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Mangrove forests inhabit tropical or subtropical intertidal zones and have remarkable abilities in coastline protection. Kandelia obovata is considered the most cold-tolerant mangrove species and has been widely transplanted to the north subtropical zone of China for ecological restoration. However, the physiological and molecular mechanisms of K. obovata under colder climate was still unclear. Here, we manipulated the typical climate of cold waves in the north subtropical zone with cycles of cold/recovery and analyzed the physiological and transcriptomic responses of seedlings. We found that both physiological traits and gene expression profiles differed between the first and later cold waves, indicating K. obovata seedlings were acclimated by the first cold experience and prepared for latter cold waves. 1,135 cold acclimation-related genes (CARGs) were revealed, related to calcium signaling, cell wall modification, and post-translational modifications of ubiquitination pathways. We identified the roles of CBFs and CBFindependent transcription factors (ZATs and CZF1s) in regulating the expression of CARGs, suggesting both CBF-dependent and CBF- independent pathways functioned in the cold acclimation of K. obovata. Finally, we proposed a molecular mechanism of K. obovata cold acclimation with several key CARGs and transcriptional factors involved. Our experiments reveal strategies of K. obovata coping with cold environments and provide prospects for mangrove rehabilitation and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in net primary productivity (NPP) to global change have been studied, yet the relative impacts of global change on grassland productivity at large scales remain poorly understood. Using 182 grassland samples established in 17 alpine meadows (AM) and 21 desert steppes (DS) in China, we show that NPP of AM was significantly higher than that of DS. NPP increased significantly with increasing leaf nitrogen content (LN) and leaf phosphorus content (LP) but decreased significantly with increasing leaf dry matter content (LDMC). Among all abiotic factors, soil nutrient factor was the dominant factor affecting the variation of NPP of AM, while the NPP of DS was mainly influenced by the changing of precipitation. All abiotic factors accounted for 62.4% of the spatial variation in the NPP of AM, which was higher than the ability to explain the spatial variation in the NPP of DS (43.5%). Leaf traits together with soil nutrients and climatic factors determined the changes of the grassland productivity, but the relative contributions varied somewhat among different grassland types. We quantified the effects of biotic and abiotic factors on grassland NPP, and provided theoretical guidance for predicting the impacts of global change on the NPP of grasslands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant functional traits are a representation of plant resource utilization strategies. Plants with higher specific leaf area (SLA) and lower leaf dry matter content (LDMC) exhibit faster investment-return resource utilization strategies. However, the distribution patterns and driving factors of plant resource utilization strategies at the macroscale are rarely studied. We investigated the relative importance of climatic and soil factors in shaping plant resource utilization strategies at different life forms in forests using data collected from 926 plots across 163 forests in China. SLA and LDMC of plants at different life forms (i.e., trees, shrubs, and herbs) differ significantly. Resource utilization strategies show significant geographical differences, with vegetation in the western arid regions adopting a slower investment-return survival strategy and vegetation in warmer and wetter areas adopting a faster investment-return survival strategy. SLA decreases significantly with increased temperature and reduced rainfall, and vegetation growing in these conditions exhibits conservative resource utilization. Mean annual precipitation (MAP) is a key climatic factor that controls the resource utilization strategies of plants at the macroscale. Plants use resources more conservatively as soil pH increases. The influence of climate and soil factors is coupled to determine the resource utilization strategies of plants occupying different life forms at the macroscale, but the relative contribution of each varies across life forms. Our findings provide a theoretical framework for understanding the potential impact of increasing global temperatures on plant resource utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the restrictions of traditional teaching model, serious problems emerge in Comprehensive English teaching, which hamper the practical competence of English major students. Based on the essentials of John Dewey's pragmatic ideas, this study explores and proposes the 3-dimentional teaching model in Comprehensive English and aims to promote English basic skills, innovative thinking intelligence and professional practical competence of the English major talents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reveals the definition, connotation and significance of critical thinking. It further improves and explores approaches to develop students' critical thinking capability through Comprehensive English teaching and verifies the validity of those approaches through Comprehensive English class implementation and students' class presentation. However, it also suggests that developing critical thinking of instructors shall be prioritized before cultivating that of students', which is worth reflecting in the long run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tube spinning is an effective plastic-forming technology for forming light-weight, high-precision and high-reliability components in high-tech fields, such as aviation and aerospace. However, cracks commonly occur in tube spinning due to the complexity of stress state, which severely restricts the improvement of the forming quality and forming limit of components. In this study, a finite element (FE) model coupled with Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman (GTN) damage model for forward tube spinning of 3A21-O aluminum alloy is established and its applicability is evaluated by experiment. Meanwhile, the GTN damage model is employed to study the damage evolution for forward tube spinning of 3A21-O aluminum alloy. The results show that the FE model is appropriate for predicting the macroscopic crack appearing in uplift area for forward tube spinning, while the damage evolution in deformation area could not be predicted well due to the negative stress triaxiality and the neglect of shear deformation. Accumulation of damage in forward tube spinning occurs mainly in the uplift area. Void volume fraction (VVF) in the outer surface of the tube is higher than that in the inner surface. In addition, it is prone to cracking in the outer surface of tube in the material uplift area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes problems in Comprehensive English teaching in light of John Dewey's Pragmatic education philosophy and proposes suggestions to reform Comprehensive English teaching from the perspective of Pragmatic thinking intelligence cultivation, the student-centered approach and proactive assignment outlook. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]