound (HHUS), ABVS, HUUS combined with ABVS, and molybdenum target X-ray (MTXR) in benign and malignant lesions. Materials and Methods: This study was retrospectively performed in 84 patients with 87 breast lesions. All breast lesions were diagnosed by ABVS, HHUS, and MTXR, then confirmed using histopathologic examination. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy were calculated, as well as receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve with the area under the curve (AUC) was analyzed to predict the diagnostic values of coronal ultrasonic characteristics by ABVS as well as HHUS, ABVS, HHUS combined with ABVS, and MTXR in breast benign and malignant lesions. Results: Convergence sign and lotus root sign of malignant lesions and the weeping willow sign of benign lesions could be observed in ABVS coronal image. Mass margin and surrounding halo also had high sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, PPV, and NPV. In addition, HHUS combined with ABVS, HHUS, ABVS, and MTXR had similar sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, PPV, NPV, and AUC in differentiating benign from malignant breast lesions. Conclusions: ABVS coronal image have high application value in differential diagnosis of benign and malignant breast lesions. In addition, HHUS combined with ABVS, HHUS, ABVS or MTXR have similar diagnostic efficiencies in differentiating benign and malignant lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modeling methods are apposite for describing complex situations and their relations in the global world of business - a field which is heavily driven by information management systems. Many approaches attempting to discern differences among these methods already exist in literature; however, as we shall argue, to compare all the methods in one-dimension is not appropriate. By carrying on a broad literature study, this examination aims to identify various dimensions in order to create a multidimensional framework for compassion. Thirteen methods, which are based on different backgrounds, will be used as the objects for this evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modeling methods are apposite for describing complex situations and their relations in the global world of business - a field which is heavily driven by information management systems. Many approaches attempting to discern differences among these methods already exist in literature; however, as we shall argue, to compare all the methods in one-dimension is not appropriate. By carrying on a broad literature study, this examination aims to identify various dimensions in order to create a multidimensional framework for compassion. Thirteen methods, which are based on different backgrounds, will be used as the objects for this evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]