Search

Urease may rapidly hydrolyze urea, causing a significant amount of ammonia to be released and decreasing the efficacy of urea fertilizers. However, urease inhibitors (UIs) can prevent the interaction between urease and urea, allowing crops to absorb ammonium nitrogen for an extended period of time. In this paper, by using different O-donor second auxiliary ligands, we have designed and synthesized two Cu-based coordination polymers (Cu-CPs) to operate as UIs by combining two aromatic carboxylic acids and a bis-pyridine-bis-amide ligand, which show excellent urease inhibitory activity. Cu-CP-1 has an obvious inhibitory effect on the inhibitory activity against jack bean urease, with the IC50 of 1 being 0.83 ± 0.01 μM while the IC50 value for Cu-CP-2 was 2.53 ± 0.01 μM, respectively. Furthermore, inhibitory activity against urease, kinetics, molecular docking, and comparisons of the title Cu-CPs and other complex-based materials have been comprehensively investigated. More importantly, the bridging atoms of μ2-OH and μ2-Cl play important roles in urease inhibition activity. The structure–function relationships were further discussed and indicate that Cu-CPs can be used as a kind of UI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The degradation of chlorophyll during fruit development is essential to reveal a more 'ripe' color that signals readiness to wild dispersers of seeds and the human consumer. Here, comparative biochemical analysis of developing fruit of Actinidia deliciosa cv. Xuxiang ('XX', green-fleshed) and Actinidia chinensis cv. Jinshi No.1 ('JS', yellow-fleshed) indicated that variation in chlorophyll content is the major contributor to differences in flesh color. Four differentially expressed candidate genes were identified: the down-regulated genes AcCRD1 and AcPOR1 involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis, and the up-regulated genes AcSGR1 and AcSGR2 driving chlorophyll degradation. Prochlorophyllide and chlorophyllide, the metabolites produced by AcCRD1 and AcPOR1, progressively reduced in 'JS', but not in 'XX', indicating that chlorophyll biosynthesis was less active in yellow-fleshed fruit. AcSGR1 and AcSGR2 were verified to be involved in chlorophyll degradation, using both transient expression in tobacco and stable overexpression in kiwifruit. Furthermore, a homeobox-leucine zipper (HD-Zip II), AcHZP45 , showed significantly increased expression during 'JS' fruit ripening, which led to both repressed expression of AcCRD1 and AcPOR1 and activated expression of AcSGR1 and AcSGR2. Collectively, the present study indicated that different dynamics of chlorophyll biosynthesis and degradation coordinate the changes in chlorophyll content in kiwifruit flesh, which are orchestrated by the key transcription factor AcHZP45. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple and rapid instantaneous nebulization dispersive liquid‐phase microextraction method was developed, and combined with high‐performance liquid chromatography for determination of the contents of seven analytes in traditional Chinese medicines. In this study, using the sprinkler device to achieve instantaneous synchronous dispersion and extraction, only one spray can rapidly achieve the concentration and enrichment of seven kinds of chalcone and isoflavones. The key factors affecting the extraction efficiency were optimized including the type and volume of extractant, the pH and salt concentration of the sample phase, and the number of dispersion. Under the optimal conditions, the enrichment factor of the target analytes ranged from 103.1 to 180.9, with good linearity and correlation coefficients above 0.9970. The limits of detection ranged from 0.02 to 0.15 ng/mL, with good accuracy (recoveries 91.1 to 108.9%) and precision (relative standard deviations 1.5–7.1%). This method has short extraction time (2 s), low organic solvent consumption and high enrichment effect, so it has a wide application prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dictamnine (DTN), a furoquinoline alkaloid isolated from Dictamni Cortex, is responsible for the liver injury caused by Dictamni Cortex and the preparations. Discovering new biomarkers with high specificity and sensitivity for diagnosis and tracing the source of DTN‐induced liver injury is urgently needed. Considering that metabolic activation of DTN has been suggested as a primary trigger initiating hepatotoxicity, the present study aimed to investigate the bio‐activation process of DTN in vitro and in mice and to explore whether the adducts could be developed as exposure biomarkers. When trapping with N‐acetyl‐cysteine (NAC) and glutathione (GSH) in mouse liver microsomes and CYP3A4 overexpressed L02 cells, two isomers of DTN‐NAC adducts were detected in both systems and one DTN‐GSH adduct was found in mouse liver microsomes. As expected, one DTN‐NAC adduct was also found in plasma and bile of mice with liver injury after DTN exposure. Moreover, mouse liver microsomes were used to simulate the conjugation of serum albumin with metabolically activated DTN. The sole modified peptide 25DAHKSEVAHR34 was found, and the oxidative metabolites of DTN might bind to the side chain amino of albumin at Arg34. The above findings not only provided confirmative evidence that DTN was metabolically activated to induce liver injury but also suggested that the adducts had the potential to be developed as exposure biomarkers of DTN‐induced liver injury. The furan ring of DTN was bioactivated to the intermediate and to yield adducts. In the study, DTN was trapped with NAC or GSH in vitro, and NAC and GSH adducts were detected. In CYP3A4 overexpressed L02 cells, only a DTN‐NAC adduct was found. Only a DTN‐NAC adduct was found in plasma and bile of mice with liver injury. One DTN‐albumin adduct was found in vitro, and the binding site was at Arg34. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context. Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lam. (BG), as a major species of mangroves, is also a traditional Chinese medicine, which has received attention for its anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. However, the protective effect of BG on gastric injury is rarely studied. Objective. The present study aimed at the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of the extract of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lam. fruit (BGF) on the gastric injury. Materials and Methods. The chemical components in the extract of BGF were used in UPLC/Q-Orbitrap analysis. 60 SD rats were randomized into six groups: normal group (MC), ethanol-injured control group (EC), omeprazole group, and three groups with different doses (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) of BGF. After continuous administration for seven days, the stomachs of rats were taken out to observe the pathological gastric tissue changes; inflammatory factors and oxidative stress markers in the stomach tissues were measured. Western blot (WB) analyses were conducted to explore the mechanism of BGF on gastric tissue and RAW 246.7 cells with excessive inflammation. Results. BGF enhanced gastric mucosal protection by improving the mucosal blood flow of the stomach and significantly decreased inflammatory factors and oxidative stress markers. Moreover, BGF significantly reduced the expression of p-NF-κB p65. Consistently, BGF demonstrated similar effects on LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells as it did in vivo. Conclusion. BGF could accelerate the healing of gastric injury by exerting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and maintaining mucosal integrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Halophilic phage are a type of virus that exist in salty environments within halophilic archaeal or bacterial hosts. However, relatively few reports on halophilic bacteriophages exist, and our overall understanding of halophilic bacteriophages is quite limited. We used SYBR Green I fluorescent staining to detect the abundance of viruses in Yuncheng Saline Lake, China. Using the double-layer plate method, a lytic phage that could infect halophilic bacterium Salinivibrio sp. YM-43 was isolated and named YXM43. We studied host range, optimal host, morphological characteristics, nucleic acid type, protein composition, and other biological characteristics of the virus. Results reveal a high abundance of this halophilic virus in Yuncheng Saline Lake. The newly isolated bacteriophage YXM43 has a narrow host range, with the most suitable host being Virgibacillus sp. SK39. After purification and enrichment, YXM43 is observed as a spherical particle with a diameter of approximately 30 nm, with no tail. No lipid envelope can be seen in YXM43. The capsid protein of the virus can be separated into seven proteins with molecular weights ranging from 62.0 to 13.0 kDa. YXM43 is a DNA virus with a genome approximately 23 kb. The virus is tolerant of low salinity, and its activity is highest at a temperature of 60 °C and a pH of 10. YXM43 is temperature and pH tolerant, and can adapt to environmental change, even withstanding chloroform treatment. The results indicate that bacteriophage YXM43 is a novel halophilic bacteriophage with broad tolerance to environmental change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dictamni Cortex (DC) has been reported to be associated with acute hepatitis in clinic and may lead to a selective sub-chronic hepatotoxicity in rats. Nevertheless, the potent toxic ingredient and the underlying mechanism remain unknown. Dictamnine (DTN), the main alkaloid from DC, possesses a furan ring which was suspected of being responsible for hepatotoxicity via metabolic activation primarily by CYP3A4. Herein, the present study aimed to evaluate the role of CYP3A4 in DTN-induced liver injury. The in vitro results showed that the EC50 values in primary human hepatocytes (PHH), L02, HepG2 and NIH3T3 cells were correlated with the CYP3A4 expression levels in corresponding cells. Furthermore, the toxicity was increased in CYP3A4-induced PHH by rifampicin, and CYP3A4 over-expressed (OE) HepG2 and L02 cells. Contrarily, the cytotoxicity was decreased in CYP3A4-inhibited PHH and CYP3A4 OE HepG2 and L02 cells inhibited by ketoconazole (KTZ). In addition, the hepatotoxicity of DTN in enzyme induction/inhibition mice was further investigated in the aspects of biochemistry, histopathology, and pharmacokinetics. Administration of DTN in combination with KTZ resulted in attenuated liver injury, including lower alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase activities and greater AUC and C max of serum DTN, whereas, pretreatment with dexamethasone aggravated the injury. Collectively, our findings illustrated that DTN-induced hepatotoxicity correlated well with the expression of CYP3A4, namely inhibition of CYP3A4 alleviated the toxicity both in vitro and in vivo , and induction aggravated the toxicity effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a structural analogue of pyridylthiazole, 2-(2-benzothiazoyl)-phenylethynylquinoline (QBT) was designed as a fluorescent probe for Hg(II) based on an intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) mechanism. The compound was synthesized in three steps starting from 6-bromo-2-methylquinoline, with moderate yield. Corresponding studies on the optical properties of QBT indicate that changes in the fluorescence ratio of QBT in response to Hg(II) could be quantified based on dual-emission changes. More specifically, the emission spectrum of QBT before and after interactions with Hg(II) exhibited a remarkable red shift of about 120 nm, which is rarely reported in ICT-based fluorescent sensors. Finally, QBT was applied in the two-channel imaging of Hg(II) in live HeLa cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sinojackia xylocarpa is an endangered plant species endemic to China. Here, we assembled its complete chloroplast genome from Illumina sequencing reads. The circular genome is 158,725 bp long, and contains a pair of inverted repeat regions of 26,090 bp each, a large single-copy region of 87,994 bp and a small single-copy region of 18,551 bp. It encodes 137 genes, including 91 protein-coding genes (82 PCG species), 38 tRNA genes (31 tRNA species) and eight rRNA genes (four rRNA species). Fifteen gene species harbor a single intron, while another two gene species have a couple of introns. The base composition is asymmetric (31.1% A, 19.0% C, 18.2% G & 31.7% T) with an overall A+T content of 62.8%. Phylogenetic analysis corroborated the traditional family-level taxonomy of the order Ericales, and suggested that S. xylocarpa is closely related to Alniphyllum eberhardtii and Bruinsmia polysperma within the family Styracaceae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hexagonal wurtzite Gallium nitride(GaN) was prepared by calcining β gallium oxide(β-Ga2O3) in flowing ammonia. The XRD, SEM and TEM were employed to investigate the structure and morphology. The photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy was used to collect photoluminescence spectroscopy of GaN perform the luminous property. The measurement results revealed that the obtained GaN had preferred orientation of (002), and the rod shape and grain size of GaN powders were similar to those of raw gallium oxide which were agglomerates of tens nanometers flake crystallites. The near-edge emission at 346 nm(3.584 eV) of Gallium nitride powders had a blue shift of 19 nm(187 meV) than that of bulk GaN material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taiwania cryptomerioides is an endangered relict conifer species native to East Asia with a variety of practical applications. To contribute to its conservation and sustainable utilization, its complete chloroplast genome was assembled from Illumina sequencing reads. The circular genome is 131,427 bp in size with a biased nucleotide composition (33.5% A, 17.5% C, 17.2% G & 31.8% T). It encodes a panel of 114 gene species, including 83 protein-coding genes (PCGs) and 31 tRNAs. Gene duplication was detected for three tRNA gene species (trnI-CAU, trnQ-UUG & trnV-GAC). Besides, 15 gene species (atpF, ndhA, ndhB, petB, petD, rpl16, rpl2, rpoC1, rps16, trnA-UGC, trnG-UCC, trnI-GAU, trnK-UUU, trnL-UAA & trnV-UAC) possess a single intron, and another one (ycf3) has a couple of introns. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that T. cryptomerioides and T. flousiana are closely related to each other within the family Cupressaceae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is necessary to completely eliminate minimal residual disease ( MRD) to cure acute leukemia. Monoclonal antibodies ( MAb) have been shown to be effective to eliminate MRD. In this study we aimed to investigate the effect of anti- CD10 MAb conjugated to muramyl dipeptide immunoconjugate ( MDP-Ab) on the function of lymphocytes and activated lymphocytes using leukemia xenografts in nude mice as a model. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and induced into dendritic cells ( DCs) and lymphocytes. Cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes was detected by LDH release assay. Leukemia xenografts in nude mice were established to assess tumor growth. We found that the killing rate was significantly higher in MDP-Ab group, LPS group and MDP-Ab+ LPS group than in control group, and was the highest in MDP-Ab+ LPS group. Tumor-bearing mice in MDP-Ab group showed obvious coagulation necrosis. In conclusion, our data suggest that MDP-Ab could effectively prime DCs to improve the anti-tumor immunity of T lymphocytes and inhibit the tumor growth. MDP-Ab may be used as suitable candidate for eliminating residual leukemia cells to prevent relapse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study is to explore roles of microRNA (miR)-124a and miR-30d in breast cancer (BC) patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A total of 144 cases of confirmed diagnosed BC with T2DM, T2DM, BC, or healthy people were enrolled. Among them, BC patients with T2DM were regarded as the experiment group ( n = 36), patients with T2DM as the Dm group ( n = 36), patients with BC as the Bc group ( n = 36), and healthy subjects as the healthy group ( n = 36). The fasting insulin resistance index, glycosylated hemoglobin, and estradiol were measured. MiR-124a and miR-30d expressions were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The insulin resistance index was significantly higher in the experiment group compared to the other three groups (all P < 0.05). The glycated hemoglobin was in a normal range in the Bc group and healthy group, but was higher in the experiment group and the Bc group compared to that in the healthy group (both P < 0.05). The serum estradiol level was obviously higher in the Bc group compared with that in the Dm group and the experiment group (both P < 0.05). The expressions of miR-124a and miR-30d were positively correlated with insulin resistance index, BMI and glycosylated hemoglobin (miR-124a r = 0.659, r = 0.785, and r = 0.862; miR-30d r = 0.742, r = 0.805, r = 0.765; all P < 0.001). Insulin resistance index was an independent factor for expressions of miR124-a and miR-30d. MiR-124a and miR-30d were correlated with insulin resistance and development of BC with T2DM. Although the mechanism is not clear, miR-124a and miR-30d potentially may be used as therapeutic targets and prognostic markers for BC patients with T2DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Zhejiang University: Science B is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Objective] The effects of exogenous substances on the saponin content in root of Polygala tenuifolia Willd were studied to provide references for improving the medicinal ingredients of planting of Polygala tenuifolia Willd. [Method] During the leaf-expansion period, naphthalene acetic acid (25,50,100 mg/L), gibberellin (50, 150, 300 mg/L), cytokinin (100, 200, 300 mg/L), abscisic acid (5, 10, 15 mg/L), methyl jasmonate (200, 300, 400 jxmol/L) and salicylic acid (50, 100, 200 mg/L) were sprayed respectively on the leaf surface, and the effects of the different concentrations of exogenous substances on saponin content in root of the field-planting Polygala tenuifolia Willd were compared. [ Result ] The low, medium, and high concentrations of four kinds of exogenous hormone, naphthalene acetic acid, gibberellin, cytokinin and abscisic acid could enhance the saponins in root of Polygala tenuifolia Willd to 4.07, 3.98, 3.91 times; 22.33, 14.21, 13.72 times; 7.8, 6.2, 5.4 times; 2.1, 2.3, 2.6 times respectively, compared to the control. Low, medium, and high concentrations of two kinds of elicitors of methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid could enhance the content of saponin to 6.6, 14.2, 7.6 times and 1.65, 2.95, 3.49 times respectively, compared to the control. The effecting order of 6 kinds of exogenous substances on the saponins accumulation was gibberellin > methyl jasmonate > cytokinin > naphthalene acetic acid > salicylic acid > abscisic acid. [Conclusion] Exogenous substances could significantly improve the saponin content in root of Polygala tenuifolia Willd by spraying on leaf surface, and this method could be applied in production practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BiOBr nanoplates, marked as α-BiOBr and β-BiOBr, were synthesized via hydrothermal method using cetylpyridinium bromide (CPB) and NaBr as reactants, respectively. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), N2 adsorption/desorption, UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS), and cyclic voltammetry (CV) were employed to characterize the obtained BiOBr. The results showed that α-BiOBr and β-BiOBr can absorb visible light and both the band gaps of them were about 2.76 eV. Under visible light irradiation, the photodegradation of organic dye sulforhodamine (SRB) and salicylic acid (SA) using α-BiOBr and β-BiOBr as the catalysts was carried out. The reaction kinetic constants of the degradation of SRB by α-BiOBr and β-BiOBr were 0.00602 min-1 and 0.0047 min-1, respectively, which indicated that the photocatalytic activity of α-BiOBr was higher than that of β-BiOBr. The UV-Vis DRS and total organic carbon (TOC) were also monitored, and the TOC removal rate of α-BiOBr and β-BiOBr was 86% and 48%, respectively. At the same time, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and active radicals were measured and analyzed, which showed that the main active species was oOH during the photocatalytic reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (4-HBA), one of the phenolic constituents found in many herbal medicinal plants, exhibits beneficial effects in neurological disorders. In the present study, we evaluated 4-HBA's role in transient cerebral ischemia and its potential mechanism. Pre-treatment with 4-HBA (50,100 mg/kg) significantly reduced the cerebral infarct size and improved the neurological symptoms. Morphological examinations showed 4-HBA reduced the number of degenerated neurons. Oxidative stress was evaluated superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) level. Anti-oxidative mechanisms were studied by Immunofluorescence staining and western immunoblot analysis. 4-HBA increased the expression of NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase1 (NQO1) and ultimately inhibited oxidative stress. In addition, we evaluated the time course expression of NQO1, which was upregulated in the ischemic brain beginning at 1 h. Taken together, these results suggested that 4-HBA ameliorated cerebral injury in rats, This neuroprotective effect is likely related to its antioxidant activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The white-berry yew (Pseudotaxus chienii) is a rare relict conifer endemic to southern China. Here, we assembled its chloroplast genome using Illumina sequencing technology. The circular genome is 126,925 bp long with an asymmetric base composition. It encodes a total of 115 genes, including 82 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 30 tRNAs and three rRNAs. Gene duplication was detected for a couple of tRNA genes. Nine genes have a single intron, and another gene possesses a couple of introns. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that P. chienii is closely related to three taxa of the genus Taxus (T. baccata, T. mairei, and T. wallichiana). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive, irreversible interstitial lung disease, with no effective cure. Polydatin is a resveratrol glucoside with strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties, which is used for treating health-related disorders such as cardiac disabilities, various types of carcinoma, hepatitis and hepatic fibrosis. The present study aimed to investigate the protective effect of polydatin against bleomycin-induced IPF and the possible underlying mechanism. A549 cells were treated with transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and polydatin to observe phenotypic transformation and the related gene expression was detected. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into seven groups and intratracheally infused with bleomycin to establish a pulmonary fibrosis model (the sham control group received saline). The rats were given pirfenidone (50 mg/kg), resveratrol (40 mg/kg) and polydatin (10, 40 and 160 mg/kg) for 28 days. The results demonstrated that polydatin had low toxicity to A549 cells and inhibited TGF-β1-induced phenotypic transformation as determined by MTS assay or observed using a light microscope. It also decreased the gene expression levels of α-smooth muscle actin and collagen I and increased the gene expression levels of epithelial cell cadherin in vitro and in vivo by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Furthermore, polydatin ameliorated the pathological damage and fiber production in lung tissues found by hematoxylin and eosin staining and Masson trichrome staining. Polydatin administration markedly reduced the levels of hydroxyproline, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-13, myeloperoxidase and malondialdehyde and promoted total superoxide dismutase activity in lung tissues as determined using ELISA kits or biochemical reagent kits. It inhibited TGF-β1 expression and phosphorylation of Smad 2 and 3 and ERK-1 and -2 in vivo as determined by western blot assays. These results suggest that polydatin protects against IPF via its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antifibrotic activities, and the mechanism may be associated with its regulatory effect on the TGF-β pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an autosomal recessive genetic disease, caused by the phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) deficiency in the metabolic pathway, which prevents phenylalanine from being converted into tyrosine, leading to a large amount of phenylalanine discharged from the urine. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a simple, fast, accurate and reliable PKU molecular diagnostic method for clinical diagnosis. Methods: We established a novel diagnostic method by combining a single-tube multiplex PCR technique with molecular hybridization technique. The method was verified by DNA sequencing technology. The established new technology successfully detected 9 common PAH gene mutations in the Chinese population. Results: Double-blind analysis indicated that the diagnostic accuracy and specificity of the PKU sample were all 100%. Frequencies of single mutation R111X, R176X, Ex6–96A, R241C, R243Q, R252Q, Y356X, V399 V and R413P genotypes were 8, 0.5, 16.5, 1.5, 27, 4.5, 13, 10.5, 8.5% respectively. Conclusions: The established method of combing single-tube multiplex PCR with molecular hybridization technology can accurately and rapidly detect PAH gene mutations in Chinese and is suitable for screening of large PKU populations with clinical samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A model for a metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) with a double gate (DG) is developed. Quantum mechanical effects on the threshold voltage (VTH) are modeled and investigated analytically. The analytic model shows how VTH is increased with quantum mechanical effect. The model is applicable to both symmetric DG (SDG) and asymmetric DG (ADG) nMOSFETs, and is also applicable to both doped and undoped DG nMOSFETs. The analytic results are verified by comparing with the results obtained from simulations using Schred, and good agreement is observed. The VTH of an ADG nMOSFET will shift more than that of an SDG nMOSFET, and the VTH of a DG transistor with (110)-silicon (Si) orientation will shift more than that of a DG transistor with (100)-Si orientation. When the silicon thickness tsi < 3 nm, the VTH shift will be significant, and one should be careful in the use of an extremely thin silicon body. When the body doping density (NA) is not high (<1018 cm-3), the VTH shift is almost the same for different NA. When NA > 1018 cm-3, the higher the NA, the more the VTH shift. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]